for class IX

2. Components of Food
All living organisms need food.
 Food supplies proteins, carbohydrates,
fats, vitamins and minerals, all of which
we require for body development,
growth and health.
 Both plants and animals are major
sources of food for us. We obtain most
of this food from agriculture and
animal husbandry.

3. Need for improvement in crop
production in India
 India is a very populous country. Our
population is more than one billion
people,and it is still growing. As food
for this growing population, we will
soon need more than a quarter of a
billion tonnes of grain every year.
 This can be done by farming on more
land.
 But India is already intensively
cultivated. As a result, we do not
have any major scope for increasing
the area of land under cultivation.
 Therefore, it is necessary to increase
our production efficiency for both
crops and livestock.

5. Green revolution & White revolution
 The green revolution,
which contributed to
increased food-grain
production.
 white revolution,
which has led to
better and more
efficient use as well
as availability of milk.

6. Plants- Types of nutrients
 Cereals such as wheat, rice, maize, millets and sorghum
provide us carbohydrate for energy requirement.
 Pulses like gram (chana),pea (matar), black gram (urad),
green gram (moong), pigeon pea (arhar), lentil
(masoor),provide us with protein.
 Oil seeds including soyabean, ground nut, sesame, castor,
mustard, linseed and sunflower provide us with necessary
fats
 Vegetables, spices and fruits provide a range of vitamins
and minerals in addition to small amounts of proteins,
carbohydrates and fats.
 In addition to these food crops, fodder crops like berseem,
oats or sudan grass are raised as food for the livestock

7. Factors which influence growth &
flowering
 Different crops require different climatic
conditions, temperature and photoperiods
for their growth and completion of their
life cycle.
Photoperiods are related to the duration
of sunlight. Growth of plants and
flowering are dependent on sunlight.

8. Kharif & Rabi crops
 Kharif crops
 There are some crops, which are grown in rainy
season, called the kharif season from the month
of June to October
 Paddy, soyabean, pigeon pea, maize, cotton,
green gram and black gram are kharif crops
 Rabi crops
 some of the crops are grown in the winter
season, called the rabi season from November
to April
 wheat, gram,peas, mustard, linseed are Rabi
crops.

9. Practices involved improving crop
yields
 1• Crop variety improvement
 2• Crop production improvement
 3• Crop protection management

10. Crop variety improvement
 The improved crop should consist of
desirable characters
 It involves two methods
 1. Hybridisation
 2. Genetic modification

11. Hybridisation
 It is a natural or artificial process that results in the
formation of a hybrid. Two genetically dissimilar plants are
taken. These plants have a set of desirable characters.
These plants have a set of desirable characters. These
plants are cross- bred (means pollen of one plant used to
fertilize ovule of another plant.
 The resultant plant i.e. the hybrid may have favourable
characters from both parent plants. This crossing may be
 1.Intervarietal (between different varieties)
 2.Interspecific (between two different species of the same
genus)
 3. Intergeneric (between different genera).

13. Genetic modification
 GMO is a genetically
modified crop (organism) A
gene for a desirable
character is introduced in a
plant using scientific
technique. The resultant
plant is a GMO.

14. Charecters of Hybrid variety
 Some of the factors for which variety improvement is done are:
 1• Higher yield: To increase the productivity of the crop per
acre.
 2• Improved quality: Quality considerations of crop products
vary from crop to crop. Baking quality is important in wheat,
protein quality in pulses, oil quality in oilseeds and preserving
quality in fruits and vegetables.
 3• Biotic and abiotic resistance: Crops production can go down
due to biotic (diseases, insects and nematodes) and abiotic
(drought, salinity, water logging, heat, cold and frost) stresses
under different situations. Varieties resistant to these stresses
can improve crop production.

15.  4.Change in maturity duration: The shorter the
duration of the crop from sowing to harvesting, the more
economical is the variety. Such short durations allow farmers
to grow multiple rounds of crops in a year.Short duration also
reduces the cost of crop production. Uniform maturity makes
the harvesting process easy and reduces losses during
harvesting.
 5. Wider adaptability: Developing varieties for wider
adaptability will help in stabilising the crop production under
different environmental conditions. One variety can then be
grown under different climatic conditions in different areas.
 6• Desirable agronomic characteristics:
 Depends on crops
 For fodder crops- Tallness & profuse branching are
desirable •
 For cereal crops- dwarf variety is desirable since fewer
nutrients would be consumed.

