Most of the research organizations rely on a variety of methods for promoting integrity in the research. They establish organizational components to comply with regulations imposed by an external environment. They offer educational programs to teach the elements of the responsible conduct of research and they implement policies and procedures that delineate the normative practices of responsible research and establish criteria for rewards and recognition; and they develop processes to evaluate and enforce institutional behaviour. To establish a basis for organizational learning and continuous quality improvement, organizations should simultaneously implement processes for evaluating their efforts to foster responsible conduct of research.
Education in the responsible conduct of research should be no less integral to the education of a researcher. Educational abilities are complex combinations of motivations, dispositions, attitudes, values, knowledge of concepts and procedures, skills, strategies and behaviours. These combinations are dynamic and interactive, and they can be acquired and developed through both education and experience. When National Academy of Science committee advocates the promotion of integrity in the institutional research environment, it is advocating the creation of a climate in the institution, the department, and the research group that promotes integrity in research.
The level of trust that has characterized science and its relationship with society has contributed to a period of unparalleled scientific productivity. But this trust will endure only if the scientific community devotes itself to exemplifying and transmitting the values associated with ethical scientific conduct. Government oversight of scientific research is important, but such oversight, in the form of administrative rules, typically stipulates what cannot be done.
It may be very important to realize that there is a wide spectrum of severity of research misconduct. On lesser level/scale are practices such an intentionally failing to cite the work of competitors, and citing our own work more frequently than necessary. Similarly, changing the white threshold of an image to clean up the background must not be done, because it alters the original data, but it is treated a mild sin in academics and research. On the other end of the scale is generation of data by just making up numbers, or generating false images by duplicating/altering/re-labeling other one's fabricated literature/research/findings While determining the severity of the misconduct, or whether it is misconduct at all, it is important to determine the degree of intent, although this is not always easy for all. Most of the figures in the research papers are comprised of many similar looking parts, whether they might be photomicrographs, gels and blots. Flow cytometer plots, or traces from a patch-clamp amplifier. It can therefore possible for someone to inadvertently grab the same image file twice, leading to a duplicated and wrongly labeled part of a figure. On the other hand, if many duplications are found in the figures in a particular literature/paper, and they also involve rotations, differential cropping, or mirror images, and if similar anomalies are also apparent in other works by the same authors, deliberate falsification or fabrication is much more likely.
With lots of pressures to publish the research/findings, and the availability of image processing software, the temptation to cut corners and artificially generate the desired result has never been greater work. Thousands of examples can be found in records on the post-publication peer review site PubPeer <https://pubpeer.com. However, although sites such as this can alert readers to concerns about research papers, and can provide very strong evidence. They don't provide proof of intent, or reveal which of the authors on multi-author papers bears responsibility. For this activity, action is required to be taken either by the authors themselves or through the establishment of an inquiry by their institution/university/organization. For the last couple of years or so, most of the research journals have explicitly stated in their guidelines to authors what kinds of image manipulation are acceptable, and which are not at all.
Intellectual Honesty and Research Integrity.pptxsheelu57
Intellectual honesty is an applied method of problem solving, characterized by an unbiased, honest attitude, which can be demonstrated in a number of different ways including:
Ensuring support for chosen ideologies does not interfere with the pursuit of truth;
Relevant facts and information are not purposefully omitted even when such things may contradict one's hypothesis;
Facts are presented in an unbiased manner, and not twisted to give misleading impressions or to support one view over another;
References, or earlier work, are acknowledged where possible, and plagiarism is avoided. practices.
For individuals, research integrity is an aspect of moral character and experience. It involves above all a commitment to intellectual honesty and personal responsibility for one's actions and to a range of practices that characterize responsible research conduct.
Are you familiar with the concepts of academic integrity or research misconduct? Learn what a student’s ethical responsibilities are as an academic researcher in handling and managing data, working with human subjects, and contributing to a larger body of knowledge. This is a presentation developed through the Graduate Resource Center at the University of New Mexico.
