Paracetamol is a slightly water soluble drug belongs to BCS Class IV, used in various pain managements & in management of fever. The drug solubility was increased by solid dispersion method, in which two techniques namely physical mixing and co-grinding were tried at the ratios of 1:0.25, 1:0.5 & 1:0.75 for paracetamol to oats powder. Various parameters like pre & post compressional parameters were tested and final formula was selected based on disintegration time and in-vitro dissolution profile. Where, all the formulations were dispersed bellow 92 seconds and F6 formulation was showing 100% release at 20th minute and faster compared to the marketed formulation. F6 was prepared by co-grinding technique, at 1:0.75 paracetamol to oats powder ratio. F6 is showing zero-order drug release and mechanism of release is Super case – II transport (n = 0.9738). All the formulations were prepared using direct compression method, a conventional method of preparation
Role of Markers in Standardization of Herbal ProductsDr-Jitendra Patel
In this Power Point Presentation the viewer will be able to know the the different markers present naturally in herbal materials. These markers may be genitally, chemically and biochemically. How markers play major role during identification, authentication, quality control, quality assurance and determination of safety and efficacy of particular medicinal plant.
Portion covered:
1. Role of markers in standardization of herbal products
2. Factor influencing identification and quality of herbal Drugs
3. Meaning of Standardization
4. Types of Markers
5. Molecular or DNA Markers
6. Chemical Markers
7. Biochemical Markers
Role of Markers in Standardization of Herbal ProductsDr-Jitendra Patel
In this Power Point Presentation the viewer will be able to know the the different markers present naturally in herbal materials. These markers may be genitally, chemically and biochemically. How markers play major role during identification, authentication, quality control, quality assurance and determination of safety and efficacy of particular medicinal plant.
Portion covered:
1. Role of markers in standardization of herbal products
2. Factor influencing identification and quality of herbal Drugs
3. Meaning of Standardization
4. Types of Markers
5. Molecular or DNA Markers
6. Chemical Markers
7. Biochemical Markers
Mucoadhesive drug delivery system has gained interest among pharmaceutical scientists as a means of promoting dosage form residence time as well as improving intimacy of contact with various absorptive membranes of the bio- logical system
The device which is used in the intrauterine drug delivery system is known as an Intrauterine device (IUD) (2). IUDs or intrauterine devices are small artificial objects or devices inserted into the uterus to prevent the occurrence of pregnancy by disrupting the fertilization process as a result of sexual intercourse. They have gained popularity in recent times and are one of the most effective methods of birth control in terms of long-term contraception. It can be easily installed and is flexible. These devices are usually small in size and inserted through the cervix. IUDs reduce the need for abortion with unwanted pregnancies by preventing the effective movement of eggs and sperm. However, it cannot confirm the spread of STIs or STDs such as HIV, gonorrhoea, etc
Topics covered
Introduction
Advantages
Disadvantages
Development of intra uterine devices (IUDs)
Applications
References
formulation development of Transdermal drug delivery systems i.e. transdermal patches, compostion of transdermal patch, physical methods used to prepare tansdermal patch
Cytogenetic, Hematological and Enzymes Levels Parameters in the Biomonitoring...inventionjournals
Studies have demonstrated genotoxic effects by the presence of micronucleus in exfoliated cells from the buccal mucosa of agricultural workers exposed to pesticides. This study has assessed the genotoxic effects of pesticides on 61 agricultural workers from the state of Piauí, Brazil. 31 individuals were exposed to pesticides and 30 are from the same area, but were not involved in pesticides application. Cytogenetic damage were evaluated through micronucleus test in cells from the buccal mucosa and some parameters such as hematological and levels of enzymes. Exposed individuals exhibited cytogenetic damage with increased number of micronuclei in cells from the buccal mucosa in comparison with subjects from the control group with significant statistical difference (P < 0.01). We perceive that there is a statistically no significant (P > 0.05) increase in levels of plasmatic and eritrocytaireacetylcholinesterase and no statistically significant increase of phosphatase alkaline were detected in exposed workers in relation to the control group. No association was found in relation to smoking habits, alcohol consumption, protection utensils and the biomarkers analyzed or the biochemical analysis. Analysis of variance revealed a correlation between occupational exposure to pesticides of workers in Piauí and the presence of micronuclei (P < 0.05).
Practical Guidelines to Improve Defect Prediction Model – A Reviewinventionjournals
Defect prediction models are used to pinpoint risky software modules and understand past pitfalls that lead to defective modules. The predictions and insights that are derived from defect prediction models may not be accurate and reliable if researchers do not consider the impact of experimental components (e.g., datasets, metrics, and classifiers) of defect prediction modeling. Therefore, a lack of awareness and practical guidelines from previous research can lead to invalid predictions and unreliable insights. Through case studies of systems that span both proprietary and open-source domains, find that (1) noise in defect datasets; (2) parameter settings of classification techniques; and (3) model validation techniques have a large impact on the predictions and insights of defect prediction models, suggesting that researchers should carefully select experimental components in order to produce more accurate and reliable defect prediction models.
Mucoadhesive drug delivery system has gained interest among pharmaceutical scientists as a means of promoting dosage form residence time as well as improving intimacy of contact with various absorptive membranes of the bio- logical system
The device which is used in the intrauterine drug delivery system is known as an Intrauterine device (IUD) (2). IUDs or intrauterine devices are small artificial objects or devices inserted into the uterus to prevent the occurrence of pregnancy by disrupting the fertilization process as a result of sexual intercourse. They have gained popularity in recent times and are one of the most effective methods of birth control in terms of long-term contraception. It can be easily installed and is flexible. These devices are usually small in size and inserted through the cervix. IUDs reduce the need for abortion with unwanted pregnancies by preventing the effective movement of eggs and sperm. However, it cannot confirm the spread of STIs or STDs such as HIV, gonorrhoea, etc
Topics covered
Introduction
Advantages
Disadvantages
Development of intra uterine devices (IUDs)
Applications
References
formulation development of Transdermal drug delivery systems i.e. transdermal patches, compostion of transdermal patch, physical methods used to prepare tansdermal patch
Cytogenetic, Hematological and Enzymes Levels Parameters in the Biomonitoring...inventionjournals
Studies have demonstrated genotoxic effects by the presence of micronucleus in exfoliated cells from the buccal mucosa of agricultural workers exposed to pesticides. This study has assessed the genotoxic effects of pesticides on 61 agricultural workers from the state of Piauí, Brazil. 31 individuals were exposed to pesticides and 30 are from the same area, but were not involved in pesticides application. Cytogenetic damage were evaluated through micronucleus test in cells from the buccal mucosa and some parameters such as hematological and levels of enzymes. Exposed individuals exhibited cytogenetic damage with increased number of micronuclei in cells from the buccal mucosa in comparison with subjects from the control group with significant statistical difference (P < 0.01). We perceive that there is a statistically no significant (P > 0.05) increase in levels of plasmatic and eritrocytaireacetylcholinesterase and no statistically significant increase of phosphatase alkaline were detected in exposed workers in relation to the control group. No association was found in relation to smoking habits, alcohol consumption, protection utensils and the biomarkers analyzed or the biochemical analysis. Analysis of variance revealed a correlation between occupational exposure to pesticides of workers in Piauí and the presence of micronuclei (P < 0.05).