16. Crop production management
 Many times production is related to
inputs. These inputs require money.
Based on this, the production practices
can be:
-No cost
Low cost
High cost

17. Nutrient Management:
 A nutrient is food or chemicals that an
organism needs to live and grow or
a substance used in an organism's
metabolism which must be taken in from
its environment.

18. Crop production improvement
 It involves
 1. Nutrient management
 2. Irrigation
 3. Cropping patterns

19. Type of nutrient:
 Macronutrients (6) – required in large
quantities (C, H, O, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S)
 Micronutrients (7) – required in less
quantities
The chemical elements consumed in the greatest quantities by plants
are carbon, hydrogen,and oxygen. These are present in the
environment in the form of water and carbon dioxide;
Energy is provided by sunlight. Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and
sulfur are also needed In relatively large quantities. Together, these
are the elemental macronutrients for plants,often represented by the
acronym CHNOPS.

20. NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT
 Just as we need food for development,
growth and well-being, plants also require
nutrients for growth. Nutrients are
supplied to plants by air, water and soil.
 There are sixteen nutrients which are
essential for plants. Air supplies carbon
and oxygen, hydrogen comes from water,
and soil supplies the other thirteen
nutrients to plants.

21. Macro& Micro nutrients
 Amongst these thirteen nutrients, six are
required in large quantities and are
therefore called macronutrients.
 The other seven nutrients are used by
plants in small quantities and are
therefore called micro-nutrients

22. How to enrich soil in nutrients:
 by using manures and
fertilizers
 Manure is Organic material
that is used to fertilize land,
usually consisting of the feces
and urine of domestic
livestock, with or without litter
such as straw, hay, or bedding.
 Though livestock manure is
less rich in nitrogen,
phosphorus, and potash than
synthetic fertilizers and
therefore must be applied in
much greater quantities, it is
rich in organic matter, or
humus, and thus improves
thecapacity of the soil to
absorb and store water,
thereby preventing erosion.

23. Fertilizers
 Fertilizers are chemical
compounds given to plants to
promote growth;
 They are usually applied either
through the soil, for uptake by
plant roots, or by foliar feeding,
for up take through leaves.
Fertilizers can be organic
(composed of organic matter),
or inorganic (made of simple,
inorganic chemicals or
minerals).

24. Types of manures
 Based on the kind of biological material
used, manures can be classified as-
 Compost
 Vermicompost
 Green manure

25. Compost
 .
Compost is a finely
divided, loose
material consisting
of decomposed
organic matter. It is
primarily used as a
plant nutrient and
soil conditioner to
stimulate crop
growth

26. Vermicompost:
 The method of composting
becomes faster by using
certain species of
earthworms
 Vermicompost is an organic
manure (bio-fertilizer)
produced as the vermicast
by earth
 worm feeding on biological
waste material; plant
residues. This compost is an
odourless,clean, organic
material containing adequate
quantities of N, P, K and
severa micronutrients
essential for plant growth.

27. Advantages: Vermicompost
 It is a preferred nutrient source for
organic farming.
 It is eco-friendly,
 Non-toxic
 Consumes low energy input for
composting It
 It is a recycled biological product.

28. Green Manure:
 Green manure is a type of
cover crop grown primarily
to add nutrients and
organic matter to the soil.
Typically, a green manure
crop is grown for a specific
period, and then ploughed
under and incorporated into
the soil.
 Green manures usually
perform multiple functions,
which include soil
improvement and soil
protection:

29. Advantages of green manure
 Leguminous green
manures contain
nitrogen-fixing symbiotic
bacteria in root nodules
that fix atmospheric
nitrogen in a form that
plants can use.
 Green manures increase
the percentage of organic
matter (biomass) in the
soil,
 There by improving water
retention, aeration, and
other soil characteristics

30. Organic Farming:
 Organic farming is a form
of agriculture that relies on
crop rotation, green
manure, compost,
biological pest control, and
mechanical cultivation to
maintain soil productivity
and control pests,
excluding or strictly limiting
the use of synthetic
fertilizersand synthetic
pesticides and plant growth
regulators.

