free radicals and antioxidant system.ppt
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Free radicals are highly reactive molecules that can cause damage to biomolecules, cells, and tissues. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are examples of free radicals and other molecules that are not free radicals but can generate free radicals. Free radicals can harm proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids but also have some beneficial effects. Antioxidants help prevent or limit the damage caused by free radicals by preventing oxidation reactions. Antioxidants include enzymes like superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase as well as nutrients like carotenoids, ascorbic acid, and α-tocopherols.
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FREE RADICALS & ANTIOXIDANTS
Free radicals are molecules with unpaired electrons that are highly reactive. They are produced through normal cellular metabolism and environmental exposures. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) include superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radicals. Lipid peroxidation occurs in three phases - initiation, propagation, and termination. ROS can damage lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids. This contributes to diseases like cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and neurological disorders. Antioxidants help prevent and limit oxidative damage from free radicals. Enzymatic antioxidants like superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase neutralize ROS.
FREE RADICALS 1 biochemistry mbbs 2.pptx
Free radicals are highly reactive molecules with unpaired electrons that can cause cell damage. The body produces free radicals during normal metabolic processes and as a defense against pathogens. However, excessive free radical production can lead to oxidative stress and damage to proteins, lipids, and DNA. The body has antioxidant defenses like superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase that neutralize free radicals and prevent oxidative damage. However, when free radical production overwhelms these defenses, it can contribute to diseases like atherosclerosis, cancer, diabetes, and neurological disorders. Antioxidant nutrients from foods help reduce oxidative stress by donating electrons to free radicals and halting radical chain reactions before damage occurs.
Free radicals and reactive oxygen species
Free radicals are highly reactive molecules with unpaired electrons that persist for very short durations. They react with other molecules by donating or abstracting electrons to achieve stability. Common types of free radicals include superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radicals. Antioxidants help scavenge free radicals and delay or inhibit oxidation, with one antioxidant typically reacting with one free radical. Enzymatic antioxidants include superoxide dismutase and catalase, while nutrient antioxidants include beta-carotene and vitamin E. Reactive oxygen species are oxygen metabolites produced from one-electron reductions of oxygen that can damage DNA, proteins, and lipids, potentially leading to diseases like cancer, diabetes, and age-related illnesses.
Free redical vs antioxident
1. Free radicals are unstable molecules that react quickly to gain stability by capturing electrons from other compounds, causing damage. Common types include superoxide and hydroxyl radicals.
2. Free radicals are generated as a normal product of oxygen metabolism in cells and can also come from environmental exposures like pollution, smoking, and radiation. They cause oxidative damage to biomolecules like lipids, proteins, DNA and carbohydrates.
3. This damage is implicated in diseases such as cancer, heart disease, and neurological disorders. Antioxidants help counter the damaging effects of free radicals by reacting with and neutralizing them.
free radicals presentatoin in biochemistry
Free radicals are molecules with unpaired electrons that can damage biomolecules. They are formed through processes like photolysis, thermolysis, and redox reactions. Important free radicals include oxygen radicals, nitric oxide, and lipid peroxides. Lipid peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids is a major source of free radicals and can cause damage leading to diseases. Antioxidants help reduce free radical damage by preventing radical formation or interfering with radical chain reactions. Free radicals can modify proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and nucleic acids by oxidizing amino acids and fatty acids or fragmenting polymers.
Free radicles
Free radicals are molecules with unpaired electrons that are highly reactive. They are generated through oxidative metabolism and reactions involving oxygen. Common free radicals include superoxide, hydroxyl radicals, and lipid peroxyl radicals. While free radicals can cause damage to tissues, the body has antioxidant defenses like superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and vitamins C and E that help neutralize free radicals. Antioxidants protect cells from the harmful effects of free radical formation and oxidative stress.
Free radicles
Free radicals are molecules with unpaired electrons that are highly reactive. They are generated through normal metabolic processes in the body and can cause damage. The body has antioxidant defenses against free radicals including enzymes like superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase which neutralize reactive oxygen species. Vitamins C and E also act as antioxidants to help prevent free radical damage to cells. While small amounts of free radicals occur naturally, excessive amounts from sources like pollution, smoking, or radiation can potentially cause harm if the body's defenses are overwhelmed.
