Chapter 15 of class 9, CBSE curriculum

1. Improvement in Food Resources
Chapter 15
Biology

2. What do you understand by food
resources?

3. Introduction
• Food is essential for growth and development of living
organisms. These essential materials are called nutrients
and these nutrients are available from variety of animals
and plants.
• There are thousands of edible plants and animals over the
world, out of which only about three dozen types
constitute major food of humans.
• The majority of people obtain food from cultivated plants
and domesticated animals. Although some food is
obtained from oceans and fresh waters, but the great
majority of food for human population is obtained from
traditional land-based agriculture of crops and livestock or
animal husbandary.

4. People need food?
India is a populous country! Population of our country is
increasing and so is the demand for food!

6. Success story
Green Revolution
• Contributed to increase in
grain production.
• It wasI mainly found by M.S.
Swaminathan and
commenced in 1965.
White Revolution
• Contributed to better and
more efficient use as well as
availability of milk.
• It was a result of initiative of
NDDB. Also called
operation Flood, it started
in 1970.
BUT?
These revolutions mean that our natural resources are damaged.
We must prevent the damage up to a point where their balanced
is disturbed completely.
SOLUTION? SUSTAINABLE PRACTICES

7. Issues and Strategies
ISSUES
• Production (Grain production)
• Sustainable practices
• Storage in warehouse
• Money power to purchase food
• Dependency on agriculture for
livelihood.
• AVAILABILITY AND ACCESS TO
FOOD
STRATEGIES FOR SUSTAINABLE
LIVELIHOOD
• Mixed Farming
• Intercropping
• Integrated Farming
• Agriculture combined with
livestock/poultry/ fisheries.

8. Mixed cropping
Inter cropping

9. IMPROVEMENT IN CROP YIELDS
• CROPS
• IMPROVEMENT STRATEGIES
Crop Variety Improvement
Crop production improvement
Crop protection management

10. CROPS
Crops are plants grown by the farmers.
Agriculture plays a very important role in the
Indian economy. It is the backbone of our
country. 70% of the Indian population
depends on agriculture for food and money. It
is the major occupation in the rural areas.

11. Crops are a source of nutrients
NUTRIENT CROP
PROTEINS Gram
Pea
Black gram
Green gram
Pigeon pea
Lentil
Soyabean
NECESSARY FATS Oil seeds
Soyabean
Groundnut
Castor
Mustard
Linseed
Sunflower
VITAMINS AND MINERALS Vegetables
Fruits
Spices

12. Successful crop production depends upon
many factors such as:
(i) Understanding how crops grow and develop.
(ii) Effect of various nutrients, climate, water on
the growth of the plant.
(iii) Modification and management of each
factor for increasing the yield of the crop.

13. TYPES OF CROPS
CROP TYPE RABI KHARIF
CLIMATE Grown in winter season Grown in rainy season
MONTHS November to April June to October
EXAMPLES Wheat, Gram, mustard,
linseed etc
Paddy, soyabean, pigeon pea,
maize, cotton, green gram, black
gram etc
CROP REQUIREMENTS
Different Climatic conditions
Different Temperature
Different Photoperiod

14. India: Production trend
From 1952-2010,
production of food
grains increased 4
times with only 25%
increase in
cultivable land area.
How?

15. How?
Crop Variety Improvement
Crop production improvement
Crop protection management

16. CROP VARIETY IMPROVEMENT
Good Crop Variety has useful characters such as:
Gives good yield
Disease resistance
Response to fertilizers
High nutritional value
Stress resistant
Why? Weather conditions such as drought and flood are
unpredictable. Hence we want varieties which can
survive in diverse climatic conditions such as high soil
salinity, heat, cold etc.
Crops dying in drought

17. Approaches to generating improved crop varieties:
1. HYBRIDISATION
• Hybridisation refers to
crossing between genetically
dissimilar plants.
• This crossing may be
intervarietal (between
different varieties),
interspecific (between two
different species of the same
genus) or intergeneric
(between different genera).
2. INTRODUCTION OF GENE
• This provides the desired
characteristics and results in
genetically modified crops.

18. 1. 2.