31. Organic forming
 In organic farming, the
following are used and
considered important:
1. Bio-agents to increase
fertility- eg. Blue green
algae
2. Biopesticides: neem
leaves and turmeric
3. Biological method of
pest control: Certain
insects/animals are
introduced in the
farmland that selectively
feed on the pests but do
not harm the soil or the
crops.
 4. Healthy cropping
systems: Mixed cropping,
intercropping and crop
rotation are also use to
get better production.

32. Advantages of Organic Farming:
 Most organic farms use fewer pesticides
than most conventional farms. The farm
waste is effectively recycled and crops are
grown in a manner that is environment
Friendly.

33. Irrigation
 Irrigation is application of
water to the soil usually for
assisting in growing crops.
 Agriculture that relies only
on direct rainfall is referred
to as rain-fed farming.
Ensuring that crops get
water at the right stages
during their life cycle can
improve crop production.
 Various types of irrigation
systems are adopted to
supply water to the fields
depending upon

34. Water resources
 These water resources are:
 WELLS: A water well is an
excavation or structure created
in the ground ––by digging,
 driving, boring or drilling to
access water in underground
aquifers .Wells help to tap
ground water. There are two
types of wells: Dug wells and
tube wells.
Dug wells tap water from water
bearing strata in lower levels of
soil.
Tube wells, however, tap water
from deeper strata. Water from
these lower layers is lifted by
pumps to the surface for
irrigation
Dug wells
Tube well

35. Fresh initiatives to improve irrigation
facilities:
 Rain water harvesting
 Drip irrigation
Drip irrigation
Rain water harvesting

36.  Water shed management: here, small check dams
are built that increase ground water levels and also
prevent soil erosion and prevent wastage of rain
water.

37. Cropping patterns
 1. Mixed cropping
 2. Intercropping
 3. Crop rotation

39. Mixed cropping
 Mixed Cropping: is growing of two
or more crops simultaneously on
the same piece of land. It is also
known as multiple cropping.
 This type of cropping leads to an
improvement in the fertility of the
soil and hence increase in crop
yield because when the two crops
are properly chosen, the products
and refuse from one crop help in
the growth of the other crop plant
and vice-versa.
 Mixed cropping is an insurance
against crop failure due to
abnormal weather conditions.

40. Some successful mixed cropping
practices are:
 1.Soyabean + pigeon pea
2. Maize + black gram
 3.Groundnut + sunflower
4.Wheat + Chick Pea

41. Criteria for for selection of crops
for mixed cropping
 Agriculturists and farmers select component crops for mixed cropping
based on certain criteria.
 Duration of crops:
 One crop is of long duration and the other is of short duration.
 Growth habit:
 The two component crops grow to different heights with different canopy.
 Root pattern:
 One crop component is deep rooted whereas the other is shallow rooted.
 Water need:
 One crop component requires comparatively lesser water than the other.
 Nutrients demand:
 One crop component requires more nutrients and the other requires lesser
nutrients.
 Mixed cropping is done to reduce the competition between component
crops for light, nutrients and water. If one crop fails due to shortage of
moisture or insufficient availability of nutrients, the other crop can cover
the risk of complete failure.

42. Advantages of Mixed cropping:

1. No risk of crop failure
2. Variety of produce
3. Increase in yield
4. Improvement in soil
fertility
5. Minimizing Pest Damage

43. Intercropping
 Inter Cropping:Intercropping is the
agricultural practice of cultivating
two or more crops in the same
space at the same time in a definite
pattern.
 Row- type intercropping cropping
involves the component crops
arranged in alternate rows.
This may also be called alley
cropping. A variation of row
cropping is strip cropping, where
multiple rows (or a strip) of one
crop are alternated with multiple
rows of another crop.
Intercropping also uses the
practice of sowing a fast growing
crop with a slow growing crop,so
that the fast growing crop is
harvested before the slow growing
crop starts to mature.