Practical Guidelines to Improve Defect Prediction Model – A Reviewinventionjournals
Defect prediction models are used to pinpoint risky software modules and understand past pitfalls that lead to defective modules. The predictions and insights that are derived from defect prediction models may not be accurate and reliable if researchers do not consider the impact of experimental components (e.g., datasets, metrics, and classifiers) of defect prediction modeling. Therefore, a lack of awareness and practical guidelines from previous research can lead to invalid predictions and unreliable insights. Through case studies of systems that span both proprietary and open-source domains, find that (1) noise in defect datasets; (2) parameter settings of classification techniques; and (3) model validation techniques have a large impact on the predictions and insights of defect prediction models, suggesting that researchers should carefully select experimental components in order to produce more accurate and reliable defect prediction models.
Optimization Of The Possibility Synthetic Nattokinase In Soybean Substrates T...inventionjournals
Nattokinase is an enzyme with strong fibrinolytic activity that can be used for preventing thrombolytic diseases. In this study, we make survey the effect fermentation conditions to B.subtilis natto strain on the soybean substrate to enhance the nattokinase activity and optimization biosynthesis capabilities of nattokinase by Plackett-Burman experimental combined with response surface methodology RSM-CCD. The optimal results received nattokinase activity 136.6 FU/g. We also try to create dried products by freeze drying process in the conditions -80°C, 24 hours, 6-7 Pa. After that we examined moisture and nattokinase activity in these product. The results of experiments show that moisture was 4.3%, nattokinase activity was 515 FU/g. This research help expand application for creating soybeans powder products with hight nattokinase activity.
Cytoprotective and DNA Protective Activity of Carica Papaya Leaf Extractsinventionjournals
Papaya (Carica papaya Linn) is commonly called as paw-paw and it belongs to the family Caricaceae. The properties of papaya fruit and other parts of the plant are also well known in traditional system of medicine. Papaya possess excellent medicinal properties for treatment of different ailments. These curative properties are based on the presence of phytochemical nutrients with antioxidant effect in different parts of the plant. It is considered as valuable nutraceutical fruit plant due to its biological activity and medicinal application.The present study was designed to determine the Cytoprotective and DNA protective activities of different fractions (Aqueous, Chloroform, Ethanol and Ethyl acetate extracts) of Carica papaya leaves. Cytoprotective capacity was assessed using erythrocytes, where ferrous sulphate was used to induce stress and the ability of the extracts to combat the induced stress was evaluated. The DNA protective potential against free radical-mediated oxidative stress was evaluated by a DNA damage inhibition assay involving agarose gel electrophoresis and UV spectrophotometric analysis. All the four fractions displayed significant cytoprotective effect on erythrocytes and prevented oxidative damage to DNA in presence of DNA damaging agent. Altogether, the results of our study lend pharmacological credence to the anti-cancerous and ethno medical use of this plant in traditional system of medicine and these resultscould be used to develop antimutagenic compounds for cancer therapy.
Optimizing some conditions for spray drying in synbiotic capsule from Bacillu...inventionjournals
The study is of determination of various conditions for spray drying in producing synbiotic in the form of capsule from Bacillus subtilis natto. The experiments were conducted to examine effects of various factors such as the resistant starch-to-matodextrin ratio before drying, the inlet gas temperature and the inlet flow. The optimization experiments are administered: a ratio of wall materials to the core material is 5% (w/v) in which the ratio of resistant starch and maltodextrin is 1:9, the inlet gas temperatureis 1100C, the inlet flow is 5.60 ml/minute and the spray pressure is 2 bar. In the condition for spray drying as mentioned earlier, the initial step for trial production of synbiotic capsules was conducted with the cell density of B.subtilis natto being 8.55 ± 0.18 log(CFU/g), the activating effect of nattokinase is 518.2 FU/g and the moisture is 9.11%. During 60 days’ preservation of the product, the resulting indexes such as the cell density of B.subtilis natto in the capsule, the activating effect of nattokinase and the moisture are stable.
Genotoxicity Evaluation of Polystyrene Membrane with Collagen and Norbixin by...inventionjournals
The biocompatible membranes are widely applied in the medical field in order to stimulate tissue repair. The biological principle of this type of treatment is the repair and guided regeneration. In the literature, there are few reports of studies evaluating the effects and biological properties of norbixin in animal tissues. Thus, the present study was to evaluate the effect of polystyrene membrane with collagen and norbixin, through the micronucleus test and comet assay in rats, as part of the recommended test battery to evaluate the mutagenic potential. The research project was approved by CEP / FACID Protocol 069/2014. For this study, 15 rats were divided into 3 groups were used: A - the membrane was introduced into the peritoneum of the animals through a laparotomy; B - received cyclophosphamide at a dose of 50mg / kg intraperitoneally; C - were performed only one laparotomy. A peripheral blood sample was collected from the animals for conducting Comet assay and 72 hours after the start of the experiment were euthanized. It was collected bone marrow material of each rat to perform the micronucleus test. In conclusion, through the tests, the membrane is not genotoxic.
Synthesis And Evaluation of Different Numbers of Phosphonate Group Containing...inventionjournals
Oil fields were seriously affected by the mineral scale formation, mainly calcium deposition. This paper focused on the synthesis and scale prevention of oilfield scaling, especially carbonates scale and sulfate scale. Scale can cause loss of production due to blockages in the near-well formation, in the tubing or in the surface facilities. Phosphonates are widely accepted as the most effective inhibitors for calcium carbonate and calcium sulfate, also are widely used in many water treatment applications. Most good scale inhibitors should work at dosage levels between 5 and 25 ppm on most production systems depending on calcium concentration. The treatment rates can be affected by contaminants which take the scale inhibitor out of solution. Six different compounds of phosphonate containing groups have been synthesized and evaluated for scale inhibition property. Evaluation of synthetic phosphonate compounds as scale inhibitors has been done by using NACE Standard TM-0374-2001. From the results clear that one and two phosphonate group containing compounds do not show any characteristic of prevention of scales of either calcium carbonate or calcium sulphate. The compounds which have phosphonate group three or more show characteristics of prevention of both types of scales.