19. The factors for which variety improvement is done are :
1. Higher Yield: To increase productivity of the crop
per acre.
2. Improved Quality: There are different quality
determining traits in different crops. E.g. Baking
quality in wheat,
protein quality in pulses,
oil quality in oilseeds,
shelf life in fruits,
preserving life in fruits
and vegetables

20. The factors for which variety improvement is done are :
3. Biotic and Abiotic
resistance:
Biotic factors are the
diseases, insects and
nematodes while
abiotic factors are the
drought, salinity, water
logging, heat, cold and
frost which affect the
crop productivity.
Varieties resistant to
these factors (stresses)
can be improved to
increase crop
production.

21. ABIOTIC STRESS: Different varieties responding to salinity stress

22. Biotic stress: Ball worm
Bt Cotton is resistant to ball worms

23. 4. Change in maturity duration:
Shorter maturity period of crop reduces the cost of
crop production and makes the variety economical.
Uniform maturity makes the harvesting process easy
and reduces losses during harvesting.
Short durations allow farmers to grow multiple crops
in a year.
5. Wider adaptability:
It allows the crops to be grown under different
climatic conditions in different areas.
Such crop varieties can be stabilized under different
environmental conditions.
The factors for which variety improvement is done are :

24. 6. Desirable agronomic
characteristics : It
increases productivity, for
example, tallness and
profuse branching are
desirable characters for
fodder crops; while
dwarfness is desired in
cereals, so that less
nutrients are consumed
by these crops.
The factors for which variety improvement is done are :

25. CROP VARIETY IMPROVEMET
WHAT FOR?
1. Higher Yield
2. Improved quality
3. Biotic and Abiotic
resistance
4. Change in maturation
duration
5. Wider Adaptability
6. Desirable agronomic
traits
HOW?
• By hybridization
• By introducing a gene.

26. Which one is an oil yielding plant
among the following?
• (a) Lentil
• (b) Sunflower
• (c) Cauliflower
• (d) Hibiscus

27. Which one is not a source of
carbohydrate?
• (a) Rice
• (b) Millets
• (c) Barley
• (d) Gram

28. Find out the wrong statement from
the following
• (a) White revolution is meant for increase in
milk production
• (b) Green revolution is meant for increase in
wheat production
• (c) Increasing food production without
compromising with environmental quality is
called as sustainable agriculture
• (d) None of the above

29. To solve the food problem of the
country, which among the following
is necessary?
• (a) Increased production and storage of food
grains
• (b) Easy access of people to the food grain
• (c) People should have money to purchase the
grains
• (d) All of the above

30. Find out the correct sentences
(i) Hybridisation means crossing between genetically dissimilar plants|
(ii) Cross between two varieties is called as inter specific hybridisation
(iii) Introducing genes of desired character into a plant gives genetically
modified crop
(iv) Cross between plants of two species is called as inter varietal
hybridisation
• (a) (i) and (iii)
• (b) (ii) and (iv)
• (c) (ii) and (iii)
• (d) (iii) and (iv)

31. CROPS
TYPES OF CROPS
RABI KHARIF
FOOD RESOURCES
IMPROVEMENT IN CROPS
IMPROVEMENT IN FOOD RESOURCES
AGRICULTURE POPULATION
ANIMALS

32. IMPROVEMENT IN FOOD RESOURCES
CROP IMPROVEMENT STRATEGIES
CROP
PRODUCTON
MANAGEMENT
CROP VARIETY
IMPROVEMENT
CROP
PRODUCTON
MANAGEMENT
WHAT FOR?
Higher Yield
Improved
quality
Biotic and
Abiotic
resistance
Change in
maturation
duration
Wider
Adaptability
Desirable
agronomic
traits
HOW?
Hybridizaton
Gene
manipulation/
Gene
transfer/GMO
NUTRIENT
MANAGEMENT
Manure
Fertilizers
IRRIGATION
Canal
Tank
Well
River lift
Drip
CROPPING
PATTERNS
Mixed
Inter
Crop rotation
STORAGE OF
GRAINS
PEST CONTROL

33. CROP PRODUCTION
MANAGEMENT
• Nutrient Management
Manure
Fertilizers
• Irrigation
(Water management)
• Cropping Patterns

34. NUTRIENT
MANAGEMENT
Nutrients are supplied to plants by air, water and soil.
There are 16 nutrients which are essential for plants.

35. Nutrient Deficiency
Effect of nutrient deficiency on physiological processes of plants:
Reproduction
Growth
Susceptibility
to diseases
SOLUTION?
Use of
MANURE and
FERTILIZERS

36. Manure
Manure contains large quantities of organic matter and
also supplies small quantities of nutrients to the soil.
Manure is prepared by the decomposition of animal
excreta and plant waste.
Manure helps in enriching soil with nutrients and organic
matter and increasing soil fertility.
It is made of biological waste, hence not only does it
protect environment from excessive use of fertilizers,
but provides a way of recycling farm waste.

