Cytogenetic, Hematological and Enzymes Levels Parameters in the Biomonitoring of Agricultural Workers Exposed To Pesticides in the State of Piauí, Brazil
Studies have demonstrated genotoxic effects by the presence of micronucleus in exfoliated cells from the buccal mucosa of agricultural workers exposed to pesticides. This study has assessed the genotoxic effects of pesticides on 61 agricultural workers from the state of Piauí, Brazil. 31 individuals were exposed to pesticides and 30 are from the same area, but were not involved in pesticides application. Cytogenetic damage were evaluated through micronucleus test in cells from the buccal mucosa and some parameters such as hematological and levels of enzymes. Exposed individuals exhibited cytogenetic damage with increased number of micronuclei in cells from the buccal mucosa in comparison with subjects from the control group with significant statistical difference (P < 0.01). We perceive that there is a statistically no significant (P > 0.05) increase in levels of plasmatic and eritrocytaireacetylcholinesterase and no statistically significant increase of phosphatase alkaline were detected in exposed workers in relation to the control group. No association was found in relation to smoking habits, alcohol consumption, protection utensils and the biomarkers analyzed or the biochemical analysis. Analysis of variance revealed a correlation between occupational exposure to pesticides of workers in Piauí and the presence of micronuclei (P < 0.05).
To accomplish a desired systemic effect, drug molecules must reach the systemic circulation after extravascular administration. The percent of the taken dose that reaches intact to the systemic circulation is called “bioavailability, BA”. Absolute Bioavailability compares the BA of the active drug in systemic circulation following non-intravenous administration
Abstract— Coccidiosis swine causes high economic loss, and its prophylaxis is usually performed by the use of chemical drugs. However, these chemical drugs are not allowed in agroecological, organic or biological dynamic systems of production. Additionally, there are concerns about pharmacological resistance and contamination by the presence of chemical residues in the environment and at the food of animal origin. The objective of this study was to evaluate the weight gain and the prevalence of coccidia in piglets submitted to the following treatments: alcoholic extract of propolis 30% (AEP), chemical treatment toltrazuril (CTT), negative control with grain alcohol (NCA) and negative control without treatment (NCT). By means of the individual weights and the number of coccidia at the faeces, it was monitored 216 piglets from commercial farms. Under the conditions of this study none therapeutic intervention provided benefits for weight gain and prevalence of coccidia. Thus, by making it possible the minimization of chemical drug use, these results allow us to suggest the laboratory periodic monitoring as a prophylactic control method for swine coccidiosis.
Polygonum Persicaria (Linn.) and its Active Principle have a hepatoprotective...AI Publications
The aim of this analysis was to see whether the aqueous extract of the roots of Polygonum persicaria (PP) and its active principle, Tannic Acid (TA), had a hepatoprotective and antioxidant effect in rats provided Carbon tetrachloride (1.5 ml/kg, i.p). Twenty albino wistar rats were divided into five groups: control, CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity, hepatotoxicity with Polygonum persicaria and Tannic acid, and a normal group given 100 mg/kg silymarin. After 14 days, the rats were sacrificed. Toxicity testing was carried out on 12 rats. They were randomly allocated to one of three groups: control, Polygonum persicaria 200 mg/kg (B.wt), and Tannic acid 200 mg/kg (B.wt). The amounts of liver homogenate enzymes (glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferase, glucose-6-phosphatase dehydrogenase, and glutathione reductase enzymes) were greatly restored by extracts of PP and TA at the tested concentrations, supporting the biochemical results. Tannic acid, in contrast to Polygonum persicaria, tends to have a greater liver defensive role toward carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity, as well as antioxidant properties and mild anticancer activity against cell viability at higher concentrations. The histological alterations in the liver indicated the injury. Polygonum persicaria & its active principle Tannic acid has strong antioxidant properties as well as hepatoprotective effects against CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity, as demonstrated by these observations.
To accomplish a desired systemic effect, drug molecules must reach the systemic circulation after extravascular administration. The percent of the taken dose that reaches intact to the systemic circulation is called “bioavailability, BA”. Absolute Bioavailability compares the BA of the active drug in systemic circulation following non-intravenous administration
Abstract— Coccidiosis swine causes high economic loss, and its prophylaxis is usually performed by the use of chemical drugs. However, these chemical drugs are not allowed in agroecological, organic or biological dynamic systems of production. Additionally, there are concerns about pharmacological resistance and contamination by the presence of chemical residues in the environment and at the food of animal origin. The objective of this study was to evaluate the weight gain and the prevalence of coccidia in piglets submitted to the following treatments: alcoholic extract of propolis 30% (AEP), chemical treatment toltrazuril (CTT), negative control with grain alcohol (NCA) and negative control without treatment (NCT). By means of the individual weights and the number of coccidia at the faeces, it was monitored 216 piglets from commercial farms. Under the conditions of this study none therapeutic intervention provided benefits for weight gain and prevalence of coccidia. Thus, by making it possible the minimization of chemical drug use, these results allow us to suggest the laboratory periodic monitoring as a prophylactic control method for swine coccidiosis.
Polygonum Persicaria (Linn.) and its Active Principle have a hepatoprotective...AI Publications
The aim of this analysis was to see whether the aqueous extract of the roots of Polygonum persicaria (PP) and its active principle, Tannic Acid (TA), had a hepatoprotective and antioxidant effect in rats provided Carbon tetrachloride (1.5 ml/kg, i.p). Twenty albino wistar rats were divided into five groups: control, CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity, hepatotoxicity with Polygonum persicaria and Tannic acid, and a normal group given 100 mg/kg silymarin. After 14 days, the rats were sacrificed. Toxicity testing was carried out on 12 rats. They were randomly allocated to one of three groups: control, Polygonum persicaria 200 mg/kg (B.wt), and Tannic acid 200 mg/kg (B.wt). The amounts of liver homogenate enzymes (glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferase, glucose-6-phosphatase dehydrogenase, and glutathione reductase enzymes) were greatly restored by extracts of PP and TA at the tested concentrations, supporting the biochemical results. Tannic acid, in contrast to Polygonum persicaria, tends to have a greater liver defensive role toward carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity, as well as antioxidant properties and mild anticancer activity against cell viability at higher concentrations. The histological alterations in the liver indicated the injury. Polygonum persicaria & its active principle Tannic acid has strong antioxidant properties as well as hepatoprotective effects against CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity, as demonstrated by these observations.
