The document discusses ways to improve cassava production and processing through more sustainable and eco-efficient methods. It addresses issues like soil conservation, pest and disease management, and developing improved cassava varieties. It also discusses developing more efficient genetic enhancement and breeding approaches. The goal is to alleviate poverty through cassava while reducing environmental impacts and increasing productivity and value of cassava crops.

1. Cassava for sustainable poverty alleviation Introduction and definitions Eco-efficient cassava: soil conservation Eco-efficient cassava: pests & diseases Eco-efficient cassava processing In the pipeline & MTP

2. World production of cassava Cassava: an ideal vehicle for rural development and to reach the poorest of the poor … but it is grown in marginal and fragile environments.

3. Eco-efficiency in cassava Increase productivity and/or value of production while reducing the environmental footprint (of production and processing)

4. Cassava: from subsistence…

5. … to an “industrial” crop. Starch Ethanol Processing may have negative impact on the environment Dried chips

6. Introduction and definitions Eco-efficient cassava: soil conservation Eco-efficient cassava: pests & diseases Eco-efficient cassava processing In the pipeline & MTP Cassava for sustainable poverty alleviation

7. Cassava root yields in three soil series in Thailand decreased over time if no fertilizer was applied 10 20 30 1960 1970 1980 1990 Sattahip Huaipong Korat Cassava root yield (t/ha) Crop year

8. But, with adequate and well-balanced fertilizer application, high yields can be maintained for at least 27 years of continuous cassava production on the same land

9. Even on gentle slopes a lot of runoff water can accumulate in natural drainage ways………

10. … which can break the contour ridges and cause serious gully erosion

11. … or worse…

12. … or even much worse.

13. Research has shown that cassava production can result in serious erosion…… but that there are many simple cultural and soil conservation practices that can reduce it

15. Research has shown that cassava production can result in serious erosion…… but that there are many simple cultural and soil conservation practices that can reduce it However, farmers seldom adopt soil conservation practices ……. …… because most of these practices require additional money or labor and do not provide any short-term economic benefits

16. Introduction and definitions Eco-efficient cassava: soil conservation Eco-efficient cassava: pests & diseases Eco-efficient cassava processing In the pipeline & MTP Cassava for sustainable poverty alleviation

17.  The power of biological control and availability of host plant resistance  Greater incidence in large plantations  Climate change: influence pest occurrence / population dynamic  Increased emphasis on wild Manihot species as source of resistance Important criteria and future trends in management of cassava arthropod pest  Long cycle crop: leads to greater exposure to pests

18. PESTS Mealybugs Phenacoccus manihoti Phenacoccus herreni Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi Ferrisia virgata Dysmicoccus sp. Psedococcus mandio (Root mealybug) Whiteflies Aleurotrachelus socialis Bemisia tuberculata Bemisia tabaci Bemisia afer Aleurodiscus dispersus Mites Mononychellus tanajoa Tetranychus truncatus Stemborers Chilomima clarkei Hornworm Ernnyis ello Lacebugs Vatiga spp. Burrower bug Cyrtomenus bergi Shootfly Silva pendula ORIGIN Americas Americas Americas Americas Americas Americas Americas Americas Africa (Cassava) Africa Americas Americas Asia Americas Americas Americas Americas Americas AMERICA Origin Origin Origin Origin Origin Origin Origin Origin -------- XXXX Origin Origin -------- Origin Origin Origin Origin Origin AFRICA XXXX ------- ------- XXXX ------- ------- ------- ------- Origin Origin XXXX XXXX -------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ASIA XXXX (Th ) ------- XXXX XXXX ------- ------- ------- ------- XXXX ------- XXXX ------- Origin ------- ------- ------- ------- -------

19. Whiteflies: the damage Vector : CMD CBSD Frog skin?

20. Bemisia tabaci Potential Distribution

21. Whiteflies: host plant resistance Molecular markers using the microarray approach

22. Whiteflies: host plant resistance DAMAGE LEVEL NATAIMA - 31 CMC40 AROMA 1 2 3 4 Other resistant clones ADULT POPULATION/LEAF NATAIMA - 31 CMC40 AROMA 20 40 60 80 Other resistant clones

23. Whiteflies: Releasing Nataima-31 (2003)

24. Whiteflies: integrated management 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 damage (D) Population (P) Economic damage Economic threshold Biological application: Adult-Egg: 1 – 50 Nynph–Pupae: 1-200 Chemical application: Adult-Egg: 51-200 Nynph– Pupae: 201-500 Initiate control Initiate control

25. Whiteflies: integrated management

26. Mealybug: the damage

27. Mealybugs in South America P. manihoti P. manihoti P. herreni P. herreni P. manihoti

28. Mealybugs in South America P. manihoti P. manihoti P. herreni P. manihoti Anagyrus lopezi

29. Mealybug( Phenacoccus manihoti ): damage in Africa One of the most successful interventions by CG system En example of the potential benefits of productive collaboration between CIAT and IITA Anagyrus lopezi

