This document provides an overview of microspheres, including their definition, classification, preparation methods, characterization, applications, and examples of marketed microsphere products. Microspheres are small spherical particles made of polymers, lipids, or waxes that are used for drug delivery applications to provide controlled or sustained release of pharmaceutical actives. Common preparation methods include single and double emulsion techniques, phase separation processes, and spray drying. Microspheres are characterized based on properties like particle size, shape, drug loading, and in vitro drug release. They have applications in areas like vaccine delivery, cancer treatment, and oral drug delivery for prolonged release. Examples of commercial microsphere products mentioned include Expancel microspheres and BioMag Protein A particles.
Microspheres are spherical particles ranging from 1 nm to 200 μm that can be used to deliver drugs in a sustained or controlled release manner. They are typically made of biodegradable polymers and can be prepared using various methods like single/double emulsion, polymerization, phase separation, or spray drying. Drugs are encapsulated or absorbed onto the microspheres and released over time as the polymer degrades. Microspheres find applications in areas like vaccines, targeted drug delivery, and imaging due to their advantages of sustained release, increased drug stability and reduced toxicity.
Microspheres are solid spherical particles ranging in size from 1-1000μm that can be used for drug delivery. They provide advantages like constant drug release, reduced dosing, and protection of drugs from degradation. Microspheres are made of polymers and exist as microcapsules or micromatrices. Various preparation methods include solvent evaporation, single/double emulsion, and polymerization. Microspheres find applications in oral, nasal, ocular, and other localized drug deliveries due to their ability to target tissues and control drug release kinetics.
Easy & to the point Topics are clearly given in this presentation..
Thanks & Best Regard
(Anurag Pandey) B.Pharm
Contact :- anurag.dmk05@gmail.com (Facebook & Gmail both)
This document summarizes a seminar on microsphere drug delivery systems. It discusses the classification, preparation methods, drug release mechanisms, and characterization of microspheres. The main preparation techniques covered are single and double emulsion methods, polymerization, and phase separation. Microspheres can provide controlled release and targeting of drugs. They have applications in taste masking, converting liquids to solids, and protecting drugs. Some marketed microsphere products are listed.
This document discusses microcapsules and microspheres, including their types, sizes, materials used, and preparation methods. Microcapsules contain an active agent surrounded by a polymeric shell, while microspheres are small spherical particles made of polymers, glass, or ceramics between 1-1000 microns in diameter. Common preparation methods include emulsion polymerization, interfacial polycondensation, suspension crosslinking, solvent evaporation/extraction, and coacervation/phase separation.
This document discusses mucoadhesion and bioadhesive drug delivery systems. It defines mucoadhesion as the ability of a material to adhere to a biological tissue for an extended period of time. There are several types of bioadhesive drug delivery systems depending on the route of administration, including buccal, sublingual, vaginal, rectal, nasal, ocular, and gastrointestinal systems. Mucoadhesion occurs through a complex mechanism involving theories such as electronic, wetting, diffusion, fracture, cohesive, adsorption, and mechanical theories. Key factors affecting mucoadhesion are polymer properties, environmental factors, and physiological factors.
Microspheres are solid spherical particles made of polymers that can encapsulate drugs. They range in size from 1-1000μm. There are various methods for producing microspheres, including single and double emulsion techniques, polymerization methods, coacervation, spray drying, and solvent extraction. Microspheres offer advantages like controlled drug release, protection of unstable drugs, and targeting of specific tissues. They have various pharmaceutical applications including vaccine and drug delivery, with the ability to control release kinetics and target specific sites.
Factors affecting TRANSDERMAL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMSiddu K M
This document discusses factors that affect transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS). It identifies three classes of factors: biological, physicochemical, and formulation factors. Biological factors include skin pH, hydration, the application site, and age/health of the user. Physicochemical factors include the drug's partition coefficient, molecular size/shape, concentration, and stability. Formulation factors incorporate release characteristics, vehicle pH, and permeation enhancers. The document also outlines ideal properties for drugs used in TDDS and references used.
Microspheres are spherical particles ranging from 1 nm to 200 μm that can be used to deliver drugs in a sustained or controlled release manner. They are typically made of biodegradable polymers and can be prepared using various methods like single/double emulsion, polymerization, phase separation, or spray drying. Drugs are encapsulated or absorbed onto the microspheres and released over time as the polymer degrades. Microspheres find applications in areas like vaccines, targeted drug delivery, and imaging due to their advantages of sustained release, increased drug stability and reduced toxicity.
Microspheres are solid spherical particles ranging in size from 1-1000μm that can be used for drug delivery. They provide advantages like constant drug release, reduced dosing, and protection of drugs from degradation. Microspheres are made of polymers and exist as microcapsules or micromatrices. Various preparation methods include solvent evaporation, single/double emulsion, and polymerization. Microspheres find applications in oral, nasal, ocular, and other localized drug deliveries due to their ability to target tissues and control drug release kinetics.
Easy & to the point Topics are clearly given in this presentation..
Thanks & Best Regard
(Anurag Pandey) B.Pharm
Contact :- anurag.dmk05@gmail.com (Facebook & Gmail both)
This document summarizes a seminar on microsphere drug delivery systems. It discusses the classification, preparation methods, drug release mechanisms, and characterization of microspheres. The main preparation techniques covered are single and double emulsion methods, polymerization, and phase separation. Microspheres can provide controlled release and targeting of drugs. They have applications in taste masking, converting liquids to solids, and protecting drugs. Some marketed microsphere products are listed.
This document discusses microcapsules and microspheres, including their types, sizes, materials used, and preparation methods. Microcapsules contain an active agent surrounded by a polymeric shell, while microspheres are small spherical particles made of polymers, glass, or ceramics between 1-1000 microns in diameter. Common preparation methods include emulsion polymerization, interfacial polycondensation, suspension crosslinking, solvent evaporation/extraction, and coacervation/phase separation.
This document discusses mucoadhesion and bioadhesive drug delivery systems. It defines mucoadhesion as the ability of a material to adhere to a biological tissue for an extended period of time. There are several types of bioadhesive drug delivery systems depending on the route of administration, including buccal, sublingual, vaginal, rectal, nasal, ocular, and gastrointestinal systems. Mucoadhesion occurs through a complex mechanism involving theories such as electronic, wetting, diffusion, fracture, cohesive, adsorption, and mechanical theories. Key factors affecting mucoadhesion are polymer properties, environmental factors, and physiological factors.