An observational descriptive study of pattern of pathological changes in live...AI Publications
Background- Autopsy finding in liver with pathological changes are studied. Aim and Objectives- To correlate histopathological findings in the liver with gross examination in routine medicolegal practice of autopsy. To find out the type of liver diseases in relation to age and sex of the studied autopsy cases from the local population. To assess and compare histopathology of liver among accidental deaths, sudden natural deaths and deaths due to poisonings. To compare results of this study with other studies. Suggestion of authenticity of diagnosis from the histopathology findings of liver. Material and Methods- This observational cross section study will be carried out in the department of forensic medicine and toxicology on 100 cases in JLN Medical college and attached hospitals with cooperation from the department of pathology after obtaining due permission from the institutional ethical committee. Conclusion- hepatic lesion can present in various forms at autopsy. Non-neoplastic Lesions should be given equal importance as neoplastic. An enlarged liver does not always indicate malignancy. There are many clinical conditions in which liver are affected as secondary phenomenon. Gross and histo-morphological examination of the tissue can diagnose the liver lesions with great accuracy and is beneficial for patient’s further survival, in setups where facilities to perform liver biopsies are available. Liver should be investigated as a part of routine autopsy procedure in all post-mortem cases.
Toxicology is the branch of science that deals with nature, effects, and detection of poison. The degree to which a substance can harm an organism is called toxicity. The types of toxicity depending upon the time of exposure of the toxicant have been described.
This presentation provides a knowledge about Toxicology, its types , definition, regulatory guidelines for conducting toxicological studies, OECD guidelines for GLP. This is an assignment in the subject, Pharmacological & Toxicological Screening Methods - II, 2nd Semester, M.Pharm (Pharmacology)
QIVIVE extrapolation requires a precise correlation between exposure and the effective chemical concentration at the site where the MIE occurs.
This work demonstrates that intracellular distribution is not ruled only by physical-chemical parameters, rather it is mainly regulated by specific biological-mediated mechanisms. Substances with
apparent chemical similarity may show different distribution profile, as shown by the intra-nuclear distribution of polyphenols. While our results derive from a limited number of substances applied to
one cell line, it is plausible that using different substances and/or different cell lines would also have shown that intracellular distribution is not directly related to physical-chemical parameters.
Chemical uptake should be specifically measured and simple extrapolations based on physical-chemical properties may provide misleading decision
Topic explained as a M.Sc. Microbiology Student point of you. It contains general Properties of drug, its discovery process and Rational Drug Design Process using Bioinformatic Tools.
Guidance for Industry and Other StakeholdersToxicological Principles for the...Dmitri Popov
This guidance represents the Food and Drug Administration's (FDA's) current thinking on this topic. It
does not create or confer any rights for or on any person and does not operate to bind FDA or the public.
Citizen Satisfaction with Police: A Pillar of Law Enforcement Governanceinventionjournals
Increasing use of governance practices in public administration have had broad repercussions in law enforcement and policing. As a result, law enforcement services have witnessed significant changes that shifted police from a bureaucratic, incident driven force to a proactive service oriented organization. Among other governance indicators, citizen satisfaction and confidence in law enforcement services has increasingly been one of the central tenets of the governance structures in the contemporary world.In this new era of policing, enhancing community relations and improving the satisfaction of citizens have become the main objective of police departments. This study first explains the governance approach to law enforcement and policing and then focuses on citizen satisfaction with police. It explores the general determinants of citizen satisfaction, and assesses the impact of police citizen encounters on citizen satisfaction with police. Based on the literature and research studies, this article shows that socio-demographic characteristics, such as age, race, gender, and income independently determine the attitudes toward police. Police contact also has a significant effect on satisfaction level. Favorable contacts with police improve citizens’ satisfaction regardless of the type of contact. Residential location of an individual and physical police presence in the neighborhood also affects attitudes toward police.
An observational descriptive study of pattern of pathological changes in live...AI Publications
Background- Autopsy finding in liver with pathological changes are studied. Aim and Objectives- To correlate histopathological findings in the liver with gross examination in routine medicolegal practice of autopsy. To find out the type of liver diseases in relation to age and sex of the studied autopsy cases from the local population. To assess and compare histopathology of liver among accidental deaths, sudden natural deaths and deaths due to poisonings. To compare results of this study with other studies. Suggestion of authenticity of diagnosis from the histopathology findings of liver. Material and Methods- This observational cross section study will be carried out in the department of forensic medicine and toxicology on 100 cases in JLN Medical college and attached hospitals with cooperation from the department of pathology after obtaining due permission from the institutional ethical committee. Conclusion- hepatic lesion can present in various forms at autopsy. Non-neoplastic Lesions should be given equal importance as neoplastic. An enlarged liver does not always indicate malignancy. There are many clinical conditions in which liver are affected as secondary phenomenon. Gross and histo-morphological examination of the tissue can diagnose the liver lesions with great accuracy and is beneficial for patient’s further survival, in setups where facilities to perform liver biopsies are available. Liver should be investigated as a part of routine autopsy procedure in all post-mortem cases.
Toxicology is the branch of science that deals with nature, effects, and detection of poison. The degree to which a substance can harm an organism is called toxicity. The types of toxicity depending upon the time of exposure of the toxicant have been described.
This presentation provides a knowledge about Toxicology, its types , definition, regulatory guidelines for conducting toxicological studies, OECD guidelines for GLP. This is an assignment in the subject, Pharmacological & Toxicological Screening Methods - II, 2nd Semester, M.Pharm (Pharmacology)
QIVIVE extrapolation requires a precise correlation between exposure and the effective chemical concentration at the site where the MIE occurs.
This work demonstrates that intracellular distribution is not ruled only by physical-chemical parameters, rather it is mainly regulated by specific biological-mediated mechanisms. Substances with
apparent chemical similarity may show different distribution profile, as shown by the intra-nuclear distribution of polyphenols. While our results derive from a limited number of substances applied to
one cell line, it is plausible that using different substances and/or different cell lines would also have shown that intracellular distribution is not directly related to physical-chemical parameters.
Chemical uptake should be specifically measured and simple extrapolations based on physical-chemical properties may provide misleading decision
Topic explained as a M.Sc. Microbiology Student point of you. It contains general Properties of drug, its discovery process and Rational Drug Design Process using Bioinformatic Tools.
Guidance for Industry and Other StakeholdersToxicological Principles for the...Dmitri Popov
This guidance represents the Food and Drug Administration's (FDA's) current thinking on this topic. It
does not create or confer any rights for or on any person and does not operate to bind FDA or the public.