Free radicals and antioxidants
free radicals and antioxidants , effect of free radicals , phases , free radicals in cancer, diabeties and neurodegenerative disease including pathology of each disease.
Recommended
FREE RADICALS & ANTIOXIDANTS
Free radicals are molecules with unpaired electrons that are highly reactive. They are produced through normal cellular metabolism and environmental exposures. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) include superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radicals. Lipid peroxidation occurs in three phases - initiation, propagation, and termination. ROS can damage lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids. This contributes to diseases like cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and neurological disorders. Antioxidants help prevent and limit oxidative damage from free radicals. Enzymatic antioxidants like superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase neutralize ROS.
FREE RADICALS 1 biochemistry mbbs 2.pptx
Free radicals are highly reactive molecules with unpaired electrons that can cause cell damage. The body produces free radicals during normal metabolic processes and as a defense against pathogens. However, excessive free radical production can lead to oxidative stress and damage to proteins, lipids, and DNA. The body has antioxidant defenses like superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase that neutralize free radicals and prevent oxidative damage. However, when free radical production overwhelms these defenses, it can contribute to diseases like atherosclerosis, cancer, diabetes, and neurological disorders. Antioxidant nutrients from foods help reduce oxidative stress by donating electrons to free radicals and halting radical chain reactions before damage occurs.
Free radicals and reactive oxygen species
Free radicals are highly reactive molecules with unpaired electrons that persist for very short durations. They react with other molecules by donating or abstracting electrons to achieve stability. Common types of free radicals include superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radicals. Antioxidants help scavenge free radicals and delay or inhibit oxidation, with one antioxidant typically reacting with one free radical. Enzymatic antioxidants include superoxide dismutase and catalase, while nutrient antioxidants include beta-carotene and vitamin E. Reactive oxygen species are oxygen metabolites produced from one-electron reductions of oxygen that can damage DNA, proteins, and lipids, potentially leading to diseases like cancer, diabetes, and age-related illnesses.
Free redical vs antioxident
1. Free radicals are unstable molecules that react quickly to gain stability by capturing electrons from other compounds, causing damage. Common types include superoxide and hydroxyl radicals.
2. Free radicals are generated as a normal product of oxygen metabolism in cells and can also come from environmental exposures like pollution, smoking, and radiation. They cause oxidative damage to biomolecules like lipids, proteins, DNA and carbohydrates.
3. This damage is implicated in diseases such as cancer, heart disease, and neurological disorders. Antioxidants help counter the damaging effects of free radicals by reacting with and neutralizing them.
free radicals presentatoin in biochemistry
Free radicals are molecules with unpaired electrons that can damage biomolecules. They are formed through processes like photolysis, thermolysis, and redox reactions. Important free radicals include oxygen radicals, nitric oxide, and lipid peroxides. Lipid peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids is a major source of free radicals and can cause damage leading to diseases. Antioxidants help reduce free radical damage by preventing radical formation or interfering with radical chain reactions. Free radicals can modify proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and nucleic acids by oxidizing amino acids and fatty acids or fragmenting polymers.
Free radicles
Free radicals are molecules with unpaired electrons that are highly reactive. They are generated through oxidative metabolism and reactions involving oxygen. Common free radicals include superoxide, hydroxyl radicals, and lipid peroxyl radicals. While free radicals can cause damage to tissues, the body has antioxidant defenses like superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and vitamins C and E that help neutralize free radicals. Antioxidants protect cells from the harmful effects of free radical formation and oxidative stress.
Free radicles
Free radicals are molecules with unpaired electrons that are highly reactive. They are generated through normal metabolic processes in the body and can cause damage. The body has antioxidant defenses against free radicals including enzymes like superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase which neutralize reactive oxygen species. Vitamins C and E also act as antioxidants to help prevent free radical damage to cells. While small amounts of free radicals occur naturally, excessive amounts from sources like pollution, smoking, or radiation can potentially cause harm if the body's defenses are overwhelmed.