The level of trust that has characterized science and its relationship with society has contributed to a period of unparalleled scientific productivity. But this trust will endure only if the scientific community devotes itself to exemplifying and transmitting the values associated with ethical scientific conduct. Government oversight of scientific research is important, but such oversight, in the form of administrative rules, typically stipulates what cannot be done.
It may be very important to realize that there is a wide spectrum of severity of research misconduct. On lesser level/scale are practices such an intentionally failing to cite the work of competitors, and citing our own work more frequently than necessary. Similarly, changing the white threshold of an image to clean up the background must not be done, because it alters the original data, but it is treated a mild sin in academics and research. On the other end of the scale is generation of data by just making up numbers, or generating false images by duplicating/altering/re-labeling other one's fabricated literature/research/findings While determining the severity of the misconduct, or whether it is misconduct at all, it is important to determine the degree of intent, although this is not always easy for all. Most of the figures in the research papers are comprised of many similar looking parts, whether they might be photomicrographs, gels and blots. Flow cytometer plots, or traces from a patch-clamp amplifier. It can therefore possible for someone to inadvertently grab the same image file twice, leading to a duplicated and wrongly labeled part of a figure. On the other hand, if many duplications are found in the figures in a particular literature/paper, and they also involve rotations, differential cropping, or mirror images, and if similar anomalies are also apparent in other works by the same authors, deliberate falsification or fabrication is much more likely.
With lots of pressures to publish the research/findings, and the availability of image processing software, the temptation to cut corners and artificially generate the desired result has never been greater work. Thousands of examples can be found in records on the post-publication peer review site PubPeer <https://pubpeer.com. However, although sites such as this can alert readers to concerns about research papers, and can provide very strong evidence. They don't provide proof of intent, or reveal which of the authors on multi-author papers bears responsibility. For this activity, action is required to be taken either by the authors themselves or through the establishment of an inquiry by their institution/university/organization. For the last couple of years or so, most of the research journals have explicitly stated in their guidelines to authors what kinds of image manipulation are acceptable, and which are not at all.
Intellectual Honesty and Research Integrity.pptxsheelu57
Intellectual honesty is an applied method of problem solving, characterized by an unbiased, honest attitude, which can be demonstrated in a number of different ways including:
Ensuring support for chosen ideologies does not interfere with the pursuit of truth;
Relevant facts and information are not purposefully omitted even when such things may contradict one's hypothesis;
Facts are presented in an unbiased manner, and not twisted to give misleading impressions or to support one view over another;
References, or earlier work, are acknowledged where possible, and plagiarism is avoided. practices.
For individuals, research integrity is an aspect of moral character and experience. It involves above all a commitment to intellectual honesty and personal responsibility for one's actions and to a range of practices that characterize responsible research conduct.
Are you familiar with the concepts of academic integrity or research misconduct? Learn what a student’s ethical responsibilities are as an academic researcher in handling and managing data, working with human subjects, and contributing to a larger body of knowledge. This is a presentation developed through the Graduate Resource Center at the University of New Mexico.
Redundant, Duplicate and Repetitive publications are the most important concerns in the scientific research/literature writing. The occurrence of redundancy affects the concepts of science/literature and carries with it sanctions of consequences. To define this issue is much challenging because of the many varieties in which one can slice, reformat, or reproduce material from an already published study. This issue also goes beyond the duplication of a single study because it might possible that the same or similar data can be published in the early, middle, and later stages of an on-going study. This may have a damaging impact on the scientific study/literature base. Similar to slicing a cake, there are so many ways of representing a study or a set of data/information. We can slice a cake into different shapes like squares, triangles, rounds, or layers. Which of these might be the best way to slice a cake? Unfortunately, this may be the wrong question. The point is that the cake that is being referred to, the data/ information set or the study/findings, should not be sliced at all. Instead, the study should be presented as a whole to the readership to ensure the integrity of science/technology because of the impact that may have on patients who will be affected by the information contained in the literature/findings. Redundant, duplicate, or repetitive publications occur when there is representation of two or more studies, data sets, or publications in either electronic or print media. The publications can overlap partially or completely, such that a similar portion, major component(s), or complete representation of a previously/simultaneous ly or future published study is duplicated.