Citizen Satisfaction with Police: A Pillar of Law Enforcement Governanceinventionjournals
Increasing use of governance practices in public administration have had broad repercussions in law enforcement and policing. As a result, law enforcement services have witnessed significant changes that shifted police from a bureaucratic, incident driven force to a proactive service oriented organization. Among other governance indicators, citizen satisfaction and confidence in law enforcement services has increasingly been one of the central tenets of the governance structures in the contemporary world.In this new era of policing, enhancing community relations and improving the satisfaction of citizens have become the main objective of police departments. This study first explains the governance approach to law enforcement and policing and then focuses on citizen satisfaction with police. It explores the general determinants of citizen satisfaction, and assesses the impact of police citizen encounters on citizen satisfaction with police. Based on the literature and research studies, this article shows that socio-demographic characteristics, such as age, race, gender, and income independently determine the attitudes toward police. Police contact also has a significant effect on satisfaction level. Favorable contacts with police improve citizens’ satisfaction regardless of the type of contact. Residential location of an individual and physical police presence in the neighborhood also affects attitudes toward police.
Probing into English and Chinese Oral Interpretation Instruction from the Cul...inventionjournals
After reviewing the related literature, this paper summarizes studies about oral interpretation on the base of culture and pragmatics. Then the paper illustrates the function of culture and pragmatics in oral interpretation teaching and analyzes the relationship between culture and oral interpretation as well as the relationship between pragmatics and oral interpretation. And then it discusses about cultural and pragmatic oral interpretation teaching, and points out pragmatics has a significant guiding to oral interpretation teaching. Finally, it suggests that culture and pragmatics should help to facilitate oral interpretation instruction, including the following aspects: increasing pragmatic awareness, implementing teaching in context, emphasizing cultural teaching and employing authentic teaching materials.
Problems such as impracticability and ineffectiveness are encountered in practice in-service training for teachers in Turkey.Although several suggestions have been proposed, the problems still remain. This study illustrates a new way for the development of in-service training, with high school teachers’ opinions, which is in-service trainings enhanced with adult learning characteristics. The participants were determined randomly and administered a 25-item Likert type survey. Results of the survey evaluated statistically by applying t-test and ANOVA. It is found that there is statistically significant difference between teachers in terms of gender, age, seniority and subject field variables. On the basis of the whole paper, teachers are enthusiastic to take part in in-service trainings enhanced with adult learning features rather than traditional ones. At the end of the paper, it is recommended that while preparing in-service training, demographic differences among teachers should be taken into account.
Existance Theory for First Order Nonlinear Random Dfferential Equartioninventionjournals
In this paper, the existence of a solution of nonlinear random differential equation of first order is proved under Caratheodory condition by using suitable fixed point theorem. 2000 Mathematics Subject Classification: 34F05, 47H10, 47H4
Quantitative Digit in a Decoupled Positional System: A New Method of Understa...inventionjournals
The aim of this paper is to propose a new method of understanding and teaching numbers as spatialtemporal experience based on rational elements and components. The method contributes to the solution of the problem that with traditional methods of number representation much of their "inner life" remains hidden, inaccessible to learners. This requires an innovative approach in rethinking on the very basic level of the number system: numerical digits and their organization. The two main ideas of our discovery are: 1) quantitative representation of digits, and 2) decoupling the adjacent positions in a positional numeral system by means of rational phases
Cytoprotective and DNA Protective Activity of Carica Papaya Leaf Extractsinventionjournals
Papaya (Carica papaya Linn) is commonly called as paw-paw and it belongs to the family Caricaceae. The properties of papaya fruit and other parts of the plant are also well known in traditional system of medicine. Papaya possess excellent medicinal properties for treatment of different ailments. These curative properties are based on the presence of phytochemical nutrients with antioxidant effect in different parts of the plant. It is considered as valuable nutraceutical fruit plant due to its biological activity and medicinal application.The present study was designed to determine the Cytoprotective and DNA protective activities of different fractions (Aqueous, Chloroform, Ethanol and Ethyl acetate extracts) of Carica papaya leaves. Cytoprotective capacity was assessed using erythrocytes, where ferrous sulphate was used to induce stress and the ability of the extracts to combat the induced stress was evaluated. The DNA protective potential against free radical-mediated oxidative stress was evaluated by a DNA damage inhibition assay involving agarose gel electrophoresis and UV spectrophotometric analysis. All the four fractions displayed significant cytoprotective effect on erythrocytes and prevented oxidative damage to DNA in presence of DNA damaging agent. Altogether, the results of our study lend pharmacological credence to the anti-cancerous and ethno medical use of this plant in traditional system of medicine and these resultscould be used to develop antimutagenic compounds for cancer therapy.
Genotoxicity Evaluation of Polystyrene Membrane with Collagen and Norbixin by...inventionjournals
The biocompatible membranes are widely applied in the medical field in order to stimulate tissue repair. The biological principle of this type of treatment is the repair and guided regeneration. In the literature, there are few reports of studies evaluating the effects and biological properties of norbixin in animal tissues. Thus, the present study was to evaluate the effect of polystyrene membrane with collagen and norbixin, through the micronucleus test and comet assay in rats, as part of the recommended test battery to evaluate the mutagenic potential. The research project was approved by CEP / FACID Protocol 069/2014. For this study, 15 rats were divided into 3 groups were used: A - the membrane was introduced into the peritoneum of the animals through a laparotomy; B - received cyclophosphamide at a dose of 50mg / kg intraperitoneally; C - were performed only one laparotomy. A peripheral blood sample was collected from the animals for conducting Comet assay and 72 hours after the start of the experiment were euthanized. It was collected bone marrow material of each rat to perform the micronucleus test. In conclusion, through the tests, the membrane is not genotoxic.
Genotoxicity Evaluation of Polystyrene Membrane with Collagen and Norbixin by...
Similar to Cytogenetic, Hematological and Enzymes Levels Parameters in the Biomonitoring of Agricultural Workers Exposed To Pesticides in the State of Piauí, Brazil
Studies show that about 20% of all recognized clinical pregnancies end in spontaneous abortion, mainly in the first trimester. Risk factors associated with the occurrence of a sporadic miscarriage have been established, with genetic factors being the most prevalent. As a problem that affects many couples, it is important to increase the quality of prognosis and diagnosis.
The Role of Bioinformatics in The Drug Discovery ProcessAdebowale Qazeem
The Role of Bioinformatics in The Drug Discovery Process, is an undergraduate seminar presentation in the department of Biochemistry, Faculty of life Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin.