Free radicals and antioxidants
free radicals and antioxidants , effect of free radicals , phases , free radicals in cancer, diabeties and neurodegenerative disease including pathology of each disease.
Deleterious effects of RONS on biomolecules
Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) are produced naturally during metabolism but also as a response to stressors like radiation, heat, and inflammation. At high levels, RONS can damage biomolecules through oxidation, leading to oxidative stress. The main types of damage include lipid peroxidation of cell membranes, oxidation of DNA and RNA bases, protein carbonylation and nitration, and enzyme deactivation through cofactor oxidation. These molecular changes disrupt normal cellular functions and contribute to aging and diseases over time.
Reactive oxygen species
1. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated through normal metabolic processes and can cause cell damage. Antioxidants help prevent this damage by neutralizing free radicals.
2. The document discusses various sources of ROS like mitochondria and inflammation, examples of ROS like superoxide and hydroxyl radicals, and the cell damage they can cause.
3. It also outlines the body's natural antioxidant protection systems including enzymes like superoxide dismutase and catalase, as well as dietary and plant-derived antioxidants. When antioxidant levels are insufficient to deal with ROS, oxidative stress can lead to diseases.
Free radicals and antioxidants
A detailed and descriptive powerpoint presentation of Free radicals and Antioxidants in Health and Disease.
Oxidative stress and antioxidants
Oxidative stress occurs due to an imbalance between free radicals and antioxidants in the body. Free radicals like reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) can be generated endogenously through normal metabolism or exogenously through environmental exposures. They damage cells and tissues through lipid peroxidation and reactions with DNA, proteins, and other molecules. Antioxidants help reduce oxidative stress by scavenging or preventing the formation of free radicals. Common antioxidants include enzymes like superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase as well as vitamins C and E. However, antioxidants can also act as pro-oxidants in high amounts or conditions of high oxygen pressure.
FREE RADICAL AND ANTIOXIDANT.pptx
Oxygen is both essential for life and toxic. It is necessary for ATP generation but can form reactive oxygen species (ROS) that damage cells. ROS are highly reactive due to unpaired electrons and can initiate chain reactions. Antioxidants help prevent ROS damage by donating electrons to radicals. Enzymes like superoxide dismutase and catalase, and antioxidants like vitamin C and glutathione help defend against ROS.
FREE RADICAL CELL INJURY PPT BY Dr. Tareni Das.pdf
Free radicals are unstable chemical species with unpaired electrons that are highly reactive. They are produced through normal metabolic processes and environmental exposures. The document defines different types of reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species, which include both radicals and non-radicals. Sources of free radical production are discussed, as well as their positive and negative biological effects through lipid peroxidation, protein and DNA oxidation. Methods for assessing free radical activity and oxidative stress are outlined.
Oxidative stress
ITS DESCRIBE THE ROLE OF OXIDATIVE STRESS IN ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE AND PROCEDURE FOR MEASUREMENT OF OXIDATIVE PARAMETERS.
Free radicals and antioxidants
The document discusses free radicals and antioxidants. It defines free radicals as unstable chemical species with unpaired electrons that can cause oxidative damage. Free radicals are produced through normal cellular processes but can also be generated by external factors like radiation. They can cause lipid peroxidation, DNA and protein oxidation leading to cell damage associated with aging and diseases. Antioxidants help neutralize free radicals and prevent oxidative stress.
Oxidative changes in foods
This document discusses oxidative changes that can occur in foods. It describes various reactive oxygen species like singlet oxygen, hydroxyl radicals, superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide, and ozone that can initiate lipid peroxidation and oxidation reactions in foods. It explains how these species are generated and their reactions, as well as methods to protect against oxidation, including antioxidants, removal of pro-oxidants, and antioxidant enzymes.
antioxidants.ppt
This document discusses reactive oxygen species (ROS), also known as free radicals, which are highly reactive molecules that can damage cells. ROS are produced naturally in the body during energy production but also by environmental and lifestyle factors. They are implicated in many diseases. The body protects itself from ROS damage through antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase, and by obtaining antioxidants from foods, which help neutralize free radicals. Aging leads to declines in these protective antioxidant defenses.