SALAMI SLICING: The slicing of research publication that would form one meaningful paper into several different papers is known as salami publication or salami slicing. Unlike duplicate publication, which involves reporting the exact same data in two or more publications, salami slicing involves breaking up or segmenting a large study into two or more publications. These segments are called slices of a study. As a general rule, as long as the slices of a broken-up study share the same hypotheses, population, and methods, this is not acceptable in general practice. The same slice should never be published more than once at all. According to the United States Office of Research Integrity (USORI), salami slicing can result in a distortion of the literature/findings by leading unsuspecting readers to believe that data presented in each salami slice (journal article) is derived from a different subject sample/source. Somehow this practice not only skews the scientific database but it creates repetition to waste reader's time as well as the time of editors and peer reviewers, who must also handle each paper separately.
Ethical research and publication practices are essential for honest scholarly and scientific research. Most journals today are keenly aware of this: they publish policies on these issues and expect authors to “be aware of, and comply with, best practice in publication ethics”.This article discusses two widespread and related publishing practices that are considered unethical—duplicate publication and simultaneous submission. It draws on definitive international publication ethics guidelines.
Selective Reporting and Misrepresentation of DataSaptarshi Ghosh
Research integrity means conducting research according to the highest professional and ethical standards, so that the results are trustworthy.
It concerns the behavior of researchers at all stages of the research life-cycle, including declaring competing interests; data collection and data management; using appropriate methodology; drawing conclusions from results; and writing up research findings.
This Slideshare presentation is a partial preview of the full business document. To view and download the full document, please go here:
http://flevy.com/browse/business-document/organizational-excellence-framework-employees-1421
BENEFITS OF DOCUMENT
1. Undertake human resource planning that supports organizational plans
2. Recruit, select, train and develop employees
3. Encourage employees to share suggestions and ideas aimed at improvement
DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION
This is an introductory workshop on employees. It focuses on defining and implementing good employee practices that are covered in the Organizational Excellence Framework (copyright 2010 Dawn Ringrose) publication that integrates global excellence models and provides implementation guidelines for the practitioner. These practices have been validated by over 20 years of research.
The employee practices include: Undertaking human resource planning that supports organization goals and objectives; Recruiting and selecting people for mutual success; Promoting equal opportunity and diversity; Ensuring people understand and commit to the strategic direction and improvement goals; Getting people involved with improvement initiatives; Encouraging employees to share ideas and suggestions; Encouraging employees to be innovative and take risks; Determining the training needs of employees and providing the necessary training; Ensuring employees have adequate compensation and benefits; Rewarding and recognizing strong performance of both individuals and teams; Ensuring a healthy workplace environment and involving people in addressing issues related to health and wellness; Removing barriers to employee effectiveness.
Each practice includes a definition, implementation guidelines and practical examples and may include applicable research findings. The workshop is formatted so that participants learn about best management practices related to the topic and have an opportunity to self-assess against the practices and develop an improvement plan to address gaps.
This workshop is part of a consulting toolkit that includes: the Organizational Excellence Framework publication, scenario games, automated assessments, holistic workshops for micro to large size organizations and modular workshops for each key management area (governance, leadership, planning, customers, employees, work processes, suppliers and partners, resource management, continuous improvement & performance measurement).