Microspheres are solid spherical particles made of polymers that can encapsulate drugs. They range in size from 1-1000μm. There are various methods for producing microspheres, including single and double emulsion techniques, polymerization methods, coacervation, spray drying, and solvent extraction. Microspheres offer advantages like controlled drug release, protection of unstable drugs, and targeting of specific tissues. They have various pharmaceutical applications including vaccine and drug delivery, with the ability to control release kinetics and target specific sites.
Factors affecting TRANSDERMAL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMSiddu K M
This document discusses factors that affect transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS). It identifies three classes of factors: biological, physicochemical, and formulation factors. Biological factors include skin pH, hydration, the application site, and age/health of the user. Physicochemical factors include the drug's partition coefficient, molecular size/shape, concentration, and stability. Formulation factors incorporate release characteristics, vehicle pH, and permeation enhancers. The document also outlines ideal properties for drugs used in TDDS and references used.
Microencapsulation is a process where core materials are surrounded by a coating to form microparticles or microcapsules between 3-800 μm in size. It can be used to increase bioavailability, alter drug release, improve compliance, enable targeted delivery, and mask tastes. Various techniques like coacervation, spray drying, solvent evaporation, and pan coating can be used. Polymers are common coating materials and microencapsulation can protect core materials, control reactivity, and convert liquids to solids. The microparticles are evaluated based on morphology, drug content, particle size, and dissolution studies.
Niosomes are non-ionic surfactant-based vesicles that can be used to deliver drugs. They are divided into small unilamellar vesicles, large unilamellar vesicles, and multi-lamellar vesicles based on their size and number of bilayers. Niosomes can be used for controlled drug release, to improve drug stability and bioavailability, and for targeted drug delivery to tissues like the liver, spleen, and tumors. They have applications in drug delivery via various routes of administration like oral, topical, and intravenous delivery.
Powerpoint presentation on controlled drug delivery system. Its introduction, terminologies, rationale, advantages, disadvantages, selection of drug, approaches for designing controlled release formulations and physicochemical and biological properties of drug
Gastro retentive drug delivery system (GRDDS)Shweta Nehate
This document discusses gastro-retentive drug delivery systems (GRDDS), which aim to prolong the gastric residence time of drugs and target drug release in the upper gastrointestinal tract. It describes the physiology of the gastrointestinal tract and potential drug candidates for GRDDS. Various approaches for GRDDS are covered, including floating, high density, bioadhesive, swelling, and superporous hydrogel systems. Evaluation parameters, applications, marketed formulations, and conclusions about GRDDS are also summarized.
NIOSOMES , GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF NIOSOME , TYPES OF NIOSOMES , OTHERS TYPES OF NIOSOMES , NIOSOMES VS LIPOSOMES , COMPONENTS OF NIOSOMES , Non-ionic surfactant , Cholesterol , Charge inducing molecule , METHOD OF PREPARATION , preparation of small unilamellar vesicles , Sonication , Micro fluidization , preparation of large unilamellar vesicles , Reverse Phase Evaporation , Ether Injection , preparation of Multilamellar vesicles , Hand shaking method , Trans membrane pH gradient drug uptake process (remote loading) , Miscellaneous method :Multiple membrane extrusion method , The “Bubble” Method , Formation of Niosomes From Proniosomes , SEPARATION OF UNENTRAPPED DRUGS , Gel Filtration , Dialysis , Centrifugation , FACTORS AFFECTING THE PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF NIOSOMES , Membrane Additives , Temperature of Hydration , PROPERTIES OF DRUGS , AMOUNT AND TYPE OF SURFACTANT
Structure of Surfactants , Resistance to Osmotic Stress , Characterization of niosomes ,Therapeutic applications of Niosomes , For Controlled Release of Drugs , To Improve the Stability and Physical Properties of the Drugs , For Targeting and Retention of Drug in Blood Circulation , Proniosomes , Aspasomes , Vesicles in Water and Oil System (v/w/o) ,Bola - niosomes , Discomes , Deformable niosomes or elastic niosomes , According to the nature of lamellarity ,Small Unilamellar vesicles (SUV) 25 – 500 nm in size.,Large Unilamellar vesicles (LUV) 0.1 – 1μm in size , Multilamellar vesicles (MLV) 1-5 μm in size , According to the size:Small Niosomes (100 nm – 200 nm) , Large Niosomes (800 nm – 900 nm),Big Niosomes (2 μm – 4 μm)
Niosomes are non-ionic surfactant-based vesicles that can be used for drug delivery. They consist of a nonionic surfactant bilayer enclosing an aqueous core. This document discusses the definition, structure, advantages, preparation methods and evaluation of niosomes. Niosomes can be prepared using methods like ether injection, film hydration, sonication, heating and extrusion. Their stability and ability to encapsulate and release drugs can be evaluated by measuring vesicle size, drug content, entrapment efficiency and in vitro drug release over time. Niosomes offer targeted drug delivery and improved oral absorption compared to other formulations.
Mucoadhesive drug delivery system interact with the mucus layer covering the mucosal epithelial surface, & mucin molecules & increase the residence time of the dosage form at the site of the absorption.
Mucoadhesive drug delivery system is a part of controlled delivery system.
Since the early 1980,the concept of Mucoadhesion has gained considerable interest in pharmaceutical technology.
combine mucoadhesive with enzyme inhibitory & penetration enhancer properties & improve the patient complaince.
MDDS have been devloped for buccal ,nasal,rectal &vaginal routes for both systemic & local effects.
Hydrophilic high mol. wt. such as peptides that cannot be administered & poor absorption ,then MDDS is best choice.
Mucoadhesiveinner layers called mucosa inner epithelial cell lining is covered with viscoelasticfluid
Composed of water and mucin.