Cytotoxicity of Blended Versus Single Medicinal Mushroom Extracts on Human Ca...Jolene1981
ABSTRACT: The use of mushrooms contributes to human nutrition by providing low lipid content of lipids and high dietary fiber content, as well as significant content of other biologically active compounds such as polysaccharides, minerals, vitamins, and polyphenolic antioxidants. This study aimed to determine the content of polyphenols and polysaccharides, as well as the cytotoxic and antioxidative properties of several medicinal mushroom preparations. The content of total phenols and flavonoids of preparations of blended mushroom extracts (Lentifom, Super Polyporin, Agarikon, Agarikon Plus, Agarikon.1, and Mykoprotect.1) was evaluated quantitatively by using ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy spectrophotometric methods. The antioxidant capacity of the preparations was evaluated using the ABTS (2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) and ferric reducing/antioxidant power assays. The content of water-soluble polysaccharides was determined using a specific gravimetric method, based on ethanol precipitation. To determine cytotoxic effects of single and blended mushroom extracts, MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) and neutral red assays were conducted using human small cell lung cancer, lung adenocarcinoma, colon cancer, and brain astrocytoma cancer cells. The obtained results suggest that due to the significant content of beneficial polyphenolic antioxidants and soluble polysaccharides, use of these mushroom preparations is beneficial in maintaining good health, as well as in the prevention and adjuvant biotherapy of various human pathological aberrations. These results reveal that these extracts exhibit different cytotoxic effects on tumor cells originating from different tissues. In addition, the comparison of investigated blended mushroom extracts with three well-known commercial mushroom products derived from single mushroom species or single mushroom compounds shows that blended mushroom extracts exhibit significantly stronger cytotoxic effects on human tumor cell lines.
Requesting a complete biosensor system in phyto-sourced drug discovery and de...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Evaluation mutagenic potential of pesticides through bioassays with Allium cepaPremier Publishers
The evaluation mutagenic potential of pesticides most used in southeastern Brazil, through bioassays with Allium cepa, it was an important study to understand harmful action of two classes of pesticides widely used in Brazil. The effects significant of cytotoxic and genotoxic in Allium cepa were evaluated in the following concentrations: 10 μL/mL, 25 μL/mL and 50 μL/mL, for Pyraclostrobin and Iminoctadine being in all cases compared to the negative and positive controls. With the results obtained it was possible to verify that the two pesticides have the ability to promote genetic changes. This study is a consequence of numerous complaints about harmful effects these substance, since small changes in DNA can cause irreversible problems the human health.
In silico Drug Design: Prospective for Drug Lead Discoveryinventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Evaluation of resistance profile of pseudomonas aeruginosa with reference to ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Abstract— Occupational exposure to formaldehyde (FA) has been related to adverse outcomes. However, a short period of exposure has never been assessed in terms of evaluating DNA. This study conducted on 39 medical students exposed to FA in a university laboratory of human anatomy and aimed to analyze the relationship between FA exposure and DNA damage. The buccal micronucleus cytome assay (BMCyt) was used to evaluate the students at four time points: before FA exposure, after four months of FA exposure, after eight months of FA exposure and after three months without FA exposure (remission period). Pyknotic cells, karyolitic cells, karyorrhetic cells, condensed chromatin, binucleated cells, basal cells differentiated cells, micronucleated cells and nuclear bridges were enumerated. This study shows that FA exposure caused genomic instability in all periods and the remission period was not sufficient to reverse all damage. Thus, prolonged occupational exposure to FA not only causes DNA damage but a shorter exposure period can have the same effect.
Toxicology testing, also known as safety assessment, or toxicity testing, is conducted to determine the degree to which a substance can damage a living or non-living organism. It is often conducted by researchers using standard test procedures to comply with governing regulations, for example for medicines and pesticides. Much toxicology is considered to be part of the field of preclinical development. Stages of in vitro and in vivo research are conducted to determine safe doses of exposure in humans before a first-in-man study. Toxicology testing may be conducted by the pharmaceutical industry, biotechnology companies or contract research organizations.
Drug development is a high-risk enterprise. The typical new drug takes 10-12 years to get to market and costs up to $500 million. Pharmaceutical companies face continually increasing challenges in drug development— shorter product life cycles, global competition, as well as daunting technical and regulatory hurdles. Meanwhile, as a result of the Human Genome Project and high throughput drug development methods, there are many more drug candidates to test. Thus, there is growing pressure on pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical companies.
Looking for insights into current global regulatory expectations for viral safety? Read the special report from BioProcess International, in collaboration with Martin Wisher, Senior Regulatory Consultant focusing on BioReliance biosafety® services.
Viral Risk Mitigation - A Global Regulatory PerspectiveMilliporeSigma
Looking for insights into current global regulatory expectations for viral safety? Read the special report from BioProcess International, in collaboration with Martin Wisher, Senior Regulatory Consultant focusing on BioReliance biosafety® services.
Presentation from the International Life Sciences Institute, India - "Scientific Workshop on Safety Assessment of GM Foods" held on 14-15 October, 2015 in New Delhi, India
Similar to Cytogenetic, Hematological and Enzymes Levels Parameters in the Biomonitoring of Agricultural Workers Exposed To Pesticides in the State of Piauí, Brazil (20)
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
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Cytogenetic, Hematological and Enzymes Levels Parameters in the Biomonitoring of Agricultural Workers Exposed To Pesticides in the State of Piauí, Brazil
1. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention
ISSN (Online): 2319 – 6718, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 670X
www.ijpsi.org Volume 5 Issue 4 ‖ July 2016 ‖ PP. 27-34
www.ijpsi.org 27 | Page
Cytogenetic, Hematological and Enzymes Levels Parameters in
the Biomonitoring of Agricultural Workers Exposed To Pesticides
in the State of Piauí, Brazil
Tatiana Vieira Souza Chaves1
, Fabrício Pires de Moura do Amaral2*
,
Guilherme Castro Lima Silva do Amaral2
, Sarah Izabelly Alves Lemos2
,
Aracelli de Sousa Leite3
, José Machado Moita Neto4
,
Ana Amélia de Carvalho Melo Cavalcante5
,Samylla Miranda Monte6
,
Manoel Odorico de Moraes7
, Maria Elisabete Amaral de Moraes7
1
Department of Health the State of Piauí – Board of Health Surveillance/Occupational Health Reference Center
(DIVISA/CEREST), Teresina, Piauí, Brazil, and Federal University of Ceará (UFC), Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil -
Post Graduation Program in Pharmacology
2
State University of Piauí (UESPI) - Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Biological Studies Slurs
(LABMINBIO / UESPI), Teresina, Piauí, Brazil.