37. On the basis of the kind of biological waste used to
make manure, it can be classified into three types:
Type Compost Vermi-compost Green manure
Contents It can be farm waste
material such as livestock
excreta (cow dung etc.),
vegetables waste, animal
refuse, domestic waste,
sewage waste, straw,
eradicated weeds, etc.
The compost which is
made by the
decomposition of plant
and animal refuse .
Plants like sun
hemp or guar
How is it
made?
.This material is
decomposed in pits
and this process of
decomposition is
also called
composting.
with the help of
earthworms .
Prior to the sowing of
the crop seeds, plants
are grown and then
mulched by ploughing
them into the soil.
These green plants thus
turn into green manure
Character
istics
.This compost is rich
in organic matter
and nutrients.
Same as compost These helps in
enriching the soil in
nitrogen and
phosphorus.

38. Vermi-composting

39. Fertilizers
• Commercially produced plant nutrients
• Rich in N, P and K.
• They are used to ensure good vegetative growth (leaves,
branches and flowers), giving rise to healthy plants.
Fertilizers are an important factor in the higher yields.

40. • Use: carefully in proper dose with pre-application
precautions and post-application precautions.
• Hazards:
Fertilizers can get washed away due to excessive irrigation,
hence not fully absorbed by plants and cause water pollution
Continuous use destroys soil fertility because organic matter
is not replenished
Have short term benefits and long term hazards.
Fertilizers

41. Manure
Fertilizers

43. Organic farming
• It is a farming system with minimal or
no use of chemicals as fertilizers,
herbicides, pesticides, etc.
organic manures, recycled farm-
wastes (straw and livestock excreta)
use of bio-agents such as culture of
blue-green algae in preparation of
biofertilizers,
with healthy cropping systems [mixed
cropping inter-cropping and crop
rotation].
These cropping systems are beneficial
in insect, pest and weed control
besides providing nutrients.

45. What are
macronutrients
and why are they
called so?
How do plants get
nutrients?

46. CROP PRODUCTION
MANAGEMENT
1. Nutrient Management
2. Irrigation
(Water management)
3. Cropping Patterns

47. Irrigation
Crops need water!
In India, most crops are rain-fed.
Source of water fro crops: MONSOON
Poor Monsoons  Crop Failure
Solution?
Ensuring that Crops get water at right stages during their growing season
IRRIGATION
Bringing more agricultural land under irrigation

48. Irregular monsoons lead to droughts

49. IRRIGATION: Water
Management
We need several kinds of irrigation systems.
Depending on the kind of water resource
available, several kinds of irrigation systems are
developed to supply water to agricultural
lands.
1. Wells
2. Rivers
3. Canals
4. Tanks
5. Drip or Sprinkler

50. 1. Well system of irrigation
Tube Well
• Water is collected by
bearing strata.
Dug well
• Tube wells collect water
from the deeper strata.
• Water is pumped up
through pumps.

51. 2. Canal System
of Irrigation
• Extensive and elaborate
system of canals which
receive water from the
rivers or reservoirs.
• A main canal is divided
into branch canals
which further divide
into distributaries and
field channels to
irrigate fields.

53. 3. River Lift systems
• Useful in areas
where canal
flow is
insufficient or
irregular due to
inadequate
• Water is directly
drawn from
river and
supplied for
irrigation in
areas close to
river

54. 4. Tanks
• Small storage
reservoirs.
• Used in small
areas

55. Drip irrigation system

56. Sprinkler system

57. Increase of
water
available for
irrigation
Rainwater
harvesting.
Water shed
managements.
Checkdams:stop
rainwater flowing away.
This prevents soil erosion
and keeps ground water
in check.

59. A check dam is a
small dam constructed
across a drainage
ditch, swale, or
channel to lower the
velocity of flow.

60. CROPPING PATTERNS
Different ways of growing crops to
maximize production efficiency
Mixed
cropping
Inter-cropping
Crop rotation

61. 1. Mixed Cropping
• Growing two or more crops on the same field
of land.
• E.g Wheat + Gram, Wheat + Mustard,
Groundnut+ Sunflower
• Provides financial security to the farmer if one
of the crops fail.