Magnesium as an Important Marker in Post-Menopausal Women with Osteoporosis a...inventionjournals
Objective: Osteoporosis is quite common in elderly people, especially in post-menopausal women. The role of Magnesium, an important cation along with calcium for bone formation, is not very well-studied in osteoporosis as well as osteopenia group. Methods: Total 68 post-menopausal women 48-75 years of age group, were included in this study. In which, 33 women were having osteoporosis while rest 35 were from osteopenia. The differentiation between osteoporosis and osteopenia were done with the bone mineral density usually expressed in T score and Z score. Serum total calcium, ionized calcium, serum phosphate, serum alkaline phosphatase, and serum magnesium were estimated in post-menopausal women. Results: Significant results were obtained in various parameters. In osteopenic women, the mean values of total calcium (8.25±1.25 vs. 9.29±0.62) and ionized calcium (4.22±0.51 vs. 4.64±0.31) were significantly (<0.001)><0.01)><0.05). Conclusion: In post-menopausal women, osteoporosis is characterized by a lower concentration of calcium and definitely Low Magnesium. Hypomagnesemia may result in inflammatory disorders which have an existing relationship with bone loss. The dietary intake of magnesium supplement may be useful in reducing the adverse effect of osteoporosis.
Synthesis and Anti-Inflammatory activity of Sulpha/substituted 1,2-Diazolesinventionjournals
A Novel compound namely N1 (3 Nicotinoyl) 3,5 dimethyl-4-(N-4-sulfamoyl-azo)-1,2-diazoles has been synthesized by two step processes. Synthesis of N1 -4-sulfamoylphenylhydrazono-3,5-dimethyl propane-1,3-dione and sulfonamide, which interacting with 3-Nicotinoyl hydrazine to form final compound. The newly synthesized compound N1 -(3-Nicotinoyl)-3,5-dimethyl 4-(N1 -4-sulfamoyl phenyl azo) 1,2-diazoles was screened for antiinflammatory activity
Cytogenetic, Hematological and Enzymes Levels Parameters in the Biomonitoring...inventionjournals
Studies have demonstrated genotoxic effects by the presence of micronucleus in exfoliated cells from the buccal mucosa of agricultural workers exposed to pesticides. This study has assessed the genotoxic effects of pesticides on 61 agricultural workers from the state of Piauí, Brazil. 31 individuals were exposed to pesticides and 30 are from the same area, but were not involved in pesticides application. Cytogenetic damage were evaluated through micronucleus test in cells from the buccal mucosa and some parameters such as hematological and levels of enzymes. Exposed individuals exhibited cytogenetic damage with increased number of micronuclei in cells from the buccal mucosa in comparison with subjects from the control group with significant statistical difference (P < 0.01). We perceive that there is a statistically no significant (P > 0.05) increase in levels of plasmatic and eritrocytaireacetylcholinesterase and no statistically significant increase of phosphatase alkaline were detected in exposed workers in relation to the control group. No association was found in relation to smoking habits, alcohol consumption, protection utensils and the biomarkers analyzed or the biochemical analysis. Analysis of variance revealed a correlation between occupational exposure to pesticides of workers in Piauí and the presence of micronuclei (P < 0.05).
In this paper, we have studied various properties of the F- sturcture manifold satisfying 2 0 p F F where p is odd prime. Metric F-structure, kernel, tangent and normal vectors have also been discussed.
Cell-free DNA Levels Serum Patients with Benign and Malignant Epithelial Ovar...inventionjournals
An elevated level of cell-free DNA (cfDNA) in the blood circulation has detected in cancer patients in comparison with healthy controls. CfDNA circulation in plasma and serum extensively studied and the results are highly variable due to many factors influence the test results that was preanalytic factors as well as analytic factors. Objectives: Is there any difference in the concentration of serum DNA among patients with benign epithelial ovarian tumors and malignant epithelial ovarian tumors? What is the clinicopathological variable that influences the cfDNA circulation? Method: Venous blood drawn with plain vacutainer, centrifuged at 1,000 rpm for 30 minutes, serum kept in -800 C freezer. The cfDNA extracted used NaI method.Results: Collected 30 cases of the benign ovarian tumor and 54 cases of malignant ovarian tumors. The average level serum cfDNA of benign epithelial ovarian tumors and malignant epithelial ovarian tumors were 24.6 ng/mL and 22:29 ng/mL respectively and statistically was not significantly different (p = 0.64). In multivariable analysis with linear regression, there were no clinicopathological variables that statistically significant influence the cfDNA levels in patients with epithelial ovarian tumors where p > 0.05. Conclusion: Concentration of cfDNA circulation of benign epithelial ovarian tumors a little bit higher than malignant epithelial ovarian tumors, but statistically was not significantly different. There was no clinicopathological variable influence the concentration of cfDNA circulation of ovarian tumors.
Different Approaches of Software Requirement Prioritizationinventionjournals
In software system development, it can be a challenge for people to select the ‘right’ requirement among several or many options if it is not obvious which requirement is desirable. Requirements prioritization helps people to discover the most desirable requirements. It seems that most requirements prioritization techniques work well on a small number of requirements, but many of them have constraints on medium to large numbers of requirements. Requirement prioritization process is used to determine which candidate requirement of a software project should be included in a certain release, for this purpose different techniques are used. These techniques use different approaches and consider different factors for prioritization e.g. cost, value, risk, benefit etc.
Genotoxicity of Goji Berry (Lyciumbarbarum) In Vivo Mammalian Cellsinventionjournals
Lyciumbarbarum (Gojji berry) belongs to family Salonaceae which is found in China and Himalayan. This herb is used to prevent various diseases and in medical treatments as an alternative medicine being widely used for its antioxidant and revitalizing potential effects. In recent years, Gojji has become increasingly popular in Europe and North America as a "superfruit" and dietary supplement. The belief that herbal products do not bring any risk to health, is part of popular culture. However the term "natural" assigned to many products cannot assure no health risk. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible genotoxic effects of aqueous extract of Lyciumbarbarum (Gojji berry) by micronucleus test and comet assay. Thirty Rattus norvegicus were divided into three equal groups: 1) experimental group, submitted to Gojji berry (200mg/kg orally); 2) positive control group (cyclophosphamide), and; 3) negative control group (distilled water). Micronucleus Tests were done by smear method of bone marrow cells performed after 48h for acute, and 72h for chronic exposure. The comet assay was performed on peripheral blood taken from the tail of each animal 4h, and 24h after intervention. Cytotoxicity was assessed by observing the DNA damage measuring the percentage of DNA in the tail (% DNA- measurement of the proportion of the total DNA present in the tail) and the tail moment (TM-tail length times the percentage of DNA in the tail), calculated by 100 nucleoids per animal and the presence of micronuclei in 2,000 polychromatic erythrocytes per animal. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey test at 5% significance was used comparing the results. The data showed no significant difference in the frequency of DNA damage and the number of micronuclei between the experimental group and the negative control group. The results also suggest that the aqueous extract of Lyciumbarbarum (Gojji berry) at the dose of 200 mg/kg showed no genotoxic effect, which could, to a certain point, justifies its use.