Thickness varies from 40 μm to 300 μm
General composition of mucus
Water…………………………………..95%
Glycoproteinsand lipids……………..0.5-5%
Mineral salts……………………………1%
Free proteins…………………………..0.5-1%
The mechanism responsible in the formation of mucoadhesive bond
Step 1 : Wetting and swelling of the polymer(contact stage)
Step 2 : Interpenetration between the polymer chains and the mucosal membrane
Step 3 : Formation of bonds between the entangled chains (both known as consolidation stage)
Electronic theory
Wetting theory
Adsorption theory
Diffusion theory
Fracture theory
Advantages over other controlled oral controlled release systems by virtue of prolongation of residence of drug in GIT.
Targeting & localization of the dosage form at a specific site
-Painless administration.
-Low enzymatic activity & avoid of first pass metabolism
If MDDS are adhere too tightlgy because it is undesirable to exert too much force to remove the formulation after use,otherwise the mucosa could be injured.
-Some patient suffers unpleasent feeling.
-Unfortunately ,the lack of standardized techniques often leads to unclear results.
-costly drug delivery system
This document provides an overview of protein and peptide drug delivery. It begins with definitions of proteins and peptides and descriptions of protein structure. It then discusses protein functions and challenges with delivering proteins and peptides. These challenges include low permeability, enzyme degradation, short half-life, and immunogenicity. The document outlines various barriers to protein delivery, including enzymatic barriers and barriers at the intestinal epithelium, capillary endothelium, and blood-brain barrier. It also discusses physicochemical properties of proteins and peptides that impact delivery. Finally, it reviews various routes of delivery such as parenteral, pulmonary, and transdermal routes and technologies used for delivery like liposomes, hydrogels, emulsions, and pumps.
Mucoadhesive drug delivery system Mali vv pptVidhyaMali1
This document discusses mucoadhesive drug delivery systems (MDDS). It begins by defining MDDS as systems that use the bioadhesive properties of certain polymers to target and prolong the release of drugs at mucous membranes. It then covers the basics of mucous membranes and their structure, composition, and functions. The document discusses the need for MDDS to enhance drug absorption, prolong drug residence time, and target drug delivery. It also outlines the advantages and disadvantages of MDDS, various routes of administration, mechanisms of mucoadhesion, theories of mucoadhesion, mucoadhesive polymers, and methods of evaluating MDDS. In the end, it provides some applications of MDDS such as vaccine delivery, cancer
Microencapsulation involves coating solid, liquid, or gaseous core materials in diameters between 1-1000 μm within an inert shell. This process isolates and protects core materials while controlling drug release. Methods like single emulsion, solvent evaporation, phase separation, and spray drying are used to prepare microspheres and microcapsules for applications like oral drug delivery, vaccines, gene delivery, and targeted therapies. Microencapsulation masks tastes, separates incompatible materials, and provides environmental protection or controlled release of core substances.
The document discusses different types of nanoparticles used in drug delivery, including liposomes, solid nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles, nanocapsules, nanospheres, dendrimers, nanotubes, nanowires, and nanocrystals. It also describes several methods for preparing nanoparticles, such as solvent evaporation, emulsions-diffusion, nanoprecipitation, salting out, and dialysis. Evaluation methods for prepared nanoparticles are discussed, including measuring yield, drug content, particle size, zeta potential, surface morphology, polydispersity index, in-vitro release studies, and kinetic studies.
This document discusses the formulation and evaluation of microspheres as drug delivery carriers. It defines microspheres as structures made up of one or more polymers in which drug particles are dispersed. Various types of microspheres are described, including bioadhesive, magnetic, floating, and radioactive microspheres. Methods for preparing microspheres include emulsion solvent evaporation, emulsion crosslinking, coacervation, spray drying, and ionic gelation. The document provides formulations for diclofenac-loaded sodium alginate microspheres and ethyl cellulose microspheres. Microspheres are evaluated for assay and in vitro drug release properties. Advantages of microspheres include controlled release, protein stability, drug targeting
Polymers Used in Pharmaceutical SciencesOyshe Ahmed
INTRODUCTION
CLASSIFICATION AND CHARACTERISTICS OF POLYMERS
MECHANISM OF DRUG RELEASE FROM POLYMER
BIO DEGRADATION OF POLYMERS
SYNTHESIS OF POLYMERS
POLYMERS USED IN FORMULATION OF DIFFERENT DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM.
APPLICATION OF POLYMERS
“Microparticles are defined as particulate dispersions or solid particles with a size in the range of 1-1000 μm.”
The drug is dissolved, entrapped, encapsulated or attached to a microparticle matrix.
This document discusses different types of rate controlled drug delivery systems. It begins by introducing controlled release drug delivery and distinguishing it from sustained release. It then classifies controlled release systems into three main categories: rate programmed, activation modulated, and feedback regulated systems. Within each category it describes several examples of systems, identifying how drug release is controlled in each case. Key factors that can affect controlled release are also listed. The document aims to provide an overview of controlled drug delivery technologies with classifications and examples.
Microencapsulation is a process where tiny particles or droplets of a core material are surrounded by a coating to form capsules in the micrometer to millimeter range called microcapsules. Various techniques are used to produce microcapsules including air suspension, pan coating, coacervation, spray drying, solvent evaporation, and polymerization. Microencapsulation offers advantages like taste masking, sustained release, and environmental protection. Some applications of microencapsulation include modified release dosage forms, enteric coatings, and replacement of therapeutic agents.
BIS specification and Analytical Methods for shampooGulfisha Shaikh
The document outlines Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) specifications for shampoo. It notes that cosmetics in India are regulated under the Drugs and Cosmetics Act of 1940 and Rules of 1945. BIS sets standards for listed cosmetics and has provided specifications for skin creams and lipstick. The specifications restrict dyes, colors, and pigments in cosmetics to certain limits of arsenic, lead, and heavy metals. It then discusses IS 7884 (2004) which provides the specification for surfactant-based shampoos, including requirements for raw materials, packaging and marking, sampling, reagent quality, and determination of non-volatile alcohol soluble matter, pH, and foam
This document discusses microspheres, which are small spherical particles used to deliver drugs in a sustained or controlled release manner. It defines microspheres and notes their sizes can range from 50nm to 2mm. The document outlines the prerequisites for ideal microparticle carriers and various polymers that can be used in microsphere preparation. It also describes common microsphere manufacturing methods like single emulsion, double emulsion, solvent evaporation, spray drying, and the BRACE process. The mechanisms of drug release from microspheres and their advantages for drug delivery are summarized.