44. Additional advantages of mixed
cropping, Intercropping
 Application of
pesticides and
fertilizers is more
convenient due to
well defined patterns
of crops. Harvesting
of crops is also
easier.

45. Crop Rotation
 Crop rotation is the practice of growing a
series of dissimilar types of crops in the
same area in sequential seasons

46. Sample Crop Rotation Plan







47. Advantages of crop rotation
 Disease Prevention: The main reason to rotate crops is to
prevent the spread of plant disease. Disease organisms can
build up over time, resulting in eventual crop failure. Rotating
crops keeps these organisms in check.
 Insect Control: Crop rotation also helps reduce insect
infestations.
 Nutrient Balance: Different families of plants require different
nutrients. By rotating your crops, you keep the soil from being
depleted and can target soil amendments to keep your garden
balanced.
 Nutrient Enhancement: Some plants actually enhance the soil,
so rotating them through the garden can produce free organic
soil conditioning.

48. Crop Protection Management:
 When the crop is in the field, it
needs protection against:
 a)Weeds e.g. – Xanthium,
Parthenium
(weeds are considered to be
harmful as
they compete for food, space
and light with the desired crop.
They reduce crop production
taking up the nutrients meant
for the crops.
 b)Insect Pests-
 c)Pathogens-
Xanthium

49. Insect Pests
 Insect Pests attack
the plant in three
ways
 1.cut root, stem and
leaf
 2. suck cell sap from
various parts
 3. Bore into stem &
fruits

50. Sucking of cell sap by the insect pests

51. Pest control
 Herbicides, Pesticides,
fungicides should be used.
 For Weed control- the
methods used are :
 1.Mechanical removal
 2. Use of herbicides
 3.Summer ploughing (fields
are ploughed deep in
summers to destroy weeds
and pests.)
Pesticides
Mechanical removal

52. Prevention- for preventing the growth of
weeds,
 Proper seed bed preparation
 Timely growing of crops
 Intercropping , crop rotation
 use of resistant varieties
 summer ploughing

53. Storage of grains:
Factors responsible for grain loss
 -Biotic (Insects,
Rodents (members of
rat family), Fungi,
mites, bacteria
 - Abiotic
(inappropriate
moisture and
temperature)

54. Negative Effects of these factors on
grains:
 •
 Degradation in quality,
 •
 loss in weight,
 •
 poor germinabilty,
 •
 discoloration of produce
 -Leads to poor marketability

55. Prevention and control methods used
before grains are stored
 Cleaning of produce
before storage
 Drying of produce first in
sunlight and then in shade
to reduce moisture content
 Fumigation using
chemicals (fumigants) to
kill pests

56. Animal Husbandry
 The scientific management of livestock
which deals with the feeding, caring and
breeding of domesticated animals is
called animal husbandry.
 The farming of animals also needs
planning to meet their basic requirement,
to maintain health and control the
diseases

57. Live stocks
 Human being depend on animals for various needs and
this includes food products like eggs, milk, meat and
honey and other products like clothes leather etc.
 Earlier humans use to hunt wild animals for fulfilling their
needs. But with the progress in civilisation, advancement
of science and invention in new technologies, humans
are trying to develop ways by which they can increase
the quality and quantity of food production from animals.
 The keeping and breeding of animals is called
domestication.
 All domesticated and useful animals constitute livestock.

58. Cattle farming
 Cattle husbandry or cattle
farming is carried out
primarily for two reasons –
 Milch animals
 milk producing animals
 Draught animals.
 for agricultural work, such
as ploughing, tilling,
irrigation etc, by

59. Popular breeds of cows and buffaloes
in our country.
: They can be broadly divided
into three categories
 Indigenous breeds (desi
breeds- they are
native to India) :
Eg. Red Sindhi and Sahiwal
(show excellent
resistance to diseases)
 Foreign or Exotic Breeds:
Eg. Jersey, Brown Swiss
(Have a long lactation
period)
 Cross Breeds : The breeds
chosen for cross
 breeding have a set of
favourable characters
that may become a part of
the animal that is born as a
result of cross breeding. Eg.
Karan fries.