3
Lutheran University of Brazil (ULBRA), Canoas, Rio Grande do Sul - Post Graduation Program in Genetics
and Applied Toxicology
4
Federal University of Piauí (UFPI) - Post Graduation Program in Chemistry;
5
Federal University of Piauí (UFPI) - Program of Post Graduation Studies in Pharmaceutical Sciences;
6
Center for Research in Biotechnology and Biodiversity (NPBio) of the State University of Piauí (UFPI)
Teresina, PI, Brazil.
7
Federal University of Ceará (UFC), Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil - Post Graduation Program in Pharmacology
ABSTRACT: Studies have demonstrated genotoxic effects by the presence of micronucleus in exfoliated cells
from the buccal mucosa of agricultural workers exposed to pesticides. This study has assessed the genotoxic
effects of pesticides on 61 agricultural workers from the state of Piauí, Brazil. 31 individuals were exposed to
pesticides and 30 are from the same area, but were not involved in pesticides application. Cytogenetic damage
were evaluated through micronucleus test in cells from the buccal mucosa and some parameters such as
hematological and levels of enzymes. Exposed individuals exhibited cytogenetic damage with increased number
of micronuclei in cells from the buccal mucosa in comparison with subjects from the control group with
significant statistical difference (P < 0.01). We perceive that there is a statistically no significant (P > 0.05)
increase in levels of plasmatic and eritrocytaireacetylcholinesterase and no statistically significant increase of
phosphatase alkaline were detected in exposed workers in relation to the control group. No association was
found in relation to smoking habits, alcohol consumption, protection utensils and the biomarkers analyzed or
the biochemical analysis. Analysis of variance revealed a correlation between occupational exposure to
pesticides of workers in Piauí and the presence of micronuclei (P < 0.05).
Keywords: Micronuclei, Pesticides, Farmers.
I. Introduction
The use of pesticides in agriculture represents a threat not only to the environment but also to the human
populations exposed to them. Pesticides (fungicides, insecticides, and herbicides) form the largest group of
poisonous compounds that are intentionally scattered through out the environment for combating agricultural
damage. Pesticides are toxic substances, at both genetic and the metabolic levels. Many of these compounds are
classified as carcinogenic by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) [1]. Some studies have
demonstrated that pesticides can represent potential risks to human health, such as the presence of different
symptoms, which includes neuritis, psychiatric manifestations, electroencephalograph changes [2], as well as
neurological, immune, metabolic, and endocrine problems [3]. Occupational exposure to pesticides has been
associated with genetic damage [4], lymphoma and leukemia [5], and cancer in the absence of reparation
processes [6].
DNA damage and chromosomal aberrations are the most important critical events following the exposure to
genotoxic and/or carcinogenic agents. Human biological monitoring is a tool of great interest in cancer risks
assessment once it allows estimating genetic risks deriving from environmental exposure to pesticides (complex
mixture). Biomarkers such as micronucleus (MN) test provide information about DNA damage. The increase in
the frequency of MN as an intermediate endpoint of carcinogenesis has received much support in the specialized
2. Cytogenetic, Hematological And Enzymes Levels Parameters In The Biomonitoring Of Agricultural…
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studies, but stronger evidence is available concerning the association between rate of structural chromosome
aberration and cancer risks [7, 8]. Monitoring studies using somatic cells have been extensively conducted to
evaluate the possible genotoxic and occupational risks. MN test is a very promising biomarker to the
predictability of cancer [9]. MN are defined as small, round, cytoplasmic bodies, containing DNA, formed
during cell division by loss of both acentric chromatin fragments and whole chromosomes. This chromatin loss
can be induced by different mutagens in vivo and in vitro. Thus, MN test can detect both structural and
numerical chromosome aberrations [10].
The buccal epithelium is composed of four strata, including the basal cell layer, pickle cell layer, and
intermediate and superficial layers, in which the cells reproduce them in a system of continuos cell renewal. In
this system new cells produced by mitosis in the basal layer migrate to the surface to replace those that are dead.
Thus exfoliated cells from the buccal mucosa are in constant contact with the environment, what suggests that
oral epithelium is an important target site for inhaled toxicants. Assessment of cytogenetic damage in exfoliated
cells from the buccal mucosa by MN test is a sensitive approach to monitor the toxic effects of pollutants in
humans [9, 11], as well as a useful biomarker of genetic damage [12].
Agricultural workers to Piauí were exposed to great number of pesticides include the fungicides, insecticides
and herbicides, some of them classified as being carcinogenic by US Environmental Protection Agency (US-
EPA) (Available at:www.pan-uK.org/pestnews/pn51p18.htm. [13]and International Agency for Research on
Cancer (IARC) [1].
The goal of this study was to analyze the effects of genotoxics (cytogenetic damage) caused by occupational
exposure to pesticides in agricultural workers from Piauí, Brasil, by the measurement of MN in exfoliated cells
from the buccal mucosa, as well as to measure the biochemical parameters and enzymes levels aiming at the
monitoring of occupational risks due to the use of pesticides.
II. Material And Methods
2.1 Population studied and sample collection
The population studied consisted of 31 male workers exposed to pesticides in the agricultural explorations of
Piauí flat lands and of a control group, comprised of 30 male workers selected from agricultural workers with no
history of contact with pesticides or any particular environmental agent in their occupation. Each individual
consented to take part in the research and filled in a detailed questionnaire, according to International
Commission for Protection against Environmental Mutagens and Carcinogens (ICPEMC) [14]. The standard
questionnaire covered general questions (ethnic group, age, smoking habits, alcohol consumption), occupational
information (working hours/day, years of exposure, and protective measures), as well as medical information
(exposure to X-rays, medication). The ethic committee of he Universidade Federal doCeará (UFC), Fortaleza,
Ceará, Brazil approved the study. Informed consent was obtained from each individual prior to the beginning of
the study.
2.2 Hematological study
Freshly collected blood samples were analyzed for hematological assay, using an automatic analyzer Sysmex-
KX21, from Japan. The different tested hematological parameters were as follow: hemoglobin (Hb),
measurement of the total Hb g/dl of blood, hematocrit (HCT), measurement of red blood cells percentage
(RBCs) in whole blood and total RBC count, total number of RBC per ml of blood.
2.3 Enzyme analysis
Levels of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) plasmatic and AChEeritrocytaire and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were
measured in red blood cells, according to Maroni et al. [15]. To minimize the variability, the same researcher
carried out all the microscopic analysis.
2.4 Protein contents
The protein concentration was determined by biuret assay [16]. The intensity of the purple color produced was
measured at 520 nm, compared with a standard of bovine serum albumin, and submitted to electrophoresis. The
intensity of the color is proportional to the total protein concentration in the sample determined from the
calibration curve.