An overview of Microspheres including Advantages, Types, Method of preparation, Materials used in preparations, Characterization or Evaluation and Applications.
Microencapsulation is a process where core materials are surrounded by a coating to form microparticles or microcapsules between 3-800 μm in size. It can be used to increase bioavailability, alter drug release, improve compliance, enable targeted delivery, and mask tastes. Various techniques like coacervation, spray drying, solvent evaporation, and pan coating can be used. Polymers are common coating materials and microencapsulation can protect core materials, control reactivity, and convert liquids to solids. The microparticles are evaluated based on morphology, drug content, particle size, and dissolution studies.
Niosomes are non-ionic surfactant-based vesicles that can be used to deliver drugs. They are divided into small unilamellar vesicles, large unilamellar vesicles, and multi-lamellar vesicles based on their size and number of bilayers. Niosomes can be used for controlled drug release, to improve drug stability and bioavailability, and for targeted drug delivery to tissues like the liver, spleen, and tumors. They have applications in drug delivery via various routes of administration like oral, topical, and intravenous delivery.
Powerpoint presentation on controlled drug delivery system. Its introduction, terminologies, rationale, advantages, disadvantages, selection of drug, approaches for designing controlled release formulations and physicochemical and biological properties of drug
Gastro retentive drug delivery system (GRDDS)Shweta Nehate
This document discusses gastro-retentive drug delivery systems (GRDDS), which aim to prolong the gastric residence time of drugs and target drug release in the upper gastrointestinal tract. It describes the physiology of the gastrointestinal tract and potential drug candidates for GRDDS. Various approaches for GRDDS are covered, including floating, high density, bioadhesive, swelling, and superporous hydrogel systems. Evaluation parameters, applications, marketed formulations, and conclusions about GRDDS are also summarized.
NIOSOMES , GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF NIOSOME , TYPES OF NIOSOMES , OTHERS TYPES OF NIOSOMES , NIOSOMES VS LIPOSOMES , COMPONENTS OF NIOSOMES , Non-ionic surfactant , Cholesterol , Charge inducing molecule , METHOD OF PREPARATION , preparation of small unilamellar vesicles , Sonication , Micro fluidization , preparation of large unilamellar vesicles , Reverse Phase Evaporation , Ether Injection , preparation of Multilamellar vesicles , Hand shaking method , Trans membrane pH gradient drug uptake process (remote loading) , Miscellaneous method :Multiple membrane extrusion method , The “Bubble” Method , Formation of Niosomes From Proniosomes , SEPARATION OF UNENTRAPPED DRUGS , Gel Filtration , Dialysis , Centrifugation , FACTORS AFFECTING THE PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF NIOSOMES , Membrane Additives , Temperature of Hydration , PROPERTIES OF DRUGS , AMOUNT AND TYPE OF SURFACTANT
Structure of Surfactants , Resistance to Osmotic Stress , Characterization of niosomes ,Therapeutic applications of Niosomes , For Controlled Release of Drugs , To Improve the Stability and Physical Properties of the Drugs , For Targeting and Retention of Drug in Blood Circulation , Proniosomes , Aspasomes , Vesicles in Water and Oil System (v/w/o) ,Bola - niosomes , Discomes , Deformable niosomes or elastic niosomes , According to the nature of lamellarity ,Small Unilamellar vesicles (SUV) 25 – 500 nm in size.,Large Unilamellar vesicles (LUV) 0.1 – 1μm in size , Multilamellar vesicles (MLV) 1-5 μm in size , According to the size:Small Niosomes (100 nm – 200 nm) , Large Niosomes (800 nm – 900 nm),Big Niosomes (2 μm – 4 μm)
Niosomes are non-ionic surfactant-based vesicles that can be used for drug delivery. They consist of a nonionic surfactant bilayer enclosing an aqueous core. This document discusses the definition, structure, advantages, preparation methods and evaluation of niosomes. Niosomes can be prepared using methods like ether injection, film hydration, sonication, heating and extrusion. Their stability and ability to encapsulate and release drugs can be evaluated by measuring vesicle size, drug content, entrapment efficiency and in vitro drug release over time. Niosomes offer targeted drug delivery and improved oral absorption compared to other formulations.
Mucoadhesive drug delivery system interact with the mucus layer covering the mucosal epithelial surface, & mucin molecules & increase the residence time of the dosage form at the site of the absorption.
Mucoadhesive drug delivery system is a part of controlled delivery system.
Since the early 1980,the concept of Mucoadhesion has gained considerable interest in pharmaceutical technology.
combine mucoadhesive with enzyme inhibitory & penetration enhancer properties & improve the patient complaince.
MDDS have been devloped for buccal ,nasal,rectal &vaginal routes for both systemic & local effects.
Hydrophilic high mol. wt. such as peptides that cannot be administered & poor absorption ,then MDDS is best choice.
Mucoadhesiveinner layers called mucosa inner epithelial cell lining is covered with viscoelasticfluid
Composed of water and mucin.
Thickness varies from 40 μm to 300 μm
General composition of mucus
Water…………………………………..95%
Glycoproteinsand lipids……………..0.5-5%
Mineral salts……………………………1%
Free proteins…………………………..0.5-1%
The mechanism responsible in the formation of mucoadhesive bond
Step 1 : Wetting and swelling of the polymer(contact stage)
Step 2 : Interpenetration between the polymer chains and the mucosal membrane
Step 3 : Formation of bonds between the entangled chains (both known as consolidation stage)
Electronic theory
Wetting theory
Adsorption theory
Diffusion theory
Fracture theory
Advantages over other controlled oral controlled release systems by virtue of prolongation of residence of drug in GIT.
Targeting & localization of the dosage form at a specific site
-Painless administration.
-Low enzymatic activity & avoid of first pass metabolism
If MDDS are adhere too tightlgy because it is undesirable to exert too much force to remove the formulation after use,otherwise the mucosa could be injured.
-Some patient suffers unpleasent feeling.
-Unfortunately ,the lack of standardized techniques often leads to unclear results.