Study of the Thermal Behavior of the Plaster Reinforced Vegetable Fiberinventionjournals
This study focused on the characterization of a heat insulating material, aims to determine the thermal characteristics of the plaster reinforced with vegetable fibers. It intends to replace the fibers of sisal generally used in practice to strengthen the plaster is replaced by those of the RheckthophyllumCamerunense (RC), a fiber of humid equatorial forests, in applications such as the manufacture of the staff, separating walls of dwellings. The objective of this work is to make a comparative assessment of the thermal diffusivity using a material composed of high porous plaster, non-reinforced and strengthened with the new plant fiber. It also aims to study the influence of the architecture of the RC fibers. The testing of thermal transfer by infrared thermography without contact are conducted on the composite plates. The resolution of the heat equation by finite difference with Matlab program permit the identification of the thermal diffusivity by fitting the theoretical thermogramme representation on the measures curve. The results reveal that the vegetable fibers increase the thermal performance of the plaster; that the RC fibers favor the isolation function better than the fibers of sisal and that their random distribution in the material proved to be more favorable.
Optimization of Bacillus Subtilis Natto Immobilization Process on Alginate – ...inventionjournals
Nattokinase is a potent fibrinolytic enzyme with the potential for fighting cardiovascular diseases. In this study, Bacillus subtilis natto were immobilized in the alginate – chitosan complex for fermentation of nattokinase enzyme. Six factors affecting the efficiency of immobilization cells were screened by Plackett – Burman design including: concentration of alginate, concentration of chitosan, pH of chitosan, concentration of CaCl2, added cells density, shaking time after supplementing chitosan. Results of optimization have identified two factors affecting the efficiency of cell immobilization. They are concentration of alginate (2.5%) and added cells density (approximately 5.86 million colonies per milliliter). With these two factors optimized and others kept at the normal level, immobilization efficiency reached 90.73%. After Bacillus subtilis natto had been immobilized by optimization of parameters, we conducted application for fermenting nattokinase. For 24 hours of fermentation, nattokinase enzyme activity reached 71.80 ± 0.19 FU/ml. Immobilized Bacillus subtilis natto cells were reused 6 times and on the 6 th time of reuse, nattokinase enzyme activity only decreased 2.7% in compared with the 1st reuse.
The Combined Effects of Omega3 Fatty Acids and NanoCurcumin Supplementation o...inventionjournals
Migraine is a chronic nerves system disease leads to considerable disabilities and affected quality of life. Neuro-inflammation play a key role in progression of migraine which mainly caused by release of inflammatory mediators including COX-2 and iNOs enzymes, TNF-α،IL-1β،IL-6 and adhesion molecule such as ICAM and VCAM.Curcumin and omega 3 fatty acids with anti-inflammatory and neuro-protective effects can reduce gene expression and production of inflammatory mediators. The combination of omega-3 and curcumin have also synergistic effects which a lower dose can induce a positive effect. The aim of present study is to determine whether omega 3 fatty acids, curcumin or combined of them as a complement treatment in migraine is helpful and the reduction gene expression and serum levels of inflammatory markers.The study will be conducted involving 80 episodic migraine patients that withstratified randomization method based on sex, gender and body mass index (BMI) are classified into 4 groups: 1) receiving omega 3 fatty acid supplement (1.8 gr/ day) and nano-curcumin supplement (80 mg/ day) 2) receiving omega 3 fatty acid supplement and curcumin placebo 3) receiving curcumin supplement and omega 3 fatty acid placebo 4) receiving omega 3 fatty acid placebo and curcumin placebo for 2 mounts. Blood samples will be collected after anthropometric parameter measuring then target biochemical parameters, gene expression and serum levels oftarget inflammatory mediators including COX-2 and iNOs enzymes, TNF-α،IL-1β،IL-6 and adhesion molecule such as ICAM and VCAM will be measured before and after the trial. The data will be statistically evaluated using the most appropriate tests.The results of current study will determine the efficacy of therapeutic effects of curcumin, omega 3 fatty acids and combined of them as a new insight to control and treatment of migraine.
Existance Theory for First Order Nonlinear Random Dfferential Equartioninventionjournals
In this paper, the existence of a solution of nonlinear random differential equation of first order is proved under Caratheodory condition by using suitable fixed point theorem. 2000 Mathematics Subject Classification: 34F05, 47H10, 47H4
Isolation and Characterization of Bacteriocin Producing Lactic Acid Bacteria ...inventionjournals
Bacteriocins are the extracellular proteins produced by the bacteria which inhibit the growth of similar or closely related bacterial strains. Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) are predominantly present in the fermented foods produce bacteriocins. In the present study, six strains (three strains each) were isolated from the fermented Bengal gram samples containing with husk and without husk.The organisms isolated were identified as Pediococcussp and Yeast sp.by the biochemical characterization. The bacteriocins produced by these organisms effectively inhibited the growth of E.coli, Klebsiellasp, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aerugenosabut couldn’t inhibit the growth of Proteus vulgaris and Bacillus sp. Strains c2 and c3 showed greater activity at low pH. All the strains showed antibacterial activity against Bacillus sp,E.coli, Klebsiellasp, Staphylococcus aureusand Pseudomonas aerugenosabut Proteus vulgaris showed high resistance when bacteriocin was exposed to temperatures 37°C and 80°C.
Quantitative Digit in a Decoupled Positional System: A New Method of Understa...inventionjournals
The aim of this paper is to propose a new method of understanding and teaching numbers as spatialtemporal experience based on rational elements and components. The method contributes to the solution of the problem that with traditional methods of number representation much of their "inner life" remains hidden, inaccessible to learners. This requires an innovative approach in rethinking on the very basic level of the number system: numerical digits and their organization. The two main ideas of our discovery are: 1) quantitative representation of digits, and 2) decoupling the adjacent positions in a positional numeral system by means of rational phases
Formulation and evaluation of gastroretentative floating sustained releasedme...Sagar Savale
The Metformin HCL Gastroretentative Floating Sustained released Tablet is formulated by the Wet
Granulation technique. This Tablet is containing both Effervescent as well as Non Effervescent system. The
HPMC K 100 Swellable polymer is responsible for the Floating. (Non-Effervescent system) and The Sodium
Bicarbonate is responsible for the effervescent system. A combination of HPMC K 100 and Xanthum Gum
shows better sustained release activity. The Prepared Gastroretentative Floating Sustained released Tablet is
Evaluated In terms of bulk density, tapped density, angle of repose, Carr’s Index and, weight variation test,
friability test and in vitro study, Total Floating Time. The result associated in Optimized batch is good to
Satisfactory and having a good free flowing property. The weight variation and friability these values are
within the pharmacopeia limit. The in vitro Dissolution studies show Maximum percentage of release of drug
(99.25) within end of 8 Hours.