ROS ANTIOXIDENTS
Aerobic organisms continuously produce reactive free radicals through respiration, metabolism and phagocytosis. Approximately 1-2% of oxygen consumed is converted into superoxide radicals by the respiratory chain, one of the main sources of free radicals in cells. While oxygen is necessary for life, its partial reduction can produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) that damage living systems. The body has multiple antioxidant defenses to combat ROS, including superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and vitamin C, which help convert ROS into less reactive species and protect biomolecules from oxidative damage.
OXIDATIVE_STRESS_RESPONSE_mitochondria.ppt
Oxidative stress occurs when there is an imbalance between reactive oxygen species production and a cell's antioxidant defenses, leading to molecular damage. Bacteria face oxidative stress from aerobic metabolism, which produces reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species. Bacteria have defense mechanisms like superoxide dismutase and catalase that convert reactive oxygen species into less harmful molecules. Gene expression for the oxidative stress response is regulated by the OxyR and SoxRS transcription factors, which turn on genes encoding antioxidant enzymes in response to hydrogen peroxide and superoxide, respectively. This allows bacteria to mount an adaptive response against oxidative stress.
Oxidative stress and Alzheimer's disease
Oxidative stress occurs when there is an imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the body's ability to neutralize them. ROS play a role in many chronic diseases including Alzheimer's disease (AD). The document discusses the sources and reactivity of oxygen free radicals like superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radicals that are generated in cells. It also describes how cells protect themselves against oxidants through enzymatic antioxidants like superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase. The document then focuses on AD, stating that oxidative stress is thought to play a central role in its pathogenesis by leading to neuronal dysfunction and cell death. Elevated peripheral markers of oxidative stress in AD
Free radicals & antioxidants
Free radicals are highly reactive molecules that are produced during normal cellular processes and can cause oxidative damage. Antioxidants help prevent this damage by neutralizing free radicals. Common sources of free radicals include mitochondria, inflammation, pollution, and radiation. Free radicals can damage cells by oxidizing lipids, proteins, and DNA, and are implicated in many diseases including cancer, atherosclerosis, and neurological conditions. Antioxidants help reduce oxidative stress and may protect against disease.
Oxidants and antioxidants
Oxidative reactions produce free radicals that can damage cells through chain reactions. Free radicals are unstable molecules with unpaired electrons that react with other molecules to become stabilized. Both deficiency and overproduction of free radicals can harm cells, so organisms maintain antioxidant defense systems to keep free radical levels in balance. Antioxidants terminate chain reactions by removing free radicals or preventing their formation and include enzymes like superoxide dismutase as well as nutrients obtained from foods.
Role of free radical antioxdant in human
role of free radicals in human diseases. Inside the human cells, there is an effective antioxidant defence system to counter damaging actions of reactive oxygen species. ... Direct damage to structural proteins and DNA inside the cells may result in loss of cell architecture and lack of its ability to restore.
Antioxidants (1)
This document discusses reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidants. It begins by defining ROS as unstable, highly reactive molecules that contain unpaired electrons, like hydrogen peroxide. ROS can damage cells by attacking macromolecules like DNA, proteins and lipids. This oxidative stress contributes to diseases like cancer and cardiovascular disease. The document then discusses the antioxidant defense system, including both enzymatic antioxidants like superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase, and non-enzymatic antioxidants like vitamins C and E. It classifies antioxidants and describes their mechanisms of action in scavenging free radicals and preventing oxidative damage.
oxidative stress
Oxidative stress occurs when there is an imbalance between free radicals and antioxidants in cells, leading to molecular and cellular damage. Free radicals are highly reactive chemical species with unpaired electrons that form as a natural byproduct of oxygen metabolism and can have beneficial roles but also cause oxidative damage. Antioxidants help neutralize free radicals to prevent oxidative stress and diseases like cancer and cardiovascular disease. Measurement of oxidative stress markers and use of antioxidant defenses help counter the effects of free radical damage in cells.