-costly drug delivery system
This document provides an overview of protein and peptide drug delivery. It begins with definitions of proteins and peptides and descriptions of protein structure. It then discusses protein functions and challenges with delivering proteins and peptides. These challenges include low permeability, enzyme degradation, short half-life, and immunogenicity. The document outlines various barriers to protein delivery, including enzymatic barriers and barriers at the intestinal epithelium, capillary endothelium, and blood-brain barrier. It also discusses physicochemical properties of proteins and peptides that impact delivery. Finally, it reviews various routes of delivery such as parenteral, pulmonary, and transdermal routes and technologies used for delivery like liposomes, hydrogels, emulsions, and pumps.
Mucoadhesive drug delivery system Mali vv pptVidhyaMali1
This document discusses mucoadhesive drug delivery systems (MDDS). It begins by defining MDDS as systems that use the bioadhesive properties of certain polymers to target and prolong the release of drugs at mucous membranes. It then covers the basics of mucous membranes and their structure, composition, and functions. The document discusses the need for MDDS to enhance drug absorption, prolong drug residence time, and target drug delivery. It also outlines the advantages and disadvantages of MDDS, various routes of administration, mechanisms of mucoadhesion, theories of mucoadhesion, mucoadhesive polymers, and methods of evaluating MDDS. In the end, it provides some applications of MDDS such as vaccine delivery, cancer
Microencapsulation involves coating solid, liquid, or gaseous core materials in diameters between 1-1000 μm within an inert shell. This process isolates and protects core materials while controlling drug release. Methods like single emulsion, solvent evaporation, phase separation, and spray drying are used to prepare microspheres and microcapsules for applications like oral drug delivery, vaccines, gene delivery, and targeted therapies. Microencapsulation masks tastes, separates incompatible materials, and provides environmental protection or controlled release of core substances.
The document discusses different types of nanoparticles used in drug delivery, including liposomes, solid nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles, nanocapsules, nanospheres, dendrimers, nanotubes, nanowires, and nanocrystals. It also describes several methods for preparing nanoparticles, such as solvent evaporation, emulsions-diffusion, nanoprecipitation, salting out, and dialysis. Evaluation methods for prepared nanoparticles are discussed, including measuring yield, drug content, particle size, zeta potential, surface morphology, polydispersity index, in-vitro release studies, and kinetic studies.
This document discusses the formulation and evaluation of microspheres as drug delivery carriers. It defines microspheres as structures made up of one or more polymers in which drug particles are dispersed. Various types of microspheres are described, including bioadhesive, magnetic, floating, and radioactive microspheres. Methods for preparing microspheres include emulsion solvent evaporation, emulsion crosslinking, coacervation, spray drying, and ionic gelation. The document provides formulations for diclofenac-loaded sodium alginate microspheres and ethyl cellulose microspheres. Microspheres are evaluated for assay and in vitro drug release properties. Advantages of microspheres include controlled release, protein stability, drug targeting
Polymers Used in Pharmaceutical SciencesOyshe Ahmed
INTRODUCTION
CLASSIFICATION AND CHARACTERISTICS OF POLYMERS
MECHANISM OF DRUG RELEASE FROM POLYMER
BIO DEGRADATION OF POLYMERS
SYNTHESIS OF POLYMERS
POLYMERS USED IN FORMULATION OF DIFFERENT DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM.
APPLICATION OF POLYMERS
“Microparticles are defined as particulate dispersions or solid particles with a size in the range of 1-1000 μm.”
The drug is dissolved, entrapped, encapsulated or attached to a microparticle matrix.
This document discusses different types of rate controlled drug delivery systems. It begins by introducing controlled release drug delivery and distinguishing it from sustained release. It then classifies controlled release systems into three main categories: rate programmed, activation modulated, and feedback regulated systems. Within each category it describes several examples of systems, identifying how drug release is controlled in each case. Key factors that can affect controlled release are also listed. The document aims to provide an overview of controlled drug delivery technologies with classifications and examples.
Microencapsulation is a process where tiny particles or droplets of a core material are surrounded by a coating to form capsules in the micrometer to millimeter range called microcapsules. Various techniques are used to produce microcapsules including air suspension, pan coating, coacervation, spray drying, solvent evaporation, and polymerization. Microencapsulation offers advantages like taste masking, sustained release, and environmental protection. Some applications of microencapsulation include modified release dosage forms, enteric coatings, and replacement of therapeutic agents.
BIS specification and Analytical Methods for shampooGulfisha Shaikh
The document outlines Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) specifications for shampoo. It notes that cosmetics in India are regulated under the Drugs and Cosmetics Act of 1940 and Rules of 1945. BIS sets standards for listed cosmetics and has provided specifications for skin creams and lipstick. The specifications restrict dyes, colors, and pigments in cosmetics to certain limits of arsenic, lead, and heavy metals. It then discusses IS 7884 (2004) which provides the specification for surfactant-based shampoos, including requirements for raw materials, packaging and marking, sampling, reagent quality, and determination of non-volatile alcohol soluble matter, pH, and foam
This document discusses microspheres, which are small spherical particles used to deliver drugs in a sustained or controlled release manner. It defines microspheres and notes their sizes can range from 50nm to 2mm. The document outlines the prerequisites for ideal microparticle carriers and various polymers that can be used in microsphere preparation. It also describes common microsphere manufacturing methods like single emulsion, double emulsion, solvent evaporation, spray drying, and the BRACE process. The mechanisms of drug release from microspheres and their advantages for drug delivery are summarized.
An overview of Microspheres including Advantages, Types, Method of preparation, Materials used in preparations, Characterization or Evaluation and Applications.
Microspheres are spherical structures made of synthetic or natural polymers that are used to deliver drugs in a controlled release manner. They are typically less than 200 μm in size. Various techniques can be used to incorporate drugs into biodegradable microspheres, including single/double emulsion and polymerization methods. Microspheres offer benefits like prolonged release, reduced dosing, and ability to inject. They are evaluated based on particle size, shape, drug loading, release kinetics, and stability. Common polymers used are PLGA, chitosan, and alginate. Microspheres find applications in sustained drug delivery for conditions like cancer.
The document discusses microspheres as carriers for controlled drug delivery. It defines microspheres as small, insoluble, spherical particles consisting of a polymer matrix and drug. Various methods for preparing microspheres are described, including single and double emulsion techniques. Characterization techniques like particle size analysis and release studies are also summarized. Potential applications of microspheres include vaccine delivery, targeted drug delivery to specific sites like the eyes, and controlled release formulations.