The Metformin HCL Gastroretentive Floating Sustained released Tablet is formulated by the Wet Granulation technique. This Tablet is containing both Effervescent as well as Non Effervescent system. The HPMC K 100 Swellable polymer is responsible for the Floating. (Non Effervescent system) and The Sodium Bicarbonate is responsible for
the effervescent system. A combination of HPMC K 100 and Xanthum Gum shows better sustained release activity. The Prepared Gastroretentive Floating Sustained released Tablet is Evaluated In terms of bulk density, tapped density, angle of repose, Carr’s Index and, weight variation test, friability test and in vitro study, Total Floating Time. The result associated in Optimized batch is good to Satisfactory and having a good free flowing property. The weight variation and friability these values are within the pharmacopeia limit. The in vitro Dissolution studies shows Maximum percentage of release of drug (99.25) with in end of 8 Hours.
Development and evaluation of a novel twice daily cup core metformin hydrochl...SriramNagarajan19
The study was undertaken with an aim to formulate develop and evaluation of a novel twice daily core cup of Metformin hydrochloride(Antidiabetic drug) tablets using different grades and weight of HPMC polymers as release retarding agent. Granules were evaluated for tests Bulk density, tapped density, Hausner ratio before being punched as tablets. Tablets were tested for weight variation, thickness, hardness and friability as per official procedure. F-2 was found to be 73.90. From the above results and discussion it is concluded that formulation of Cup core tablet of containing Metformin hydrochloride HPMC K 4M & 215: 230 (in mg) can be taken as an ideal or optimized formulation of sustained release tablets for 12hour release as it fulfills all the requirements for sustained release tablet and our study encourages for the further clinical trials on this formulation. The core in cup tablets of Metformin hydrochloride were prepared by wet granulation method, they were evaluated for weight variation, friability, hardness, and thickness for all batches (F1 – F9). No significant difference was observed in the weight of individual tablets from the average weight. The weight variation tests were performed according to the procedure given in the pharmacopoeia. In a weight variation test, pharmacopoeial limit of tablet for percentage deviation is 5%. The average percentage deviation of all tablet formulation was found to be within the pharmacopoeial limit and hence all formulation passed the test for uniformity of weight.
Effervescent technique in development of floating tablets for antiviral drugsSriramNagarajan19
The purpose of this investigation was to prepare a regiospesific drug delivery system of Stavudine. Floating tablets of Stavudine were prepared by direct compression method employing different concentration of HPMC K15M by effervescent technique. Sodium bicarbonate was incorporated as a gas-generating agent. The floating tablets were evaluated for uniformity of weight, hardness, friability, drug content, swelling studies, in vitro buoyancy and dissolution studies. The effect of different concentration of HPMC K15M on drug release profile and floating properties was investigated. The prepared tablets exhibited satisfactory physico-chemical characteristics. All the prepared batches showed good in vitro buoyancy. The tablet swelled radially and axially during in vitro buoyancy studies. It was observed that the tablet remained buoyant for more than 12 hours. Increased in the HPMC K15M level, decreased the floating lag time but tablets floated for longer duration. The formulation with 1:1 drug: Polymer ratios were found to float for longer duration as compared with other formulations containing HPMC K15M. The drug release from the tablets was sufficiently sustained and non-Fickian transport of the drug from tablets was confirmed.
Formulation and evaluation ofmetformin HCl micro beads by ionotropic gelation...Sagar Savale
The Metformin HCL Micro Beads is formulated by the Ionotropic Gelation Method. The CMC is a Swellable
polymer is responsible for the Sustained release action or activity. A combination of CMC (Carboxy Methyl
Cellulose) and Sodium Alginate shows better sustained release activity. The PreparedSustained released Micro
Beadsis Evaluated In terms of bulk density, tapped density, angle of repose, Carr’s Index, Swelling Index, Drug
Content, % Encapsulation Efficiency and vitro study. The result associated in Optimized batch is good to
Satisfactory and having a good free flowing property. The Drug Content and % Encapsulation Efficiency values are
within the pharmacopeia limit. The in vitro Dissolution studies shows Maximum percentage of release of drug
(71.15) with in end of 4 Hours.
Validated RP-HPLC Method for the Determination of Nelaribine in Bulk and Tabl...ijtsrd
A novel, simple and economic reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method has been developed for the estimation of Nelaribine in bulk and tablet dosage form with greater precision and accuracy. Separation was achieved on Cosmiscil C18 column (150X4.6mm i.d.,5-µm) in isocratic mode using Triflouro acetic acid PH-3.6 buffer and Acetonitrile in the ratio of 90:10(v/v) as mobile phase, pumped in to the column at flow rate of 1.0 mL min-1and the detection of eluent from the column was carried out using variable wavelength UV detector at 248 nm. The total run time was 15 min and the column was maintained at ambient temperature. The retention time of Nelaribine was 4.003 min. The standard curves were linear over the concentration range of 25-150 -µg/ml with R2 0.999 and the LOD and LOQ values for Nelaribine were 0.04 -µg/ml and 0.12 -µg/ml , respectively. The percentage recovery was found to be 101.76 “ 98.72 %, the % RSD was found to be 0.43. The percentage amount of a marketed tablet formulation of Nelaribine was found to be 101.2 %. The method was validated as per ICH guidelines. Validation studies demonstrated that the proposed RP-HPLC method is simple, specific, rapid, reliable and reproducible. Hence the proposed method can be applied for the routine quality control analysis of Nelaribine in bulk and tablet dosage forms. Mrs.P.D.Chaithanya Sudha | Prof.D.Gowri Sankar"Validated RP-HPLC Method for the Determination of Nelaribine in Bulk and Tablet Dosage Form" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-4 , June 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd181.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/analytical-chemistry/181/validated-rp-hplc-method-for-the-determination-of-nelaribine-in-bulk-and-tablet-dosage-form/mrspdchaithanya-sudha
Preparation and Evaluation of Aspirin tabletsSanket Kapadne
PREPARATION AND EVALUATION OF ASPIRIN TABLETS
Aim - Preparation and Evaluation of Aspirin Tablets.