Free radicals & Antioxidants
This document discusses free radicals and antioxidants. It defines free radicals as molecules with unpaired electrons that are highly reactive. Free radicals are produced through normal cell metabolism but can damage cells. Antioxidants help prevent this damage by neutralizing free radicals. The document outlines the major sources of free radicals in the body and environment, the types of tissue damage they can cause, and examples of antioxidant enzymes and foods that help reduce oxidative stress.
free radicals and antioxidants.pptx
(1) Free radicals are highly reactive molecules with unpaired electrons that can cause oxidative damage. They are produced through normal metabolic processes and from environmental sources. (2) Antioxidants protect against free radical damage by neutralizing free radicals through enzymatic and non-enzymatic mechanisms. Key antioxidant enzymes include superoxide dismutase and catalase. Vitamins C and E are important non-enzymatic antioxidants. (3) Oxidative stress occurs when there is an imbalance between free radicals and antioxidants in favor of free radicals, potentially leading to cell and tissue damage associated with various diseases if left unchecked.
HAEMOGLOBIN & MYOGLOBIN STRUCTURE.pptx
Hemoglobin and myoglobin are oxygen-carrying proteins in the blood. Hemoglobin is a tetrameric protein composed of four polypeptide chains that carry oxygen from the lungs to tissues and carbon dioxide from tissues back to the lungs. Myoglobin is a single-chain protein that stores oxygen in muscle tissues. Both proteins use heme groups containing iron to reversibly bind oxygen. The binding of oxygen is influenced by factors like pH, carbon dioxide levels, and 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate to facilitate oxygen delivery to tissues and carbon dioxide removal from tissues.
DIET IN HEPATIC CIRRHOSIS - Copy.ppt
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Deleterious effects of RONS on biomolecules
Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) are produced naturally during metabolism but also as a response to stressors like radiation, heat, and inflammation. At high levels, RONS can damage biomolecules through oxidation, leading to oxidative stress. The main types of damage include lipid peroxidation of cell membranes, oxidation of DNA and RNA bases, protein carbonylation and nitration, and enzyme deactivation through cofactor oxidation. These molecular changes disrupt normal cellular functions and contribute to aging and diseases over time.
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Oxidative stress occurs due to an imbalance between free radicals and antioxidants in the body. Free radicals like reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) can be generated endogenously through normal metabolism or exogenously through environmental exposures. They damage cells and tissues through lipid peroxidation and reactions with DNA, proteins, and other molecules. Antioxidants help reduce oxidative stress by scavenging or preventing the formation of free radicals. Common antioxidants include enzymes like superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase as well as vitamins C and E. However, antioxidants can also act as pro-oxidants in high amounts or conditions of high oxygen pressure.
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Free radicals are unstable chemical species with unpaired electrons that are highly reactive. They are produced through normal metabolic processes and environmental exposures. The document defines different types of reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species, which include both radicals and non-radicals. Sources of free radical production are discussed, as well as their positive and negative biological effects through lipid peroxidation, protein and DNA oxidation. Methods for assessing free radical activity and oxidative stress are outlined.
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ITS DESCRIBE THE ROLE OF OXIDATIVE STRESS IN ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE AND PROCEDURE FOR MEASUREMENT OF OXIDATIVE PARAMETERS.
Free radicals and antioxidants
The document discusses free radicals and antioxidants. It defines free radicals as unstable chemical species with unpaired electrons that can cause oxidative damage. Free radicals are produced through normal cellular processes but can also be generated by external factors like radiation. They can cause lipid peroxidation, DNA and protein oxidation leading to cell damage associated with aging and diseases. Antioxidants help neutralize free radicals and prevent oxidative stress.
Oxidative changes in foods
This document discusses oxidative changes that can occur in foods. It describes various reactive oxygen species like singlet oxygen, hydroxyl radicals, superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide, and ozone that can initiate lipid peroxidation and oxidation reactions in foods. It explains how these species are generated and their reactions, as well as methods to protect against oxidation, including antioxidants, removal of pro-oxidants, and antioxidant enzymes.
antioxidants.ppt
This document discusses reactive oxygen species (ROS), also known as free radicals, which are highly reactive molecules that can damage cells. ROS are produced naturally in the body during energy production but also by environmental and lifestyle factors. They are implicated in many diseases. The body protects itself from ROS damage through antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase, and by obtaining antioxidants from foods, which help neutralize free radicals. Aging leads to declines in these protective antioxidant defenses.