The document discusses implants and inserts as drug delivery systems. It defines implants as single unit drug delivery systems designed to deliver a drug over a prolonged period of time. Implants can be biodegradable or non-biodegradable and come in various shapes, sizes, and drug release mechanisms. The document then discusses the advantages and disadvantages of implants, ideal characteristics, mechanisms of drug release including diffusion controlled and activated controlled systems, approaches to development, types of devices based on route of administration, and evaluation of implants.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on microspheres as a novel drug delivery system. It discusses the needs for microspheres, their ideal characteristics, advantages and disadvantages. It also outlines different methods for preparing microspheres, including solvent evaporation, hot melt microencapsulation, solvent extraction, hydrogel microspheres, and spray drying. The document provides details on the materials and evaluation of microspheres and their applications in marketed formulations.
Pellets are small spherical or semi-spherical agglomerates of drug and excipients that offer flexibility in dosage form design. They can be immediate or extended release and allow incompatible drugs to be delivered to different sites in the GI tract. Pellets are produced through various methods like extrusion-spheronization, spray drying, cryopelletization, and coating can provide properties like taste masking, extended release. Characterization of pellets involves tests of particle size, shape, surface morphology and drug release.
This document discusses various lipid-based drug delivery systems (LBDDS) for improving solubility and bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. It describes emulsion systems such as microemulsions, self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS), nanoemulsions, and Pickering emulsions. It also discusses vesicular systems including liposomes, niosomes, pharmacosomes, and phytosomes. For each system, it provides details on definition, mechanism of action, preparation techniques, applications, and examples. The document serves as a comprehensive overview of LBDDS and the various formulation strategies they employ to enhance oral drug absorption.
Nanosuspensions are colloidal dispersions of drug particles below 1 micron in size, stabilized by surfactants. They can improve the dissolution rate and bioavailability of poorly water soluble drugs compared to conventional formulations. The document discusses the definition, advantages, preparation techniques including high pressure homogenization and media milling, characterization, and applications of nanosuspensions through various routes of administration such as oral, intravenous, and ocular. Nanosuspensions reduce issues associated with poorly soluble drugs like low bioavailability and lack of dose proportionality.
The document discusses microencapsulation, including its definition as surrounding a substance within a miniature capsule that can release contents at controlled rates. Various techniques for microencapsulation are described, such as coacervation, solvent evaporation, and spray drying. The mechanisms of drug release from microcapsules include degradation controlled systems, diffusion controlled systems, and erosion.
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Formulation and-evaluation-of-microspheres
1. FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF
MICROSPHERES
PRESENTED BY
GEETHA.R
M.PHARM
II - SEMISTER
DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACEUTICS
UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCE
KAKATIYA UNIVERSITY, WARANGAL .
3. INTRODUCTION
POWDERS AND GRANULATES
• Free-flowing powders and granulates are needed for a
variety of industrial processes. These, however, do not
always meet the exacting standards which modern
manufacturing demands of them, due to their varying
grain size distribution and odd shapes.
• These properties are detrimental to efficient processing
and lead to agglomeration, inexact dosage, abrading
with loss of material, or low reproducibility of castings.
• Pharmaceutical applications require highly reproducible
dosage and the controlled release of active agents,
which can not be achieved with conventional powders
and Granulates.
4. Contd.,
• The use of small and perfectly round
Microspheres with exactly the same size
circumvents all of the disadvantages that are
encountered while using powders and
granulates.
• These Microspheres are free-flowing and roll
with practically no friction, that means there is no
abrasion, guaranteeing a dust-free environment.
Pharmaceuticals embedded in the Microsphere
matrix are released continuously and at a
constant rate.
5. • Administration of drugs in the form of
microspheres usually improves the
treatment by providing the localization of
the active substances at the site of action
& by prolonging the release of drugs.
Contd.,
6. Definition of microspheres
• Microparticles or microspheres are defined as small,
insoluble, free flowing spherical particles consisting of a
polymer matrix and drug. and sized from about 50 nm to
about 2 mm.
• The term nanospheres is often applied to the smaller
spheres (sized 10 to 500 nm) to distinguish them from
larger microspheres
8. • Microspheres are made from polymeric , waxy or
protective materials that is biodegradable synthetic
polymers and modified natural products.
• Microspheres are manufactured in both solid and hollow
form. Hollow microspheres are used as additives to
lower the density of a material.
• Solid biodegradable microspheres incorporating a drug
dispersed or dissolved throughout particle matrix have
the potential for controlled release of the drug.
• These carriers received much attention not only for
prolonged release but also for the targeting anti cancer
drugs to the tumour.
9. Advantages
• Controlled release for longer period of time
(like 1-3 months).
• Frequency is reduced and hence patient
compliance is increased.
• Constant release and hence no peaks and
troughs in concentration of drug.
• Low dose and hence toxic effect is less.
• Targeting the tissue is possible.
• Other organ toxicity is less.
• No distribution through out the body (no dilution
effect)
10. Disadvantages
• Intended mainly for parenteral route which
causes pain.
• Forms a depot in tissue or muscle for longer
period and hence may produce pain when
muscle activities are done.
• Once administered, it is difficult to take back the
dose.
• Polymer may produce toxic effects.
• High cost.
11. Potential use of microspheres in the
pharmaceutical industry
• Taste and odor masking.
• Conversion of oils and other liquids to solids for ease of
handling.
• Protection of drugs against the environment (moisture,
light etc.).
• Separation of incompatible materials (other drugs or
excipients).
• Improvement of flow of powders.
• Aid in dispersion of water-insoluble substances in
aqueous media, and Production of SR, CR, and targeted
medications.
12. Polymers used in the
Microsphere preparation
Synthetic Polymers
Non-biodegradable
• PMMA
• Acrolein
• Epoxy polymers
Biodegradable
• Lactides and Glycolides copolymers
• Polyalkyl cyanoacrylates
• Polyanhydrides
14. Prerequisites for Ideal Microparticulate
Carriers
Longer duration of action
Control of content release
Increase of therapeutic efficacy
Protection of drug
Reduction of toxicity
Biocompatibility
Sterilizability
Relative stability
Water solubility or dispersibility
Bioresorbability
Targetability
Polyvalent
15. Types of Microspheres
• Microcapsule: consisting of an encapsulated core particle.