60. Breeding in cattle

61. Feeding management
 The cattle require two kinds of
food during breeding:-
 Maintenance requirement: it
contains all the nutrients for the
maintenance of health of cattle.
It enables the animals to
perform all the basic functions
of life, provides strength and
makes them resistance to
diseases.
 Milk producing requirement: it
contains the specific nutrients
required during lactation period.
It thus increases the duration of
lactation period and increases
the milk yield.

62. Food reqirements- cattle
 These food requirements are
fulfilled with a specific diet
containing the following
components:-
 Roughage: fibre –rich food, such
as hay, green fodder, silage and
legumes, eg., cowpea, berseem,
 Concentrates: nutrients –rich food
but low in fibres. It contains
carbohydrates, vitamins and
especially high amount of
proteins. Eg. Maize, oats, barley,
jowar, gram and their byproducts
such as wheat bran, rice bran,
gram husk, oil seed cakes,
molasses.
> Green fodder
Wheat bran
Hay
Oil seed cakes

63. Disease Management:
 A healthy animal has the following
features:
 Feeds regularly
 Has a normal posture

64. Parasites of Cattle:
 External parasites: live
on skin and cause skin
diseases
 Internal Parasites: Eg.
Worms and flukes.
Worms effect stomach
and intestine, while
flukes infect and damage
the liver.
Fluke

65. Infectious Diseases:
 They can spread to other animals on the
farm and, can sometimes infect humans
too.
 These diseases can be bacterial (Anthrax,
Tuberculosis) or viral (cow pox, foot and
mouth disease)
 For Prevention against viral and bacterial
diseases,Vaccinations must be given to
farm animals.

66. Poultry
 Poultry (poult= chicken) is
the breeding of fowls for egg
production and meat which
are supposed to be the best
sources of proteins and fats.
Along with these birds, now-
a-days, other birds such as
ducks, geese, pigeons,
turkeys etc., are also reared
for increased production of
eggs and meat.

67. Layers & Broilers
 The birds reared for egg production are called
eggers or layers
 Those for meat purpose are known as broilers.
Broilers
Layers

68. Breeds of HEN
 Indigenous breeds (desi
breeds- they are native to
India) :
 Eg. Aseel, Bursa (show
excellent resistance to
diseases)

 Foreign or Exotic Breeds: (lay
more number of eggs than
indigenous breeds and also
give more meat)
 Eg. White Leghorn, Rhode
Island Red
Aseel
White Leghorn

69.  Cross Breeds : The breeds chosen for cross breeding have a set of
favourable characters that may become a part of the animal that is born
as a result of cross breeding. Eg. HH-260, B-77.
 The desirable traits which can be achieved by cross breeding
are as follows
 Increased fertility and fecundity (egg laying
capacity) of the fowl.
 Increased meat yield.
 Large –sized eggs.
 Low maintenance requirements.
 Less diet requirements.
 Rise in number and quality of chicks.
 Increase in tolerance to high temperature or
summer adaptation capacity.
 Reduced size of layers with ability to utilise
more fibrous and cheaper diets made by
 using agricultural byproducts.

70. Disease Management: Poultry
 Poultry birds suffer from a number of viral, fungal
and bacterial diseases. The birds may also be
affected by parasites and nutritional deficiencies.
 The birds can be protected from various diseases
by adopting the following measures:
 1.Proper cleaning and sanitation of their living
area
 2.Spraying of disinfectants at regular intervals
 For Prevention against viral and bacterial
diseases,Vaccinations must be given to these
birds.

71. Fisciculture
 Fish production
 Fishes are cheap and excellent
sources of animal protein. India
with a long sea coastline has big
wealth of fish fauna.
 Types of fish:
 True finned fish, eg. Catla, Rohu
etc.
 Shell fish like prawns and
molluscs
 Over half of the population in the
developing countries obtain at
least 40% of its protein from fish.
Rohu

72. Types of fisheries
 Fresh water fisheries (also called Inland
Fisheries) - In rivers, fresh water lakes etc.
 Marine fisheries: in seas, oceans.