Redundant, Duplicate and Repetitive publications are the most important concerns in the scientific research/literature writing. The occurrence of redundancy affects the concepts of science/literature and carries with it sanctions of consequences. To define this issue is much challenging because of the many varieties in which one can slice, reformat, or reproduce material from an already published study. This issue also goes beyond the duplication of a single study because it might possible that the same or similar data can be published in the early, middle, and later stages of an on-going study. This may have a damaging impact on the scientific study/literature base. Similar to slicing a cake, there are so many ways of representing a study or a set of data/information. We can slice a cake into different shapes like squares, triangles, rounds, or layers. Which of these might be the best way to slice a cake? Unfortunately, this may be the wrong question. The point is that the cake that is being referred to, the data/ information set or the study/findings, should not be sliced at all. Instead, the study should be presented as a whole to the readership to ensure the integrity of science/technology because of the impact that may have on patients who will be affected by the information contained in the literature/findings. Redundant, duplicate, or repetitive publications occur when there is representation of two or more studies, data sets, or publications in either electronic or print media. The publications can overlap partially or completely, such that a similar portion, major component(s), or complete representation of a previously/simultaneous ly or future published study is duplicated.
SALAMI SLICING: The slicing of research publication that would form one meaningful paper into several different papers is known as salami publication or salami slicing. Unlike duplicate publication, which involves reporting the exact same data in two or more publications, salami slicing involves breaking up or segmenting a large study into two or more publications. These segments are called slices of a study. As a general rule, as long as the slices of a broken-up study share the same hypotheses, population, and methods, this is not acceptable in general practice. The same slice should never be published more than once at all. According to the United States Office of Research Integrity (USORI), salami slicing can result in a distortion of the literature/findings by leading unsuspecting readers to believe that data presented in each salami slice (journal article) is derived from a different subject sample/source. Somehow this practice not only skews the scientific database but it creates repetition to waste reader's time as well as the time of editors and peer reviewers, who must also handle each paper separately.
Ethical research and publication practices are essential for honest scholarly and scientific research. Most journals today are keenly aware of this: they publish policies on these issues and expect authors to “be aware of, and comply with, best practice in publication ethics”.This article discusses two widespread and related publishing practices that are considered unethical—duplicate publication and simultaneous submission. It draws on definitive international publication ethics guidelines.
Selective Reporting and Misrepresentation of DataSaptarshi Ghosh
Research integrity means conducting research according to the highest professional and ethical standards, so that the results are trustworthy.
It concerns the behavior of researchers at all stages of the research life-cycle, including declaring competing interests; data collection and data management; using appropriate methodology; drawing conclusions from results; and writing up research findings.
This Slideshare presentation is a partial preview of the full business document. To view and download the full document, please go here:
http://flevy.com/browse/business-document/organizational-excellence-framework-employees-1421
BENEFITS OF DOCUMENT
1. Undertake human resource planning that supports organizational plans
2. Recruit, select, train and develop employees
3. Encourage employees to share suggestions and ideas aimed at improvement
DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION
This is an introductory workshop on employees. It focuses on defining and implementing good employee practices that are covered in the Organizational Excellence Framework (copyright 2010 Dawn Ringrose) publication that integrates global excellence models and provides implementation guidelines for the practitioner. These practices have been validated by over 20 years of research.
The employee practices include: Undertaking human resource planning that supports organization goals and objectives; Recruiting and selecting people for mutual success; Promoting equal opportunity and diversity; Ensuring people understand and commit to the strategic direction and improvement goals; Getting people involved with improvement initiatives; Encouraging employees to share ideas and suggestions; Encouraging employees to be innovative and take risks; Determining the training needs of employees and providing the necessary training; Ensuring employees have adequate compensation and benefits; Rewarding and recognizing strong performance of both individuals and teams; Ensuring a healthy workplace environment and involving people in addressing issues related to health and wellness; Removing barriers to employee effectiveness.
Each practice includes a definition, implementation guidelines and practical examples and may include applicable research findings. The workshop is formatted so that participants learn about best management practices related to the topic and have an opportunity to self-assess against the practices and develop an improvement plan to address gaps.