Entrapped substance completely surrounded by a distinct
capsule wall.
• Micromatrix: Consisting of homogenous dispersion of active
ingredient in particle.
Microcapsule Micromatrix
Types of Microspheres
16. MICROSPHERE MANUFACTURE
• Most important physicochemical characteristics that may
be controlled in microsphere manufacture are:
Particle size and distribution
Polymer molecular weight
Ratio of drug to polymer
Total mass of drug and polymer
17. GENERAL METHODS OF
PREPARATION
• Single Emulsion techniques
• Double emulsion techniques
• Polymerization techniques
- Normal polymerization.
- Interfacial polymerization
• Coacervation phase separation techniques
• Emulsification-solvent evaporation method
• Spray drying and spray congealing
• Brace process
18. SINGLE EMULSION BASED METHOD
Aq.Solution/suspension of polymer
Dispersion in organic phase
(Oil/Chloroform)
Microspheres in organic phase Microspheres in organic phase
MICROSPHERES
Stirring, Sonication
CROSS LINKING
Chemical cross linking
(Glutaraldehyde/Formal
dehyde/ButanolHeat denaturation
Centrifugation, Washing, Separation
19. Aq.Solution of protein/polymer
First emulsion (W/O)
MICROSPHERES
Dispersion in oil/organic phase
Homogenization
Separation, Washing, Drying
Addition of aq. Solution of PVA
Addition to large aq. Phase
Denaturation/hardening
Multiple emulsion
Microspheres in solution
DOUBLE EMULSION BASED METHOD
20. Interfacial Polymerization technique
• When two reactive monomers are dissolved in
immiscible solvents, the monomers diffuse to the oil-
water interface where they react to form a polymeric
membrane that envelopes dispersed phase.
• Drug is incorporated either by being dissolved in the
polymerization medium or by adsorption onto the
nanoparticles after polymerization completed.
• The nanoparticle suspension is then purified to remove
various stabilizers and surfactants employed for
polymerization by ultracentrifugation and re- suspending
the particles in an isotonic surfactant-free medium.
21.
22. PHASE SEPARATION METHOD
Aqueous/Organic.Solution of polymer
Drug dispersed or dissolved in polymer solution
MICROSPHERES
Drug
Separation, Washing, Drying
Hardening
Polymer rich globules
Microspheres in aq./organic phase
23. Salting-out process
• An aqueous phase saturated with electrolytes (e.g.,
magnesium acetate, magnesium chloride) and
containing PVA as a stabilizing and viscosity increasing
agent is added under vigorous stirring to an acetone
solution of polymer.
• In this system, the miscibility of both phases is prevented
by the saturation of the aqueous phase with electrolytes,
according to a salting-out phenomenon.
• The addition of the aqueous phase is continued until a
phase inversion occurs and an o/w emulsion is formed
26. Spray drying and spray congealing method
• These methods are based on drying of the mist of polymer and drug
in air. Depending on the removal of solvent or cooling the solution
are named as “drying” and “congealing”, respectively.
• The polymer dissolved in a suitable volatile organic solvent
(dichloromethane,acetone,etc)
• The drug in the solid form is then dissolved in polymer solution
under high speed homogenization.
• This dispersion is atomized in a stream of hot air.
• This leads to formation of small droplets from which solvent
evaporates leading to the formation of microspheres.
• These are then separated from hot air by means of cyclone
separator.
• Spray congealing involves the formation of microspheres by
solidifying the melted mass of drug and polymer in the form of
minute particles.
27. Ultra Spherical Microspheres
Microspheres with a monodisperse grain size distribution
and the smallest divergence are manufactured by
BRACE.
• perfectly spherical Microspheres
• monodisperse grain size, narrow size distribution with
diameters between 50µm and 5000µm
• nonabrading, therefore dust-free
• free flowing, porous, large surface area,soft or rigid
The BRACE-Process
28. The BRACE-Process
A liquid is gently pumped through a vibrating nozzle
system whereupon exiting the fluid stream breaks up into
uniform droplets.
The surface tension of these droplets moulds them into
perfect spheres in which gelation is induced during a
short period of free fall.
Solidification can be induced in a gaseous and/or liquid
medium through cooling, drying, or chemical reaction.
There are no constraints on the type of liquid—molten
materials, solutions, dispersions, sols, or suspensions
can be used to manufacture perfectly spherical
Microspheres.
29.
30. DRUG LOADING
• During the preparation of microspheres or after the
formation of microspheres by incubating.
• Loading into preformed microspheres has an advantage
of removing all impurities from microsphere preparation
before the drug is incorporated.
• High loading can be achieved by insitu loading.
33. PARTICLE SIZE AND SHAPE
• Particle size and distribution can be determined by
conventional light microscopy
scanning electron microscopy
Confocal laser scanning microscopy
Confocal fluorescence microscopy
Laser light scattering and multisize coulter counter
36. DENSITY DETERMINATION
Measured by using a Multivolume
psychnometer.
ISOELECTRIC POINT
The microelectrophoresis is an apparatus
used to measure the electophoretic mobility
of microspheres from which isoelectric
point can be determined.
41. OTHER APPLICATIONS
• Microcapsules are also extensively used as diagnostics, for
example, temperature-sensitive microcapsules for thermographic
detection of tumors.
• In the biotechnology industry microencapsulated microbial cells are
being used for the production of recombinant proteins and peptides.
• Encapsulation of microbial cells can also increase the cell-loading
capacity and the rate of production in bioreactors.
• A feline breast tumor line, which was difficult to grow in conventional
culture, has been successfully grown in microcapsules.
• Microencapsulated activated charcoal has been used for
hemoperfusion.
42. • Modified release microspheres of indomethacin were
prepared by the emulsion solvent diffusion technique
using a synthetic polymer, Acrycoat s100.
• Microspheres of diltiazem hydrochloride were
formulated using combination of polyethylene glycol
6000 and Eudragit RS 100 and Eudragit RS 100 alone
by solvent evaporation and non-solvent addition
methods with an aim to prolong its release
43.