Requirement –
Chemicals - Aspirin, HPMC, PVP, Sodium
Stearate, Talc
Glasswares - Granulating sieve, standard sieve set, etc.
Equipment - Tablet press
Principle
Aspirin tablet is prepared by wet granulation method. Aspirin belonging to the class of NSAID having analgesic, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory and antiplatelet activity at systematic standard doses. In this Lubricants in combination leads to better drug release kinetic. Aspirin tablets are obtained by wet Compression Method. The particles to be compressed consist of one or more medicaments, with or without excipients substance such as diluents, binders, and disintegration agents, lubricant, glidants.
Formula
Sr. No. Ingredients Quantity (1 Tab.)
1. Aspirin 250 mg
2. HPMC 50 mg
3. Microcrystalline Cellulose 70 mg
4. Polyvinyl Pyrrolidone Q.S.
5. Sodium Stearate+ Talc 1 mg + 5 mg
Method
Wet granulation forms the granulation by binding the powders together with an adheshive instead of by compaction.
Stages of granule development :
A. Pendular B. Funicular
C. Capillary D. Droplet Steps involved :
Step 1: Weighing and mixing of formulation ingredients.
Step 2: Preparing the damp mass.
Step 3: Screening the dampened powder into pellets or granules.
Step 4: Drying of moist granules.
Procedure
1. Tablets were prepared using wet granulation technique as per the composition given earlier.
2. The calculated amount which was required to prepare 400 mg aspirin tablets, containing 250 mg drug, HPMC polymer and PVP as a binder were mixed uniformly.
3. An enough granulating agent (water) was added slowly to prepare wet mass. Granules were prepared by sieving method using a 20# sieve.
4. Further, granules were dried at 35-45ºC for six hours. The dried granules were stored in desiccators until compression of tablets.
5.The required amounts of granules were weighed and compressed using automatically operated tablet punching machine having 12mm flat faced punch diameter and during the tablet preparation to maintain the low resistance between the solid and die wall, lubricants added in granules. Lubricant combinations are agents added in small quantities to the tablet during the tablet preparation.
6. The compressed tablets were stored in airtight container at room temperature for further evaluation.
Evaluation
1. Assay : Weigh and powder 20 tablets. Weigh accurately a quantity of the powder containing about 0.5 g of Aspirin, add 30.0 ml of 0.5M sodium hydroxide, boil gently for 10 minutes, cool and titrate the excess of alkali with 0.5 M hydrochloric acid using phenol red solution as indicator. Repeat the operation without the substance under examination. The difference
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
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Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
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Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
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Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
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A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Formulation and Evaluation of Fast Dissolving Tablets of Paracetamol Using Oats Powder
1. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention
ISSN (Online): 2319 – 6718, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 670X
www.ijpsi.org Volume 5 Issue 3 ‖ June 2016 ‖ PP.07-12
www.ijpsi.org 7 | P a g e
Formulation and Evaluation of Fast Dissolving Tablets of
Paracetamol Using Oats Powder
Chirravuri S Phani Kumar*1
, J Vijaya Ratna2
, Pvvsn Aditya3
, SK Raakhiya 4
,
SV Sunitha5,
S Revathi6
1,3,4,5,6
Department Of Pharmaceutical Technology, Lydia College Of Pharmacy,Ravulapalem,India.
2
Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, AU College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Visakhapatnam, India.
ABSTRACT: Paracetamol is a slightly water soluble drug belongs to BCS Class IV, used in various pain
managements & in management of fever. The drug solubility was increased by solid dispersion method, in
which two techniques namely physical mixing and co-grinding were tried at the ratios of 1:0.25, 1:0.5 & 1:0.75
for paracetamol to oats powder. Various parameters like pre & post compressional parameters were tested and
final formula was selected based on disintegration time and in-vitro dissolution profile. Where, all the
formulations were dispersed bellow 92 seconds and F6 formulation was showing 100% release at 20th
minute
and faster compared to the marketed formulation. F6 was prepared by co-grinding technique, at 1:0.75
paracetamol to oats powder ratio. F6 is showing zero-order drug release and mechanism of release is Super
case – II transport (n = 0.9738). All the formulations were prepared using direct compression method, a
conventional method of preparation.
Keywords: Direct Compression, Fast Dissolving Tablets, Oats Powder, & Paracetamol.
I. Introduction1,2,3,4,5
Tablets are oral solid dosage forms which are conveniently self administrable, and are stable among various
dosage forms and pilfer proof in nature. Hence, an accurate dose can be administered effectively. Fast dissolving
tablets are designed to increase the bioavailability of the poorly soluble drugs. These are conveniently
administrable to the pediatric and geriatric patients who are suffering from swallowing of solid dosage forms
orally. Paracetamol is a NSAID used in various pain managements alone or in-combination with other anti-
inflammatory drugs. Paracetamol is slightly soluble in water and having low bioavailability, hence frequency of
administration is high. Because of which the current study was designed to enhance the bioavailability of
paracetamol using the mechanism of fast dissolution technique by co-grinding technique, an economical method
and to decrease frequency of administration also. The fast dissolving tablets are prepared by direct compression
method, a very economical method of preparation.
II. Materials & Methods
Materials: Paracetamol and all the chemicals were gifted by SK Health care Pvt. Ltd, Bolaram, Hyderabad.
Oats was purchased from local sources.
Methods6,7,8,9,10
1. Analytical Method Development
1.1. Preparation of 0.1N HCl solution: 8.5 ml of conc. HCl was place in 1000 ml volumetric flask & volume
make up to 1000 ml by using distilled water.
1.2. Determination of λmax Paracetamol in 0.1N HCl solution: 100mg of Paracetamol was weighed and
dissolved in 10ml 0.1N HCl and then make up to a volume of 100ml to get 1000µg/ml concentrated stock
solution (working standard). From the working standard solution 10ml was diluted to 100ml with 0.1N HCl
solution to get 100µg/ml concentrated solution (Dilution 1). From the dilution1, 1ml solution was diluted to
10ml with 0.1N HCl solution to get 10 µg/ml concentrated solution (Dilution 2). This solution was scanned at
range of 200-400nm wavelength light corresponding scan spectrum curve was noted .the corresponding
wavelength having highest absorbance is noted as λmax.