This workshop is part of a consulting toolkit that includes: the Organizational Excellence Framework publication, scenario games, automated assessments, holistic workshops for micro to large size organizations and modular workshops for each key management area (governance, leadership, planning, customers, employees, work processes, suppliers and partners, resource management, continuous improvement & performance measurement).
Ethical Problems in Business and it's SollutionsAbbasHaiderAli1
Ethical problems in business encompass a wide range of issues related to moral principles and conduct within the business context. These problems can include:
1. **Corporate Governance**: Issues related to the leadership and management of companies, including conflicts of interest, executive compensation, and board oversight.
2. **Employee Relations**: Concerns such as fair wages, workplace discrimination, harassment, and labor rights violations.
3. **Supply Chain Ethics**: Ensuring that suppliers and partners adhere to ethical standards in areas such as labor practices, environmental sustainability, and human rights.
4. **Consumer Protection**: Ensuring the safety, accuracy, and fairness of products and services offered to consumers, as well as transparent marketing and advertising practices.
5. **Environmental Responsibility**: Addressing the environmental impact of business operations, including pollution, resource depletion, and climate change.
6. **Financial Integrity**: Ensuring honesty and transparency in financial reporting, preventing fraud, insider trading, and unethical accounting practices.
7. **Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)**: Engaging in activities that benefit society beyond the scope of legal obligations, such as philanthropy, community development, and sustainable business practices.
Addressing ethical problems in business requires a combination of clear ethical guidelines, effective leadership, corporate policies and procedures, employee training, and external oversight mechanisms. Failure to address these issues can lead to reputational damage, legal consequences, and financial losses for businesses
Certainly, here's a more detailed description of some common ethical problems in business:
1. **Conflict of Interest**: Occurs when individuals or entities have competing interests that could potentially influence their decision-making, such as personal relationships, financial investments, or other affiliations.
2. **Whistleblowing**: The act of reporting unethical or illegal activities within an organization, which can create ethical dilemmas for employees who may fear retaliation or negative consequences for speaking out.
3. **Data Privacy**: Involves the ethical handling of customer or employee data, including issues such as data breaches, unauthorized access, and the misuse of personal information.
4. **Fair Competition**: Ensuring that businesses compete in a fair and ethical manner, avoiding practices such as price-fixing, collusion, or deceptive marketing tactics.
5. **Product Safety**: Ensuring that products are safe for consumers to use and that any risks or hazards are clearly communicated, avoiding the sale of defective or dangerous products.
6. **Workplace Diversity and Inclusion**: Promoting a diverse and inclusive workplace environment where all employees are treated fairly and respectfully, regardless of factors such as race, gender, or sexual orientation.
Vicky Scott: Implementing research into practiceTHL
Presentation by Dr Vicky Scott, Clinical Associate Professor, RN, PhD, Canada, BC Injury Research and Prevention Unit, BC Ministry of Health, Canada at at Safety 2016 World Conference, 18-21 September 2016, Tampere, Finland
#Safety2016FIN
HIGHER EDUCATION GOVERNANCE AND QUALITY ASSURANCE SYSTEMS: EXPERIENCES FROM U...Elvis Muyanja
Turfloop Graduate School of Leadership (TGSL) Annual Public Lecture 2014, 17th September 2014, University of Limpopo, South Africa
Professor Venansius Baryamureeba, VC UTAMU, barya@utamu.ac.ug
Distance Learning, Online Teaching [19+ Years]
• Possess substantial strengths in distance learning, adult education, teaching with technology, student and faculty relations, higher education, and curriculum development.
• Significant experience as an adjunct online faculty member, Core Faculty, Dissertation Chair, Committee Member, Curriculum Developer/Author, and Faculty Development Manager.
• Create a safe, respectful, and welcoming learning environment.
• Specialize in working with new students, first generation students, and academically under-prepared students.
• Developed an exceptional record of academic excellence, end-of-course evaluations, collaboration, communication, mentoring, coaching, and professionalism.