ROS ANTIOXIDENTS
Aerobic organisms continuously produce reactive free radicals through respiration, metabolism and phagocytosis. Approximately 1-2% of oxygen consumed is converted into superoxide radicals by the respiratory chain, one of the main sources of free radicals in cells. While oxygen is necessary for life, its partial reduction can produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) that damage living systems. The body has multiple antioxidant defenses to combat ROS, including superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and vitamin C, which help convert ROS into less reactive species and protect biomolecules from oxidative damage.
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Oxidative stress occurs when there is an imbalance between reactive oxygen species production and a cell's antioxidant defenses, leading to molecular damage. Bacteria face oxidative stress from aerobic metabolism, which produces reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species. Bacteria have defense mechanisms like superoxide dismutase and catalase that convert reactive oxygen species into less harmful molecules. Gene expression for the oxidative stress response is regulated by the OxyR and SoxRS transcription factors, which turn on genes encoding antioxidant enzymes in response to hydrogen peroxide and superoxide, respectively. This allows bacteria to mount an adaptive response against oxidative stress.
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Free radicals are highly reactive molecules that are produced during normal cellular processes and can cause oxidative damage. Antioxidants help prevent this damage by neutralizing free radicals. Common sources of free radicals include mitochondria, inflammation, pollution, and radiation. Free radicals can damage cells by oxidizing lipids, proteins, and DNA, and are implicated in many diseases including cancer, atherosclerosis, and neurological conditions. Antioxidants help reduce oxidative stress and may protect against disease.
Oxidants and antioxidants
Oxidative reactions produce free radicals that can damage cells through chain reactions. Free radicals are unstable molecules with unpaired electrons that react with other molecules to become stabilized. Both deficiency and overproduction of free radicals can harm cells, so organisms maintain antioxidant defense systems to keep free radical levels in balance. Antioxidants terminate chain reactions by removing free radicals or preventing their formation and include enzymes like superoxide dismutase as well as nutrients obtained from foods.
Role of free radical antioxdant in human
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oxidative stress
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This document discusses free radicals and antioxidants. It defines free radicals as molecules with unpaired electrons that are highly reactive. Free radicals are produced through normal cell metabolism but can damage cells. Antioxidants help prevent this damage by neutralizing free radicals. The document outlines the major sources of free radicals in the body and environment, the types of tissue damage they can cause, and examples of antioxidant enzymes and foods that help reduce oxidative stress.
free radicals and antioxidants.pptx
(1) Free radicals are highly reactive molecules with unpaired electrons that can cause oxidative damage. They are produced through normal metabolic processes and from environmental sources. (2) Antioxidants protect against free radical damage by neutralizing free radicals through enzymatic and non-enzymatic mechanisms. Key antioxidant enzymes include superoxide dismutase and catalase. Vitamins C and E are important non-enzymatic antioxidants. (3) Oxidative stress occurs when there is an imbalance between free radicals and antioxidants in favor of free radicals, potentially leading to cell and tissue damage associated with various diseases if left unchecked.
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This document summarizes fatty acid oxidation (beta-oxidation) which occurs in three steps: activation in the cytosol, transport from cytosol to mitochondria via carnitine, and beta-oxidation in the mitochondrial matrix. Carnitine transports long-chain fatty acyl-CoA from cytosol to mitochondria for beta-oxidation. Oxidation of palmitic acid through 7 cycles produces 129 ATP. Disorders of fatty acid oxidation include carnitine deficiency and sudden infant death syndrome due to defects in medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase.
CaP metabolism.pptx
Calcium and phosphorus are essential minerals found primarily in bones and teeth. Calcium makes up 1-2% of total body weight and is found mostly in bones, while phosphorus makes up 1% of body weight and is primarily intracellular. Dietary sources of calcium include dairy products, while phosphorus is obtained from foods like cereals, meat, and nuts. Absorption of both minerals can be affected by factors like vitamin D, pH, and other dietary constituents. Calcium and phosphorus are important for bone health, cell signaling, and other metabolic processes. Abnormal levels can cause issues like muscle problems or bone diseases. Their levels are tightly regulated and measured together to diagnose certain conditions.
