Brief description on Phylum Brachiopods with general terms used for Paleontology.
Structure paleoecology, geography, morphology.
And also easily understandable as since it discuss only specific terms only.
A Simple Presentation depicting the concepts os Stratigraphy. The Stratigraphy is a branch of geology concerned with the study of rock layers and layering .
Classification
Kingdom Animalia
Sub kingdom Invertibrata
Phylum Mollusca
Class Cephalopoda
Order Nautiloidea
Genus Nautilus
Morphological characters –
Shell is Globular and involute coiling
Few whorls with large body chamber, Aperture is oval and rarely semilunar
Umbilicus may be occluded with callus.
Central siphuncle is present with septal neck-retrosiphonate.
Shows simple nauitiloid suture line, thin growth lines and simple ribs.
Geological Age – Triassic to recent
Brief description on Phylum Brachiopods with general terms used for Paleontology.
Structure paleoecology, geography, morphology.
And also easily understandable as since it discuss only specific terms only.
A Simple Presentation depicting the concepts os Stratigraphy. The Stratigraphy is a branch of geology concerned with the study of rock layers and layering .
Classification
Kingdom Animalia
Sub kingdom Invertibrata
Phylum Mollusca
Class Cephalopoda
Order Nautiloidea
Genus Nautilus
Morphological characters –
Shell is Globular and involute coiling
Few whorls with large body chamber, Aperture is oval and rarely semilunar
Umbilicus may be occluded with callus.
Central siphuncle is present with septal neck-retrosiphonate.
Shows simple nauitiloid suture line, thin growth lines and simple ribs.
Geological Age – Triassic to recent
MORPHOLOGY AND SIGNIFICANCE OF CONODONT (group-D).pptxKuki Boruah
Conodonts are marine organism ranging from Cambrian to Triassic periods, having a long wormlike body, numerous small teeth and a pair of eyes.
It is now believed as the earliest vertebrate and now it is an extinct group of organism.
First identified by the LATVIAN embryologist and palaeontologist Christian Pander in 1856.
Conodonts are most frequently occuring fossil in marine Sedimentary Rocks.
Size of Conodonts commonly in between 200 microns and 5 millimetres.
The preserved color varying from translucent and colorless through light brown to black.
Origin and Abundance of elements in the Solar system and in the Earth and its...AkshayRaut51
Definition of Elements and atom
Origin of Universe
Theories of origin of Solar system and Earth
Chemical Composition of Planets
Chemical Composition of Earth
Chemical composition of Meteorites
Abundance of Elements
Ichnology,classification & significance of trace fossilUjjavalPatel16
Ichnology,classification& significance of trace fossil
Most trace fossils are largely facies dependant.
No secondary displacement or transport.
Trace fossils are common in rocks that otherwise are unfossiliferous. (siliciclastics, shorelines)
Non-preservation of the causative organism.
Multiple architects may produce a single structure.
The same individual can produce different structures corresponding to different behavior.
The same individual may produce different structures corresponding with identical behavior but in different substrates.
Identical structures may be produced by the activity of systematically different organisms where behavior is similar.
Abundance - one animal, especially if mobile, can make many traces during its lifetime, whereas it may or may not have its body preserved in the fossil record.
MORPHOLOGY AND SIGNIFICANCE OF CONODONT (group-D).pptxKuki Boruah
Conodonts are marine organism ranging from Cambrian to Triassic periods, having a long wormlike body, numerous small teeth and a pair of eyes.
It is now believed as the earliest vertebrate and now it is an extinct group of organism.
First identified by the LATVIAN embryologist and palaeontologist Christian Pander in 1856.
Conodonts are most frequently occuring fossil in marine Sedimentary Rocks.
Size of Conodonts commonly in between 200 microns and 5 millimetres.
The preserved color varying from translucent and colorless through light brown to black.
Origin and Abundance of elements in the Solar system and in the Earth and its...AkshayRaut51
Definition of Elements and atom
Origin of Universe
Theories of origin of Solar system and Earth
Chemical Composition of Planets
Chemical Composition of Earth
Chemical composition of Meteorites
Abundance of Elements
Ichnology,classification & significance of trace fossilUjjavalPatel16
Ichnology,classification& significance of trace fossil
Most trace fossils are largely facies dependant.
No secondary displacement or transport.