44. • New applications for microspheres are discovered
everyday, below are just a few:
• Assay - Coated microspheres provide meassuring tool in biology and
drug research
• Ceramics - Used to create porous ceramics used for filters
(microspheres melt out during firing, polyetheylene)
• Cosmetics - Opaque microspheres used to hide wrinkles and give color,
Clear microspheres provide "smooth ball bearing" texture during
application (polyethylene)
• Drug Delivery - Miniture time release drug capsule (polymer)
• Electronic paper - Dual Functional microspheres used in Gyricon
electronic paper
• Personal Care - Added to Scrubs as an exfoilating agent (Polyethylene)
• Spacers - Used in LCD screens to provide a precision spacing between
glass panels (glass)
• Standards - monodispere microspheres are used to calibrate particle
sieves, and particle counting apparatus.
• Thickening Agent - Added to paints and epoxies to modify viscosity.
45. Cancer research
• One useful discovery made from the research of
microspheres is a way to fight cancer on a molecular
level. According to Wake Oncologists, "SIR-Spheres
microspheres are radioactive polymer spheres that emit
beta radiation. Physicians insert a catheter through the
groin into the hepatic artery and deliver millions of
micropheres directly to the tumor site. The SIR-Spheres
microspheres target the liver tumors and spare healthy
liver tissue. Approximately 55 physicians in the United
States use Sirtex’s SIR-Spheres microspheres in more
than 60 medical centers.
47. Nanomi technologies
• Product examples
• 1| Monodisperse biodegradable polymeric microspheres for drug delivery.
2| Monodisperse fluorescent polymeric markers.
3| Monodisperse PLGA microspheres with encapsulated fluorescent protein.
4| Hollow biodegradable capsules.
5| Monodisperse microspheres with vitamine B12.
6| Monodisperse magnetic particles.
•
Biodegradable polymeric microspheres
fabricated by conventional technology (50 -
100 μm)
Biodegradable polymeric microspheres of
the same formulation fabricated by
microsieve™ emulsification (10 μm)
48. • )
Monodisperse PLGA microspheres
with encapsulated fluorescent protein
Monodisperse fluorescent red polymeric
markers (≈ 10μm)
Monodisperse microspheres with
vitamine B12
Hollow biodegradable capsules after
core-liquid removal
49. The product
EXPANCEL® microspheres
are small spherical plastic particles. The
microspheres consist of a polymer shell
encapsulating a gas. When the gas
inside the shell is heated, it increases its
pressure and the thermoplastic shell
softens, resulting in a dramatic increase
in the volume of the microspheres. When
fully expanded, the volume of the
microspheres increases more than 40
times.
The product range includes both
unexpanded and expanded
microspheres. Unexpanded
microspheres are used as blowing
agents in many areas such as printing
inks, paper, textiles, polyurethanes, PVC-
plastics and more. The expanded
microspheres are used as lightweight
fillers in various applications
50. SEM Unexpanded to Expanded
Microspsheres
HEAT
Expancel DU
(Unexpanded )
Expancel DET
(Expanded
75 – 200°C
51. BioMag® Protein A
• BioMag® Protein A Particles Available in New
Package Size - 2ml
• Concentration: 5mg/ml
Binding Capacity: 1ml (5mg) of BioMag® Protein A will
bind a minimum of 0.2mg of rabbit IgG
• Requires: Cold Pack Hazards: Harmless-use normal
precautions
• Handling: Exercise normal care
• Storage: Store at 4 degrees celsius, Do not permit to
freeze
• Code: A2dm - (hazard/handling/storage codes)
52. BioMag® Protein G
• BioMag® Protein G Particles Available in
New Package Size - 2ml
• Concentration: 5mg/ml
Binding Capacity: 1ml (5mg) of BioMag® Protein
G will bind a minimum of 0.2mg of rabbit IgG
• Requires: Cold Pack Hazards: Harmless-use
normal precautions
• Handling: Exercise normal care
• Storage: Store at 4 degrees celsius, Do not
permit to freeze
• Code: A2dm - (hazard/handling/storage codes)
53. cenospheres are marketed under the trade
name CENOLITE and are available in the
following grades:
Size / Grade Sinkers Colour
0-300 micron <2% Off-white
0-150 micron <2% Off-white
0-90 micron <4% Off-white
Cenospheres are small, lightweight, inert, hollow spheres
comprising largely of silica and alumina and filled with low
pressure gasses. Cenospheres are a naturally occurring by-
product of the burning process at coal-fired power plants.
54. CONCLUSION
The concept of microsphere drug delivery systems
offers certain advantages over the conventional
drug delivery systems such as controlled and
sustained delivery. Apart from that microspheres
also allow drug targeting to various systems such as
ocular , intranasal , oral and IV route .
Novel technologies like magnetic microspheres,
immunomicrospheres offer great advantages and
uses than conventional technologies.
55. Further more in future by combining various
other strategies, microspheres will find the
central place in novel drug delivery,
particularly in diseased cellsorting
,diagnostics, gene and genetic materials,
safe,targated and effective invivo delivery
which may have implications in gene
therapy.
This area of novel drug delivery has
innumerable applications and there is a
need for more research to be done in this
area.
56. REFERENCES
S.P.Vyas., R.K.Khar, International Journal for
Targeted & Controlled Drug Delivery Novel Carrier
Systems.,
First Edition :2002.,Reprint :2007 page no:417,453.
Review: Radioactive Microspheres for
Medical Applications.
International journal of Pharmaceutics 282
(2004) 1-18,Review polymer microspheres
for controlled drug release.
N.K.Jain ,Controlled and novel drug delivery edited
by reprint 2007 pg.no.236-255.
57. Donald L.Wise, Handbook of pharmaceutical controlled
release technology.
James Swarbrick, James C.Boylan ,Encyclopedia of
pharmaceutical technology Editors, volume-10.
Patrick B.Deasy, Microencapsulation and related drug
delivery processes edited by.
James Swarbrick, Encyclopedia of pharmaceutical
technology , 3rd edition volume-4 .
www.koboproducts.com
www.brace.com
www.wikipedia.org
info@polysciences.com
www.harperintl.com.