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free radicals and antioxidant system.ppt
- 1. FREE RADICALS AND ANTIOXIDANT SYSTEM
- 2. FREE RADICALS A molecule or a molecular species that contain one or more unpaired electrons , and is capable of independent existence
- 3. characterisitcs Highly reactive Very short half life Can generate new radicals by chain reaction Cause damage to biomolecules, cells and tissues
- 4. ROS (reactive oxygen species) Free radicals superoxide, O2 · - hydroxyl radical, OH · peroxyl, ROO · alkoxyl, RO · hydroperoxyl, HO2 · Particals, which are not free radicals hydrogen peroxide, H2O2 (Fenton´s reaction) hypochlorous acid, HClO ozone, O3 singlet oxygen, 1O2
- 5. RNS (reactive nitrogen species) Free radicals nitrogen(II) oxide, NO . nitrogen(IV) oxide, NO2 . Particals, which are not free radicals nitrosyl, NO+ nitrous acid, HONO nitogen(III) oxide, N2O3 peroxynitrite, ONOO - alkylperoxinitrite, ROONO
- 6. Sources Cellular metabolism Leakage of electron transport chain Production of H2O2 and O2ˉ by oxidase enzyme Due to chain reaction of membrane lipid peroxidation Peroxisomal generation of O2 and H2O2 During the synthesis of prostaglandins
- 7. Production of nitric oxide from arginine During the course of phagocytosis In the oxidation of heme to bile pigments As a result of auto-oxidation
- 8. Environmental effects As a result of drug metabolism Due to damages caused by ionized radiations on tissues Photolysis of O2 by light Photoexcitation of organic molecules Cigarette smoke contains free radicals, and trace metals that generate OHˉ Alcohol, promoting lipid peroxidation
- 9. Benificial effect of free radicals
- 10. Harmful effect of free radicals Free radicals beget free radicals Proteins cause oxidation of sulfhydryl groups, and modification of certain aminoacids may damage proteins by fragmentation, cross-linking and aggregation loss of biological activity of proteins
- 11. Lipids Induces peroxidation of membrane lipids on three stages Initiation phase Propagation phase Termination phase Malondialdehyde (MDA) is a marker
- 12. Carbohydrates Oxidation of monosaccharides can produce H2O2 and oxoaldehydes linkage of carbohydrates to proteins increases the susceptibility of proteins to the attack by free radicals
- 13. Nucleic acids may cause DNA strand breaks, fragmentation of bases and deoxyribose
- 14. Antioxidant O- 2, 1O2, .OH, H2O2, Cu, Fe. R•, RO•, ROO • R•, RO•, ROO•, 1O2, O- 2, -OH, H2O2, Cu, Fe Prooxidant Jail Are you ready to fight the attack of prooxidants?
- 15. Antioxidants in biological system A substance that significantly delays or inhibits oxidation of a substrate
- 17. Classification of antioxidants Antioxidants in relation to lipid peroxidation Preventive antioxidants Catalase, Glutathione peroxidase Chain breaking antioxidants Superoxide dismutase Vitamin E Uric acid
- 18. 2O2·- H2O2 O2 + H2O 2GSH GSSG + 2H2O NADP+ NADPH + H+ Superoxide dismutase 2H+ Catalase Glutathione Oxidase Glutathione Reductase NADP+ Reductase Superoxide dismutase
- 19. Functions of GSH-dependent Enzymes L-OH H2O GSSG NADPH L-OOH H2O2 GSH NADP+ X. GSX X-Mercapturic Acid GSH Px GSH-TR GSH--Rx
- 20. Antioxidants according to their location Plasma antioxidants β-carotene, Ascorbic acid Bilirubin, uric acid, ceruloplasmin, transferrin Cell membrane antioxidants α-tocopherol Intracellular antioxidants superoxide dismutase Catalase Glutathione peroxidase
- 21. Antioxidants according to their nature and action Enzymatic antioxidants Superoxide dismutase, catalase Non-enzymatic antioxidants Nutrients Caratenoids, ascorbic acid, α-tocopherols Metabolic Ceruloplasmin, albumin, bilirubin,transferrin, ferritin, uric acid