2.5 Micronucleus test (exfoliated cells from the buccal mucosa)
The micronucleus test was carried out on exfoliated cells from the buccal mucosa of 61 workers, according to
Salaijaet al. [17]. Buccal cell samples were obtained by rubbing the inside of the cheeks of each studied subjects
with a toothbrush. The cells were collected in sample bottles containing 20 ml of buffer solution (0.1 M EDTA,
0.01 Tris–HCl, and 0.02 M NaCl, pH 7) and transported to our institute for processing. After three washes in the
buffer solution, by centrifugation at 4000 rpm for 10 min, 50 ml of cell suspension was dropped onto preheated
3. Cytogenetic, Hematological And Enzymes Levels Parameters In The Biomonitoring Of Agricultural…
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(55ºC) slides and allowed to air dry for 15 min on a slide warmer. The slides were fixed at 80% cold methanol
for 30 min, air-dried overnight at room temperature and stored at ~20ºC until use. The slides were stained by
May-Grunwald-Giesma. A total of 3000 cells/subject (i.e. 1000 from each of the duplicate slides) were scored
blind, on coded slides, by one observer using an optical microscopy at a magnification of 1000x. The total
number of micronuclei (MN) in buccal cells was determined for each studied subject. MN scoring followed
prior established criteria. MN were identified according to the following criteria: spherical cytoplasmic
inclusions with a defined contour, diameter smaller than approximately 1/3 of the main nucleus, color and
texture similar to the nucleus, and absence of contact with the nucleus. Cells with more than four MN were
discarded to exclude apoptotic phenomena.
2.6 Statistical analysis
Data were analyzed using the SPSS package for Windows (Version 13). Values are expressed as mean±
standard deviation (S.D.). The mean values of each group were compared through the use of One-way analysis
of Variance (ANOVA), followed by Dunnett’s Multiple Comparisons test. P-values of less than 0.05 were
considered significant. Statistical differences between the control group and workers exposed to pesticides were
considered significant at P< 0.01 or P< 0.05 by Student’s T-test.
III. Results
The effects of occupational exposure to pesticides on the level of genetic damage of those workers who suffered
the exposure to pesticides in Piauí and those individuals from the control group were assessed by micronucleus
frequency in exfoliated cells from the buccal mucosa. In this biomonitoring study, we investigated whether an
occupational exposure to a complex mixture of chemical pesticides produced a significant increase of
micronuclei (MN) in cells from the buccal mucosa. Table 01 shows the main characteristics of the population
studied.
Table 01: Characteristics of the studied population.
Control group Exposed group
Number of subjects 30 31
Age (years)a
38 ± 9.88 35 ± 12,9
Range (years) 22 - 55 20 - 61
Ethnic group
Mixed race 74.5% 70 %
Smoking habits
Smokers
Non smokers
37.5%
62.5%
53.2%
46.8%
Alcohol drinkers 56.5% 35.3%
Protective measures 30 (100 %) 48,4%
Working hours/week 30 (100%) 29 (61.2 %)
a
Mean ± S.D
As shown in Table 01, the number of studied individuals in the exposed group (n = 31) and in the control group
(n = 30).Agricultural workers included in this study were also exposed to a great number of different pesticides
(Table 02) some of them classified as being carcinogenic by US Environmental Protection Agency (US-EPA)
[13].
Results of this study indicated that occupational exposure to pesticides induced a significant increase in the level
of genotoxicity on agricultural workers from Piauí. The workers exposed to pesticides revealed a significant (P
< 0.01) induction of MN, when compared with those from the control group (0.4 versus 6.04, for those exposed
for one year (Table 03), and 0.4 versus 7.04, for those exposed for ten years). Nevertheless, it is important to
note that no significant (P > 0.01) increase is observed for MN frequency in relation to the exposed groups (for
one or ten years).
Table 02: The most used pesticides by exposed group
Pesticides Compound Chemicalclass US EPA classificationa
WHO clasificationb
Fungicides Benomyl
Captan
Carbendazim
Mancozeb
Mancozeb-metalaxyl M
BenzimidazoleThiophthalimide
BenzimidazoleDithiocarbamate
Dithiocarbamate
Possible Human Carcinogen
Carcinogenicity in animal
Possible Human Carcinogen
Carcinogenicity in animal
Carcinogenicity in animal
Not available
C
C/M
M
M
Insecticides Buprofezin
Butocarboxim
Deltamethrin
Dimethoate
Endosulfan
Fosmethilan
Triazine
N-Methyl CarbamatePyretroid
OrganophosphorusOrganochlori
neOrganophosphorus
Chloro-nicotinyl
-
-
Not likely
Possible Human Carcinogen
Not likely
-
C
-
-
-
M
-
4. Cytogenetic, Hematological And Enzymes Levels Parameters In The Biomonitoring Of Agricultural…
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Imidacloprid Non-carcinogenicity to
humans
M
Herbicides Glyphosate
Linuron
Phosphonoglycine
Urea
Non-carcinogenicity to
humans
Possible Human Carcinogen
-
C
a
US Environmental Protection Agency (13). b
World Health Organization. (29): Mutagenicity (M) and carcinogenitity (C)
experimental data.
Table 03: Effects of time of exposure on MN of buccal mucosa of agricultural workers from Piauí exposed to
pesticides.
N MN/3.000 cells Micronucleus frequency (%)
Control group 30 0.4 ± 0.8
(0-2)
0.0 ± 0.0
Exposed group 31 6.35 ± 3.7**
(1-13 )
0.21 ± 0.12
Exposed group for one year 21 6.04 ± 3.7**
(1-10)
0.20 ± 0.12
Exposed group for ten years 10 7. 04 ± 4.3**
(1-13)
0.23 ± 0.14
Means ± S.D. (n = number of individuals). Significantly different from control group (**P <
0.01), according to Student’s T-Test.
No significant, statistical increase in number of MN was observed in those exposed to pesticides in relation to
those from the control group, regarding the confounding factors: smoking, alcohol consumption, protective
measures (data not shown). However, in relation to the time of exposure (one or ten years) a statistically
significant (P < 0.05) increase in number of MN was observed in those who smoked and/or consumed alcohol,
and were exposed for more than ten years (Table 04).
Table 04: Smokers, X-rays exposure, alcohol consumers and protective measures on MN in the population
exposed to pesticides.