• Computer proficient with online classroom platforms that include WebCT, eCollege, Canvas, Sakai, Moodle, Educator, Desire2Learn, Blackboard, Brightspace and others.
Dissertation Chair and Mentor [Remote, 11+ years]
• Provide high quality instruction, direction and mentorship for assigned students throughout all phases of the dissertation process.
• Provide timely and supportive mentoring throughout the student’s process of developing, researching, writing, and revising the dissertation.
• Participate in the Defense process of a student’s Prospectus and final Dissertation.
• Facilitate the successful completion of all IRB protocols.
Faculty Development [Remote, 10+ years]
• Served as a Trainer and Mentor for New Faculty Members.
• Performed faculty peer reviews and assessed classes based upon best practices and adult learning theories.
• Inspired faculty to improve their facilitation practice by leading online faculty workshops.
Curriculum Development [Remote, 12+ years]
• Authored hundreds of courses as a SME for multiple schools, including undergraduate and graduate courses.
• Strong knowledge and application of adult cognitive learning theories and instructional design methodologies.
• Develop content and assessments that met learning objectives, including discussions and assignments.
Background Includes: Various Online Schools (08/05 – Present)
Online Instructor, Doctoral Committee Member, Dissertation Chair, Faculty Development, Curriculum Development.
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Scope: Define the boundaries and limitations of the protocol, specifying what it covers and what it does not cover.
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Procedures: Detail the step-by-step procedures to be followed, including specific instructions, actions, and timelines. This ensures consistency and minimizes confusion.
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References: Provide references to any relevant resources, regulations, or standards that are applicable to the activity or event.
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2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
2. overview
Most of the research organizations rely on a variety of methods for
promoting integrity in the research. They establish organizational
components to comply with regulations imposed by an external
environment. They offer educational programs to teach the elements
of the responsible conduct of research and they implement policies
and procedures that delineate the normative practices of responsible
research and establish criteria for rewards and recognition; and they
develop processes to evaluate and enforce institutional behaviour. To
establish a basis for organizational learning and continuous quality
improvement, organizations should simultaneously implement
processes for evaluating their efforts to foster responsible conduct of
research. Evaluation can be approached in a variety of ways including,
to rely on external evaluators to determine compliance with regulatory
controls and to rely on a system of performance-based assessments
that are initiated and implemented internally.
3. regulatoryapproach
A regulatory approach to fostering integrity in research is consistent
Ethics with other governmental efforts to encourage the use of
commonly accepted practices and to discourage irresponsible
behaviour in the research environment Researchers and institutional
officials are familiar with compliance requirements and often
participate in the preparation of rulemaking procedures. A regulatory
approach fostering integrity in research also has some limitations.
Regulations emphasize the areas of common agreement and can
reduce important concerns to rules and procedures. It is difficult or
impossible for regulations alone to foster an understanding of the
critical issues involved, and the required procedures are not always
related to the desired outcomes. The adoption of new regulations and
the creation of institutional and governmental oversight offices
increase the cost of doing science and add to the administrative costs
of research centres without necessarily creating a commensurate
benefit. In addition, once regulations are adopted, they are difficult to
change.
4. performance-basedmodel
A performance-based model for the evaluation of organizational
efforts to foster integrity in the research environment offers
selected goals and bench marks that can be used as criteria to
assess the success of efforts. A benchmark is a standard or point of
reference used in measuring and/or judging quality or value.
Benchmarking is the process of continuously comparing and
measuring an organization's performance, practices, policies, and
philosophies against lead ing, high-performing organizations
anywhere in the world to gain information that will help the
organization take action to improve its performance. These goals
and benchmarks are generally linked to rewards, incentives, and,
at times, penalties for specific types of behaviour.