1.3. Standard Calibration curve of Paracetamol in 0.1N HCl solution: 100mg of Paracetamol was weighed
and dissolved in 10ml methanol and then make up to a volume of 100ml with 0.1N HCl it give 1000µg/ml
concentrated stock solution (working standard). From the working standard solution 10ml was diluted to 100ml
with 0.1N HCl, it will give 100µg/ml concentrated solution (Dilution 1). From the dilution 1, Aliquots of 0.2,
2. Formulation And Evaluation Of Fast Dissolving Tablets Of Paracetamol Using Oats Powder
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0.4, 0.6.0.8, 1 and 1.2ml of solution were pipette out in to 10ml volumetric flask. The volume was made up to
the mark with 0.1N HCl solution. These dilutions gives 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 µg/ml concentrations of
Paracetamol respectively. The absorbance was measured in the UV-visible spectrophotometer at 257 nm using
0.1N HCl solution as blank and graph of concentration versus absorbance was plotted. The absorbance data for
standard calibration curves are given in the results table 1.
2. Preparation of oats powder: The domestically available oats were purchased from a local store and were
grinded and passed through sieve no. 40.
3. Preparation of solid dispersion using co-grinding method: 1 gram of Paracetamol was placed in a mortar
and 0.25or 0.5 or 0.75 grams of oats powder was added and grinded by sprinkling a little amount of water to
moisten the powder mix. The resultant dispersion was passed sophisticatedly through sieve no.40 and dried in a
hot air oven at 600
C for 30 minutes. This dispersion equivalent to 125 mg was used to prepare Paracetamol Fast
Dissolving Tablets.
4. Preparation of paracetamol fast dissolving tablets: Fast dissolving tablets of Paracetamol were prepared by
direct compression method. All the ingredients (as shown in table 2) were powdered separately and passed
through sieve no. 40 separately. The drug and directly compressible excipient were mixed by adding small
portion of each at a time and blending it to get a uniform mixture and kept aside. Then the other ingredients
were mixed in geometrical order, in an inflated polyethylene pouch magnesium stearate and talc were added last
and mixed for further two minutes and the tablets were compressed using 8-12 mm flat round punches to get
tablets of 250 mg weight.
5. Evaluation of oral fast dissolving tablets of paracetamol
5.1. Evaluation of blends
The powder blend was evaluated for bulk density, tapped density, Carr’s index, Hausner’s ratio and angle of
repose.
5.1.1. Bulk density (Db): It is the ratio of total mass of powder to the bulk volume of powder. It was measured
by pouring the weighed powder (passed through standard sieve # 20) into a measuring cylinder and the initial
volume was noted. This initial volume is called the bulk volume. From this, the bulk density is calculated
according to the formula mentioned below. It expressed in g/cc and is given by:
Db =
0V
M
Where, M is the mass of powder, V0 is the bulk volume of the powder
5.1.2. Tapped density (Dt): It is the ratio of total mass of powder to the tapped volume of powder. The volume
was measured by tapping the powder for 500 times. Then the tapping was done for 750 times and the tapped
volume was noted (the difference between these two volumes should be less than 2 %). If it is more than 2%,
tapping is continued for 1250 times and tapped volume was noted. It is expressed in g/cc and is given by:
Dt =
1V
M
Where, M is the mass of powder, Vt is the tapped volume of the powder
5.1.3. Carr’s index (%): The bulk density is the measurement of weight to the volume of the sample. Tapped
density is determined as the measurement of weight of the sample to the volume after tapping the measuring
cylinder for 500 times from a height of 2 inches. The percentage compressibility (Carr’s index) was calculated
as 100 times the ratio of the difference between tapped density and bulk density to the tapped density.
Carr’s index =100 x
densityTapped
densityBulk-densityTapped
5.1.4. Hausner’s ratio: Hausner’s ratio is the ratio of tapped density to bulk density. Lower the value of
Hausner’s ratio better is the flow property. The powder with Hausner’s ratio less than 1.18, 1.19-1.25, 1.3-1.5
and greater than 1.5 indicates excellent, good, passable and very poor flow properties, respectively.
3. Formulation And Evaluation Of Fast Dissolving Tablets Of Paracetamol Using Oats Powder
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Hausner’s Ratio =
DensityBulk
DensityTapped
5.1.5. Angle of repose (): It is defined as the maximum angle possible between the surface of a pile of powder
and the horizontal plane.
= tan-1
(h/r)
Where, is the angle of repose, h is the height in cms, r is the radius in cms
The powder mixture was allowed to flow through the funnel with its tip fixed to stand at a definite height (h)
from a graph paper placed on a horizontal surface. The angle of repose was then calculated by measuring the
height and radius of the heap of powder formed. A value for angle of repose 40o
suggests a poorly flowing
material.
5.2. Evaluation of tablets
5.2.1. Weight variation: Twenty tablets were selected at random and average weight was determined. Then
individual tablets were weighed and the individual weight was compared with an average weight.
5.2.2. Friability: Friability of the tablets was checked by using Roche Friabilator. The device subjects a
number of tablets to the combined effect of abrasions and shock by utilizing a plastic chamber that revolves at
25 rpm dropping the tablets from a height of 6 inches with each revolution. Pre-weighed sample tablets were
placed in the friabilator, which was then operated for 100 revolutions. Tablets were dusted and reweighed.
5.2.3. Content uniformity test: Ten tablets were weighed and powdered, a quantity of powder equivalent to
100 mg of Paracetamol was transferred to a 100 ml volumetric flask and 10 ml methanol is added. The drug is
extracted in methanol by vigorously shaking the stoppered flask for 15 minutes. Then the volume is adjusted to
the mark with 0.1N HCl and the liquid is filtered. From prepared solution take 0.1ml solution in 10ml
volumetric flask and make up to mark with 0.1N HCl . The Paracetamol content was determined by measuring
the absorbance at 257 nm after appropriate dilution in UV- spectrophotometer. The drug content was calculated
using the standard calibration curve. The mean percent drug content was calculated as an average of three
determinations.
5.2.4. In-vitro disintegration time: The in-vitro disintegration test was performed by placing tablet in one tube
of disintegrating basket which was dipped in 1 litre of 0.1N HCl solution maintained at 37 0
C and the time
required for disintegration was observed. The test is repeated for total 3 tablets and average value was
considered as disintegration time for the tablet.
5.2.5. In-vitro dissolution data: Dissolution rate studies were performed in 900 ml of 0.1N HCl solution at 37 ±
0.5 0
C, using 8-station USP type-II (paddle) apparatus with paddle rotating at 50 rpm. 60 mg of Paracetamol fast
dissolving tablet was placed in dissolution basket. At fixed time intervals, samples withdrawn were filtered and
spectrophotometrically analyzed for the drug content at 257 nm.
% Drug dissolved = (At/As) × (Ds/Dt) × 100.
Here, At – test absorbance, As – standard absorbance, Ds - standard dilution & Dt - test dilution.