73. Marine Fisheries:
 India has an extensive coastline and an
exclusive sea zone beyond it.
 Popular marine fish: Pomphret, Mackerel,
tuna, sardines and Bombay duck. These fish
are captured from coastal areas.
 Marine fish are caught using fishing nets from
boats and large trawlers. Yields are further
increased by locating large schools of fish
using satellites and eco-sounders.

74. Inland (Fresh Water) Fisheries:
 India has a large number of Inland
water resources, eg. Rivers, ponds
and lakes. The mangrove wetlands,
brackish water areas in lagoons and
estuaries also constitute large inland
water reservoir. Capture fisheries are
poor in inland waters, therefore, major
fish production from Inland water is
carried out through culture called
aqua culture.
 Fish culture is sometimes carried out
in paddy fields. These fish are grown
in shallow waters of the paddy fields
and can tolerate high temperatures
and turbidity. Some such fish are
catla, rohu, murrels etc.

75. Composite fish culture
 Composite fish culture is an extensive
fish farming system, where fishes of
different species differing in feeding habit
and habitats are stocked and cultured in
the same pond. It is known as polyculture
and mixed fish farming are used in such
cultures.

76.  Catla is a surface feeder and consumes
 zooplanktons.
 •
 Rohu is a column feeder in the middle zone and
feeds on algae and decaying plants.
 •
 Mrigal and common carps are bottom
 feeders feeding on decaying plants
 Grass carps feed on weeds& vegetation at the
bottom of the sea

77. The advantage of composite fishes
culture over single species culture
 All available microhabitats (living areas) are fully utilized, as each
species occupy different habitat.
 The different species of fishes do not harm each other. Instead,
they can have beneficial effects on each other.
 Different species have different food habits and thus, don not
compete for food.
 Composite culture yield variety of fishes and that to, more in
number as compare to the single species culture.

78. Honey Bee culture
 Honey is an economically important
obtained from the honeybees. It is
widely used hence, bee –keeping is
practiced at a large scale. Bee –
keeping requires very low
investments making it an additional
income generation activity. Further,
this practice is a source of bees-
wax which is used in different
medicines and cosmetics.
 Bee –keeping is one of the oldest
agricultural pursuits of man. Honey
is mentioned as a medicine in
ancient Indian literature. Now,
honeybees have reached the
highest degree of domestication.
The modern scientific methods for
the production of honey and bees`
wax is known asapiculture.

79. The honeybees used for apiculture
 Apis cerana indica (Indian bee)
 Apis dorsata (grant bee or rock bee)
 Apis florae (little bee)
 Apis mellifera (European and Italian bee)
 Apis adamsoni(African bee)

80. Apis mellifera and Apis cerana indica
 Apis mellifera and Apis cerana
indica are the commonly
domesticated species.
 A .mallifera is more preferred
bee as it produces 50 -200kg of
honey per hive per year
 A. cerana indica produces only
4.5 -5.0kg of honey. They also
breed very well, in the hive for a
long duration and sting less.
Apis cerana
indica
Apis mellifera

81. Extraction of honey
 Earlier, the honey was collected by killing
the resting bees or making them leave the
hive by using flames. The combs were
gathered, cut and squeezed to extract
honey. However, this method is crude and
does not produce pure honey. This honey
contains dirt, parts of bee’s body, waxy
material, etc. therefore, it has been
replaced by better scientific methods.
 Nowadays, honey bees are reared in
artificial hives. This hive is made of wood
and has large chambers. The chambers
are partitioned with wax sheets to attract
bees. During extraction of honey, comb
sheets are taken out and kept in honey
extractor. It throws out honey by
centrifugal force without damaging the
comb yielding large amount of honey.
 The quality and taste of honey depends
upon the flower visited by them. This in
turn depends on Pasturage.

82. Pasturage
 Pasturage is the
vegetation cover in
a particular area. It
determines the type
and number of
flowers available to
the bees for
collection of nectar
and pollen.