Parameters Exposure 1 year Exposure 10 years
n MN/3.000
cells
Micronucleus
frequency (%)
n MN/3.000 cells Micronucleus
frequency (%)
Smoking
No smoking
X-rays
No exposure to X-rays
Protective measures
No protective measures
Alcohol consumers
Not alcohol consumers
15
6
12
9
10
11
15
6
6.36 ± 4.07
6.35 ± 3.57
6.33 ± 4.06
5.86 ± 3.60
6.36 ± 3.70
6.18 ± 3.76
6.27 ± 3.37
5.63 ± 4.60
0.20 ± 0.12
0.20 ± 0.13
0.21 ± 0.13
0.19 ± 0.12
0.21 ± 0.12
0.20 ± 0.12
0.20 ± 0.11
0.18 ± 0.15
5
5
2
8
5
5
4
6
9.40 ± 4.00*
5.00 ± 3.80
5.00 ± 1.40
7.75 ± 4.70
7.60 ± 4.10
6.80 ± 5.00
8.50 ± 4.79*
6.33 ± 4.30
0.31 ± 0.13
0.16 ± 0.12
0.16 ± 0.04
0.25 ± 0.15
0.25 ± 0.13
0.22 ± 0.16
0.28 ± 0.15
0.21 ± 0.14
Means ± S.D. (n = number of individuals). Significant differences were observed in workers exposed to ten
years regarding drinking and smoking group* (P < 0.05), according to Student’s T - Test.
Although not statistically significant, an increase of Biochemical study in exposed population in relation the
date observed in negative control (Table 04). In this work, we found no significant (P > 0.05) increases in
almost all biomarkers of haematological study in workers exposed (Table 05), enzyme analysis AChEs (Figure
1 and 2) and alkaline phosphatase (Figure 3) and total protein in comparisons the control group and maxim and
minim normal reference, except by AChE plasmatic in 13, 22 and 23 individuals (Figure 1) and 7, 10, 12 e 13
individuals by AChEeritrocytaire (Figure 2) and 10 individual by alkaline phosphatase in comparison with
minimal normal reference (P < 0.05). No association was found in relation to biochemical study, enzyme
dosage, and total protein and frequency of micronuclei (P>0.05) in the groups exposed to pesticides.
Table 05: Biochemical study of the groups exposed to pesticides.
Biochemical Analysis N3
Normal reference Valor determined4
Men ± DV
Ureia1
28 15 a 40 mg/dl 19 a 46 mg/dl 34.40 ± 6.82
Ureia2
17 15 a 40 mg/dl 25 a 43 mg/dl 34.11 ± 4.96
Creatinin1
27 0.4 a 1.3 mg/gl 0.4 a 1.3 mg/gl 0.80 ± 0.27
Creatinin2
17 0.4 a 1.3 mg/gl 0.6 a 1.4 mg/gl 1.01 ± 0.23
TGO1
27 4.0 a 36 mg/dl 10 a 37 mg/dl 20.84 ± 6.45
TGO2
17 4.0 a 36 mg/dl 8 a 38 mg/dl 22.14 ± 7.92
TGP1
27 4.0 a 32 mg/dl 8 a 35. mg/dl 19.20 ± 6.57
TGP2
18 4.0 a 32 mg/dl 8 a 43mg/dl 20.11 ± 8.62
Gamaglobulin gt1
28 7 a 47 U/L 11.3 a 115 UL 28.34 ± 20.61
Gamaglobulin gt2
17 7 a 47 U/L 10.5 a 74 UL 27.87± 14.76
Total protein 1
28 6 a 8 g/dl 6.4 a 9.1 g/dl 18.21 ± 16.59
5. Cytogenetic, Hematological And Enzymes Levels Parameters In The Biomonitoring Of Agricultural…
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Total protein 2
17 6 a 8 g/dl 6.6 a 8.4 g/dl 7.59 ± 0.41
Albumin1
27 3.5 a 5.5 g/dl 2.8 a 4.9 g/dl 3.6593± 0.45
Albumin 2
17 3.5 a 5.5 g/dl 3.6 a 4.8 g/dl 3.97±0.29
Leucocytos1
17 5000 K/UL 6700 - 9500 K/UL 8035.2941±844.79
Hemoglobin1
28 11.8 G/DL 8.61 - 6.40 G/DL 13.53±1.67
Hematocrit 1
28 36% 23.90 – 52.40 % 44.31±5.45
Plaquetas1
28 150.000 K/L 223000 – 549000 K/L 363785.71±91803.87
Plaquetas2
15 150.000 K/L 230000 – 568000 KL 402400.0000±105237.69
1
Data obtained in first collection; 2
Data obtained in first collection; 3
Number of individuals; 4
Mean of all
individuals.
Fig. 1 Analysis of enzyme ACHE plasmatic in individuals from the exposed group.
Fig. 2 Analysis of ACHE eritroplasmatic in individuals from exposed group.
Fig. 3 Level of alkaline phosphatase in individuals from the exposed group.
IV. Discussion
In the present study, we evaluate whether or not occupational exposure to a complex mixture of pesticides
results in a significant increase of micronuclei in buccal cells. Many of these compounds are capable of inducing
mutationsin DNA, leading to several diseases including cancer. Individuals occupationally exposed to pesticides
who are in direct contact with these chemicals may provide a good opportunity to study their adverse health
consequences. Widespread use of pesticides in agriculture represents a threatnot only to the environment but
also to the human populations exposedto them [18, 19].
A monitoring study to evaluate DNA damage in exfoliated cells from the buccal mucosa of a group of male
workers exposed to pesticides by using biomarkers of genotoxicity is necessary in order to prevent cancer
6. Cytogenetic, Hematological And Enzymes Levels Parameters In The Biomonitoring Of Agricultural…
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development. The main objective of this study was to detect whether the exposure to pesticides induces an
increase in the levels of cytogenetic damage in the cells from the buccal mucosa of agricultural workers
fromPiauí. The study was carried out simultaneously in workers exposed to pesticides and a control group. In
this study, batteries of hematological study and enzyme analysis were used to evaluate a complete range of toxic
damage in agricultural workers from both the exposed groups and those from the control group (data not
shown). In the present study, we wanted to assess whether prolonged exposure to complex mixtures of
pesticides leads to an increase in cytogenetic damage (Table 03). In relation to exfoliated cells from the buccal
mucosa, the population exposed to pesticides showed a higher MN frequency, attaining significant differences
(P < 0.01). No statistical difference was observed in frequency of micronucleus in relation to haematological
and enzyme analysis (P > 0.05).
Considering the time exposure, a significant increase (P < 0.05) in number of MN was measured only within the
group with longer duration of exposure (10 years) in comparison with the control group (Table 03). An increase
in the cytogenetic effects, such as MN increased frequency, might be caused because of individual genetic
characteristics or cumulative damage of the genotoxic components induced by the complex mixture of
pesticides. The majority of the studies on cytogenetic biomarkers in pesticide-exposed workers have indicated
some dose-dependent effects, along with the increasing duration or intensity of exposure [19, 20, and 17]
showed no correlation between various biomarkers in the evaluation of genotoxic damage in a group of workers
exposure to petroleum. Chromosomal damage, as a result of inefficient or incorrect DNA repair, is expressed
during the cell division and represents an index of accumulated genotoxic effects [21].