III. Results
Table 1: Standard Calibration Graph Values of Paracetamol in 0.1N HCl Solution
Concentration (µg/ml) Absorbance
2 0.2722
4 0.4076
6 0.5449
8 0.6917
10 0.8235
12 0.9773
4. Formulation And Evaluation Of Fast Dissolving Tablets Of Paracetamol Using Oats Powder
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Table 2: Formulation Table for Paracetamol Fast Dissolving Tables11,12
Table 3: Pre Compression Studies of Paracetamol Fast Dissolving Tablets
Formulation
Code
Pre compression studies*
,*n=3
Angle of
repose ( o
)
Bulk density
(g/cc)
Tapped density
(g/cc)
Carr’s
Index (%)
Hausner’s
Ratio
F1 22.17 0.515 0.522 13.15 1.10
F2 31.11 0.471 0.476 16.23 1.21
F3 25.71 0.505 0.527 14.26 1.15
F4 23.31 0.522 0.519 12.36 1.09
F5 31.11 0.471 0.476 16.23 1.21
F6 25.71 0.505 0.527 14.26 1.15
Table 4: Post Compression Studies for Formulation of Fast Dissolving Tablets of Paracetamol
Formulation
Code
Post compression studies
Avg. Wt
(mg)
(n=20)
Thickness
(mm)
(n=3)
Hardness
(kg/cm2
)
(n=3)
*%Friability
%Drug
content
(n=3)
Dispersion
Time
(sec.)
F1 250.4 3.82 3.5 0.59 99.98 18.5
F2 252.2 3.91 3.2 0.68 100.21 30.5
F3 249.6 3.84 3.3 0.58 99.67 92
F4 248.0 3.88 3.6 0.59 100.32 29.5
F5 249.6 3.84 3.3 0.58 99.67 23.5
F6 252.2 3.91 3.2 0.68 100.21 69.5
Table 5: In-Vitro Dissolution Studies of Paracetamol Tablets in 0.1N HCl Solution
Time
(min)
Marketed
Formulation
F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
5 12 13 15 17 15 21 24
10 25 24 29 29 31 45 53
15 41 38 46 49 52 69 78
20 59 54 67 71 75 94 99
25 82 71 85 93 97 99
30 95 84 97 98 100
Table 6: Kinetic Data for Fast Dissolving Paracetamol Tablets
FORMULATION
CODE
R2
values
ZERO ORDER FIRST ORDER
Marketed Formulation 0.9907 0.8353
F1 0.9961 0.9198
F2 0.9959 0.834
F3 0.9869 0.8545
F4 0.984 0.845
F5 0.9808 0.8707
F6 0.9974 0.7842
Physical Mixture Co-grinding Method
Ingredients F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6
Paracetamol
(Equivalent to 125 mg)
156.25 187.5 218.75 156.25 187.5 218.75
Micro Crystalline Cellulose 68.75 37.5 6.25 68.75 37.5 6.25
Starch 20 20 20 20 20 20
Mg.Stearate 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5
Talc 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5
Total weight 250 250 250 250 250 250
5. Formulation And Evaluation Of Fast Dissolving Tablets Of Paracetamol Using Oats Powder
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IV. Figures
Figure 1: Standard Calibration Curve of Paracetamol in 0.1N HCl Solution
Figure 2: Comparative Dissolution Profiles for Oats Powder Used Formulations
V. Discussion
Construction of Standard calibration curve of Paracetamol in 0.1N HCl solution: The absorbance of the
solution was measured at 257nm, using UV spectrometer with 0.1N HCl solution as blank. The values are
shown in table no 1. A graph of absorbance Vs Concentration was plotted which indicated in compliance to
Beer’s law in the concentration range 2-10 µg/ml as shown in figure 1. Standard plot of Paracetamol by taking
absorbance on Y – axis and concentration (µg/ml) on X – axis, the plot is shown figure 1. The standard
calibration curve of Paracetamol in 0.1N HCl solution shown good correlation with regression value of 0.999.
Pre Compression studies: The prepared tablets were evaluated for their flow properties, the results for the
blends of compression tablets were shown in Table 3. The bulk density and the tapped density for all
formulations were found to be almost similar. The Carr’s index and Hausner’s ratio were found to be in the
range of ≤ 18 % and 1.09 to 1.21 respectively, indicating good flow and compressibility of the blends. The angle
of repose for all the formulations was found to be 22.17 to 31.110
indicating passable flow.
Post Compression Studies For Formulation Of Fast Dissolving Tablets Of Paracetamol: The weight
variation of tablets were within the range of ±7.5% complying with pharmacopoeia specifications of IP. The
thickness of tablets was found to be between 3.82 to 3.91 mm. The hardness for different formulations was
found to be between 3.2 to 3.6 kg/cm2
, indicating satisfactory mechanical strength. The friability was <
1.0% W/W for all the formulations, which is an indication of good mechanical resistance of the tablet.
The drug content was found to be within limits 99 to 101 %. The disintegration time for all the formulations
were observed < 92 seconds.
In-vitro dissolution studies of Paracetamol tablets in 0.1N HCl solution: The highest concentration of
disintegrant was shown faster dissolution and lowest concentration shown slower dissolution. From the above
dissolution data, it was observed that dissolution enhancement in the following order
Co-grinding > Physical Mixing
Among the formulations F6 formulation shown very fast dissolution i.e. 100% at 20th
minute. From the kinetic
data it was observed that F6 was following zero-order kinetics. F6 formulation was formulated using banana
powder as dissolving agent at 1: 0.75 ratio.
6. Formulation And Evaluation Of Fast Dissolving Tablets Of Paracetamol Using Oats Powder
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VI. Summary
Suitable analytical method based on UV-Visible spectrophotometer was developed for Paracetamol. λmax of 257
nm was identified in 0.1N HCl solution. Direct compression method was established to manufacture fast
dissolving tablets of Paracetamol. Fast dissolving tablets of Paracetamol were successfully prepared using
banana powder using physical mixture and co-grinding method. In the present study, fast dissolving tablets were
prepared by direct compression method. Evaluation parameters like hardness, friability, weight variation and
drug content indicate that values were within permissible limit for all formulations. Disintegration time for all
the formulations were < 92 seconds which is nearly close as marketed formulation (83 seconds), comparatively
it is very less for F1 formulation. In vitro drug release study was carried out and based on the results; F-6 was
identified as the best formulation among all the other formulations. The co-grinding used formulations has
shown better release profile compared to physical mixing technique. Thus, we are able to achieve our objective
of preparing fast dissolving tablets of Paracetamol with natural excipients and simple method of manufacture
and enhance the dissolution of the drug.
Acknowledgements
Authors are very thankful to Lydia College of Pharmacy (Ravulapalem) & SK Health Care Pvt. Ltd (Bolaram,
Hyderabad) for their great support to carry out this research work.
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