Trace fossils are common in rocks that otherwise are unfossiliferous. (siliciclastics, shorelines)
Non-preservation of the causative organism.
Multiple architects may produce a single structure.
The same individual can produce different structures corresponding to different behavior.
The same individual may produce different structures corresponding with identical behavior but in different substrates.
Identical structures may be produced by the activity of systematically different organisms where behavior is similar.
Abundance - one animal, especially if mobile, can make many traces during its lifetime, whereas it may or may not have its body preserved in the fossil record.
A fossil is the preserved remains of a once-living organism.
Fossils give clues about organisms that lived long ago. They help to show that evolution has occurred.
They also provide evidence about how Earth’s surface has changed over time.
Fossils help scientists understand what past environments may have been like.
These slides cover all the necessary points regarding to fossilization as well as all the types of fossilization which will be beneficial for someone. Regards
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
2. FOSSILS
• Fossils are remains of organisms, both
plants and animals which has been
preserved within the sedimentary rock
beds under favourable geologic
conditions.
3. FOSSILISATION
• Fossilisation is the process of transfer of
material from biosphere (organic
material) to lithosphere (fossil).
• Fossilisation can be defined as the
physical, chemical, and biological
processes that lead to the preservation
of plant and animal remains over time.
4. FAVOURABLE CONDITIONS FOR FOSSILISATION
• THE ORGANISMS SHOULD HAVE HARD PARTS: The hard parts of
organisms such as shells, bones, teeth and wood take more time
to break down and can be preserved as fossils.
• RAPID BURIAL OF ORGANISMS AFTER DEATH UNDER A THICK
COVER OF SEDIMENTS: If the organisms are quickly buried under
the sediment, it cuts the supply of oxygen and prevents
destruction of the organisms by scavengers and decay.
• ENVIRONMENT: The environment plays an important role in the
organism’s ability to fossilise . It has been observed that marine
organisms are more likely to be fossilised than those living on
land (Milsom and Rigby, 2010) because marine organisms have
greater chance of being covered rapidly by sediments, which
increases the chance of fossilisation.
5. PROCESSES OF FOSSILISATION
• i) Unaltered soft parts or exceptional preservation
• ii) Unaltered hard parts preservation
• iii) Altered hard parts preservation, which is further
divided into
• (a) Permineralisation or petrifaction
• (b) Carbonisation
• (c) Molds and casts
• (d) Tracks and trails
6. I) UNALTERED SOFT PARTS OR
EXCEPTIONAL PRESERVATION
• In very rare and ideal situations, the whole of
the organism including its soft and hard parts
may be found to have been preserved. In this
type of preservation, the most fragile and
delicate soft parts remain unaltered and
provide finer details of the soft parts. This
type of preservation takes place in several
ways such as fossils preserved in amber, tar or
ice.
9. II) UNALTERED HARD PARTS PRESERVATION
• Many invertebrates possess hard parts
made up of stable compounds such as
calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate
and silica. It has been found that many
shells and skeletons of invertebrates
were preserved in the sedimentary
rocks with no alteration in their hard
parts.
10.
11. III) ALTERED HARD PARTS PRESERVATION
• (A) Permineralisation or Petrifaction:
It is a slow process and involves the removal
of organic material by mineralised solution.
Petrifaction is a very slow process in which
replacement occurs molecule by molecule. As
a result, very fine details about the organisms
get preserved.
12.
13. (B) CARBONISATION :
In this process, the soft-bodied animals
as well as the stems and leaves of plants
buried under the sediments are
decomposed or pressed and thus losing
hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen and other
volatile constituents. As a result, a thin
carbon film is left behind. Such films are
enriched in carbon and appear as black
shiny fossils.
14.
15. (C) Molds and Casts :
This process involves the natural duplication of
the original organisms. When a shell gets
buried in sediment, subsequently, the
sediment becomes hard. At the same time the
water running through the sediment may
dissolve the shell completely, leaving behind an
impression or a void of the shell. Such an
impression is known as mold. If the void is
filled with grains of sand or clay, it hardens and
produces a replica of the original shell shape,
which is known as cast.
16.
17.
18. (D) TRACKS AND TRAILS:
While moving on the soft ground such
as mud and sand, the organisms may
leave behind impressions of their
movements . For example, the foot
prints and burrows are preserved when
the soft ground materials harden in
rock. These types of fossil impressions
are also described as trace fossils.