Results obtained from this study indicate that there was a significant (P < 0.01) increase in the MN of the group
exposed to pesticides as compared to the control group. Increase in MN frequencies in the group of agricultural
workers exposed to agrotoxics was well reported in lymphocytes or buccal cells [22]. Other workers have also
confirmed the induction of cytogenetic damage after exposure to pesticides indicating lack of chromosomal
damage related to pesticide exposure [17, 18].
While interpreting the results, smoking habits was kept in consideration to describe any possible interference of
tobacco, but no correlation (P > 0.05) was found in relation to the increase of MN and habits
(smoking/drinking), age, adoption of protective measures (Table 04), or in relation to the exposed workers (1
and 10 years) in relation to the control group. No association was found between tobacco smoking and
evaluation of genotoxicity in a group of workers from a petroleum refinery aromatics plant [20]. The results
obtained are also consistent with other studies which evaluated genetic damage in humans after exposure to
anesthetics gases in Indian hospitals. Likewise, no association was found between years of exposure, smoking,
age, gender, alcohol consumption and higher levels of genetic damage as assessed by the chromosomal
aberration (P > 0.05) [17,19,23]. The influence of smoking in cytogenetic damage (MN) in relation to the time
exposure (Table 03) was observed within the exposed group. The lack of association observed between MN
frequencies and tobacco exposure was also observed by other authors [17, 22].
Duration of exposure (years of employment) has been positively correlated with cytogenetic damage.
Apparently, clastogenic effects seem to be cumulative for continuous exposure to pesticide mixtures [19]. It
indicated that the protection measures did not have obvious influence on the genotoxic effects of vincristine
[10]. However, no good correlation between years of exposure and six parameters was observed (P > 0.05). Age
did not show any positive correlation with the increase in MN. Such increase in MN can only be attributed to
duration of exposure.
Increased number of MN in agricultural workers exposed to pesticides for 10 years was observed (Table 04).
The clastogenic effects seem to be cumulative for continuous exposure to pesticide mixtures. People chronically
exposed are more susceptible to the clastogenic action of pesticides [19]. Association between years of
employment and MN frequency has been demonstrated in farmer populations as a result of a continuous
exposure to a complex mixture of pesticides [24]. Duration of exposure (years of employment) has been
positively correlated with cytogenetic damage. Apparently, clastogenic effects seem to be cumulative for
continuous exposure to pesticide mixtures [19]. It indicated that the protection measure did not have obvious
influence on the genotoxic effects of vincristine. The protection measures did not have obvious influence in the
cytogenetic damage of workers exposed to pesticides. The similar situation appeared in our previous
investigation of cytogenetic effect in workers occupationally exposed to vincristine [10].
Organophosphate pesticides are cholinesterase inhibitors and are extensively used in agriculture. Cholinesterase
inhibition is an indirect indicator used to monitor organophosphates exposure [25]. They can also cause
hepatotoxicity [26]. Studies on organochloride insecticides in animals and humans have detected hepatotoxicity
at high and low doses, which might be linked to hepatic enzyme induction [15].
Acetylcholinesterase activity in blood can be biomarkers in environmental and occupational organophosphrous.
Studies have demonstrated that the exposure to pesticides causes the decrease of 25% in the level of enzyme
activity [27]. The inhibition of acetylcholinesterases by organophosphorous compounds is well known, resulting
in the accumulation of endogenenous acetylcholine responsible for toxicity in the nervous system.
7. Cytogenetic, Hematological And Enzymes Levels Parameters In The Biomonitoring Of Agricultural…
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Measurements of acetylcholinesterase activity in red blood cells have routinely been performed to survey
exposure to environmental organophosphates that caused the decrease in ACHE activity [9]. In this study, we
discovered that there was not a good correlation (P>0.05) between MN and haematologics parameters and
enzyme analysis in workers. However, the induction by pesticides of enzymes implicated in the activation of
ubiquitous exogenous and endogenous genotoxic compounds that could increase their genotoxicity [27]. There
are few papers indicating that occupational exposure to this ACHE inhibiting insecticide might be connected to
increased risk of developing non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma and lung cancer [28].
Pesticides constitute a heterogeneous category of chemicals specifically designed for the control of pests, weeds
or plant diseases. Pesticides have been considered potential chemical mutagens: experimental data revealed that
various agrochemical ingredients possess mutagenic properties inducing mutations, chromosomal alterations or
DNA damage. Biological monitoring provides a useful tool to estimate the genetic risk deriving from an
integrated exposure to a complex mixture of chemicals. Studies available in scientific literature have essentially
focused on cytogenetic end-points to evaluate the potential genotoxicity of pesticides in occupationally exposed
populations, including pesticide manufacturing workers, pesticide applicators, floriculturists and farm workers.
A positive association between occupational exposure to complex pesticide mixtures and the presence of
chromosomal aberrations (CA), sister-chromatid exchanges (SCE) and micronuclei (MN) has been detected in
the majority of the studies, although a number of these failed to detect cytogenetic damage [19,30,31].
The results showed that the cytogenetic markers of workers exposed to pesticides significantly increased when
compared with those of the control group. These cytogenetic changes might originate in the cumulative effect of
the many chemical compounds that are present in the mixture of pesticides. However, the cause of this genetic
damage cannot be attributed to only a single genotoxic agent due to the mixed constitution of pesticides.
Biological monitoring of exposure to pesticides has a great importance to the evaluation of DNA damage in
agricultural workers. The micronucleus test carried out in exfoliated cells from the buccal mucosa of agricultural
workers provides a feasible approach to monitor the effects of occupational genotoxic agents in humans.
In conclusion, the increase in MN frequencies in agricultural workers from Piauí indicates that the genetic
damage caused by exposure to pesticides suggests potential health implications. A comprehensive assessment of
the real toxic and genotoxic potential for pesticides in agricultural workers from Piauí, Brazil is needed. The use
of biomarkers establishes a connection between a certain exposure to pesticides contaminants and the increased
risks to the health of individuals and populations. Biomarkers are used in the evaluation of environmental and
occupational risks, as well as in the search of information about human health for future interventions.
Acknowledgements
Thisworkwascarried out with financial supportfromthe Secretaria de Saúde do Estado do Piauí-Divisão de
Vigilância Sanitária, Teresina, Piauí.
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