30. Mealybugs in South America P. manihoti P. herreni P. herreni P. manihoti Anagyrus diversicornis Aenasius vexans Acerophagus coccois

31. Biological control of horn worm

32. Resistant Susceptible Bacterial blight Root rots Super elongation disease Frog skin disease

33. Diagnostic tools for Frog Skin Disease DAPI stain Electron miscroscope Source: Juan Fernando Mejía & Elizabeth Alvarez Healthy Infected

34. Nested PCR Diagnostic por production of clean planting material I.S 16S rRNA gene 23S 5S P1 R16F2n R16R2 P7 R16F2n R16R2 R16mF2 R16mR1 Leaves Roots Leaves + roots 1.2 Infected Healthy Infected

35. Introduction and definitions Eco-efficient cassava: soil conservation Eco-efficient cassava: pests & diseases Eco-efficient cassava processing In the pipeline & MTP Cassava for sustainable poverty alleviation

36. Environmental impact of starch production May 17, 2009 The Vietnam Farmers’ Association has asked the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment and Dong Nai Province officials help farmers in their claims against Vedan Vietnam ( Photograph ). Vedan, a starch and MSG producer, has been accused of polluting the Thi Vai River….

37. Cassava flour as alternative to starch

38. Waxy starch Roots Stems Maize waxy starch benefits farmers (30% higher price) Stronger markets Easier degradation of starch Reduced need for modification for certain uses : the plant (not the factory) making starch modifications

39. Tolerance to post-harvest physiological deterioration 20 days after harvest Two months after harvest

40. Introduction and definitions Eco-efficient cassava: soil conservation Eco-efficient cassava: pests & diseases Eco-efficient cassava processing In the pipeline & MTP Cassava for sustainable poverty alleviation

41. A Green Revolution for cassava ?

42. In search of tolerance to herbicides Looking for natural tolerance in the germplasm collection Induced mutations Genetic transformation (patents for RR expire soon)

43. The concept of genetic stocks for cassava Typically, source materials have been the clones where traits had been first found (i.e. MECU72 for whiteflies) Typically, the trait is in a heterozygous condition in the source Use of the source was limited because exchange of germplasm had to be in vitro  many logistic and quarantine problems Genetic stocks for cassava:  Self pollinate the source to have trait homozygous (S1 generation)  Self pollinated SEED (S2 generation) exchange between programs  Cross S1 sources for different traits (stockpile more than one trait)  CIAT-IITA-EMBRAPA webpage–Plant Registration Journal  Breeding value of such progenitor doubles  Exchange and conservation of “source material” as botanical seed  Faster exploitation of high-value traits and other desirable characteristics  Good visibility and higher impact of our research

44. OUTPUT 1: Creation and maintenance of genetic stocks to overcome production constraints  Continue evaluation (and self-pollination) of accessions from germplasm bank  Increased carotene and protein content in the roots  Reduced cyanogenic glucosides in the roots  Starch quality traits (waxy and high-amylose) fully characterized  Self-pollinate dominant sources to make sure they are homozygous  Cross different homozygous sources (i.e. whiteflies and CMD resistance)  Continue with the development of “ general purpose ” improved cassava germplasm adapted to key target environments

45. OUTPUT 2: More efficient genetic enhancement approaches  Development of doubled-haploids protocol for the production of fully homozygous genotypes in a one-year period  Full commitment to the phenotyping phase of the biotechnology platform and development of suitable populations  Continue with the training of young breeders in suitable conventional breeding approaches and incorporation of new technologies  Induction of mutations as an approach to generate new, useful genetic variation  Genetic transformation for increased carotenoids content  New screening techniques (i.e. the use of NIRs for protein content)

46. OUTPUT 3: Eco-efficiency of production & processing of cassava  equity  Continue promoting cultural practices that will reduce soil erosion (Tin Maung Aye assuming a leadership role in Asia) and improved competitiveness for cassava (mechanization of planting & harvest by CLAYUCA)  Urgent need to address the issue of pest (mealybug and whiteflies) and diseases (mycoplasm?) in Asia  Final verdict on the causal organism of frog skin disease  Decentralized ethanol production approach in the Rural Social Bio-Refineries concept under development by CLAYUCA  Added value processing technologies (refined flour, waxing roots, bio-ethanol, waste management, animal feed) by CLAYUCA and team in Asia

47. PROBLEMS and OPPORTUNITIES  Weakness in addressing equity and gender issues  Weakness of NARs (even “big” ones like Thailand and Brazil) … but excellent collaboration with these and other key partners  Lack of commitment by the private sector. Absence of a “ seed” industry  Significant improvement in CIAT – IITA collaboration  Two key scientists (T. Bellotti and R. Howeler) retire but replacements have been found. Soon the molecular breeder position will be filled.  Strategic collaboration with CLAYUCA and CIRAD

48. The Rockefeller Foundation HarvestPlus COLCIENCIAS Colombia’s Min. Agric. National Starch Asenti sana ! Thank you ! Danke ! Obrigado ! Gracias ! Merci ! どうもありがとう