5. actionsandassessmentstrategies
This model also requires institutions/ universities to implement
these goals through a series of actions and assessment
strategies which include the following:
• Posting the statement (including selected criteria related to
personnel actions, such as recruitment offers and hiring and
promotion policies and practices) in public places throughout
the research institution;
• Creating a bonus plan or award system to reward exceptional
behaviour,
• Providing mentorship opportunities for senior and junior
faculty and investigators that emphasize the importance of
learning about the responsible conduct of research;
• Publicizing and possibly sanctioning actions that are
inconsistent with the institution's research mission.
6. PromotingIntegrityinResearch
Education in the responsible conduct of research should be no less
integral to the education of a researcher. Educational abilities are
complex combinations of motivations, dispositions, attitudes,
values, knowledge of concepts and procedures, skills, strategies
and behaviours. These combinations are dynamic and interactive,
and they can be acquired and developed through both education
and experience. When National Academy of Science committee
advocates the promotion of integrity in the institutional research
environment, it is advocating the creation of a climate in the
institution, the department, and the research group that promotes
integrity in research. The committee recommends a model for
education in the responsible conduct of research that includes the
following principles:
7. developmentofabilities
The educational program should be built around the development of
abilities that give rise to responsible conduct. These include the ability to:
• Identify the ethical dimensions of situations that arise in the research
setting and the laws, regulations, and guidelines governing one's field
that apply to those situations (ethical sensitivity);
• Develop defensible rationales for a choice of action (ethical reasoning):
integrate the values of one's professional discipline with one's own
personal values (identity formation) and appropriately prioritize
professional values over personal ones (showing moral motivation and
commitment);
• Perform with integrity the complex tasks (communicate ideas and
results, obtain funding, teach, and supervise) that are essential to one's
career (survival skills).
8. basicprinciplesofadultlearning
The program should be designed in accordance with basic
principles of adult learning. Education in the responsible
conduct of research should:
Be provided within the context of the overall education
program. including adviser-trainee interactions, the core
discipline-specific curriculum, and explicit education in
professional skills;
Take place over an extended period of time, preferably the
entire educational program, and include review, practice, and
assessment;
Involve active learning, including interactions among the
instructors and the trainees.
9. psychologicalprocesses
The implication to teach the abilities derived from these
psychological processes in context have been proposed in the
sections as follows.
• Interpreting the ethical dimensions of problems in the
research setting:
• Research on ethical sensitivity in professional settings
indicates that
ethical sensitivity can be reliably assessed;
students and professionals vary in their sensitivities to ethical
issues;
ethical sensitivity can be enhanced through instruction;
the sensitivity to issues is distinct from the ability to reason
about issues.
10. Developingcompetenceinreasoning
• Developing competence in reasoning About the Complex
Problems that arise in the Research Setting: The effects of
ethics instruction on a professional's moral reasoning has
been extensively concluded that -
a medical curriculum without an ethics curriculum tends not
to enhance moral reasoning;
instruction can be effective, although not all interventions
produce significant gains;
the effects of at least some interventions can be attributed to
an intervention based on comparisons with control groups;
strategies other than discussion of a dilemma can produce
change;
there is a relationship between reasoning and a range of
indicators of physician performance.
11. MoralMotivationandIdentityFormation
Moral motivation and commitment involves
prioritization of moral values over other personal
values.
People have many values (i.e., values related to their
careers, affectionate relationships, aesthetic
preferences, institutional loyalties, hedonistic
pleasures, and things that excite them).
12. DevelopingSelf-Regulation,Self-Efficacy,andImplementationAbilitiesNecessaryfor
EffectiveandResponsibleResearchPractice
A person may be sensitive to moral issues, have good judgment,
and prioritize moral values; but if he/she is lacking in moral
character and competence, he/she may wilt under pressure or
fatigue, may not follow through, and may be distracted or
discouraged, and moral behaviour will fail. This component
presupposes that one has set goals, has self-discipline and
controls impulses, and has the strength and skill to act in accord
with one's goals.