62. 2. Inter-cropping
• Growing two or more
crops simultaneously
on the same field in a
definite pattern.
• A few rows of one
crop alternates for
second crop.

63. 2. Inter-cropping
• Crops are selected such that their nutrient
requirement is different. This way maximum
utilization of nutrients is ensured.
E.g
• Soyabean+Maize
• Bajra + Lobia (Fingermilet +cowpea)

65. 3. Crop rotation
• Growing of different crops on a piece of land
in a pre-planned succession.
• Crop combination is decided on the basis of
duration, nutrient requirement, humidity,
irrigation facilities condition etc.
• If done properly 2-3 crops can be grown in a
year with good harvest.

67. CROPS
TYPES OF CROPS
RABI KHARIF
FOOD RESOURCES
IMPROVEMENT IN CROPS
IMPROVEMENT IN FOOD RESOURCES
AGRICULTURE POPULATION
ANIMALS

68. IMPROVEMENT IN FOOD RESOURCES
CROP IMPROVEMENT STRATEGIES
CROP
PRODUCTON
MANAGEMENT
CROP VARIETY
IMPROVEMENT
CROP ROTECTION
MANAGEMENT
WHAT FOR?
Higher Yield
Improved
quality
Biotic and
Abiotic
resistance
Change in
maturation
duration
Wider
Adaptability
Desirable
agronomic
traits
HOW?
Hybridizaton
Gene
manipulation/
Gene
transfer/GMO
NUTRIENT
MANAGEMENT
Manure
Fertilizers
IRRIGATION
Canal
Tank
Well
River lift
Drip
CROPPING
PATTERNS
Mixed
Inter
Crop rotation
STORAGE OF
GRAINS
PEST CONTROL
Pesticides
Pest resistant
varieties

69. CROP PROTECTION MANAGEMENT
ISSUES
Field crops can be damaged by
PESTS
Pest is any destructive organism which
can destroy or harm crops or products
obtained from them.
Pests are of many types:
1. Weeds
2. Insect Pests
PATHOGENS
Any organism that can produce
disease is called pathogens.
STRATEGIES
1. Pest Control
during Growth
2. Storage of
Grains

70. 1. WEEDS
1. These are unwanted
plants in the cultivated
field.
2. They compete for
food, space and light.
3. They take nutrients
and reduce the
growth of crops
4. Removal of weeds in
early stage is
important for good
harvest.
EXAMPLES
• Xanthium (Gokhroo)
• Parthenium (Gajar ghas)
• Cyperinus rotundus
(Motha)

71. 2. INSECT PESTS
Insects which attack the plants in following ways:
a) Cut the root, stem and leaves
b) Suck the cell sap from various parts of plants
c) They bore into stem and fruits
They affects plant health and reduce yield

72. 3. DISEASES
Plant diseases are caused
by plant pathogens:
Bacteria
Fungi
Virus
Plant pathogens can be
transmitted through
Soil
Water
Air

73. PEST CONTROL
1. Pests can be controlled by use of PESTICIDE. These are
sprayed on crops to prevent infection. These chemicals kill
pests. These can be:
(a) Herbicide
(b) Weedicide
(c) Insecticide
(d) Fungicides
PESTICIDE HAZARDS: Excessive use of these chemicals
can be poisonous for other plants and animals and can
cause environmental pollution
2. Other methods:
(a) Use of resistant varieties
(b) Summer ploughing

75. Weed
control
• Mechanical
removal
• Proper seed bed
preparation
• Crop rotation
• Intercropping
• Timely sowing
of crops

76. STORAGE OF GRAINS

78. Which of the following conditions will give the
most benefits? Why?
(a) Farmers use high-quality seeds, do not adopt
irrigation or use fertilizers.
(b)Farmers use ordinary seeds, adopt irrigation
and use fertilizer.
(c) Farmers use quality seeds, adopt irrigation,
use fertilizer and use crop protection
measures.

79. Compare the use of manure and fertilizers in maintaining soil fertility.

80. Cyperinus and Parthenium are types of
I. Diseases
II. Pesticides
III. Weeds
IV. Pathogens
What is the process of growing two or more crops in a definite pattern?
I. Crop rotation
II. Inter-cropping
III. Mixed cropping
IV. Organic cropping
Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are examples of
I. Micro-nutrients
II. Macro-nutrients
III. Fertilizers
IV. Both I and II

81. ANIMAL
HUSBANDARY

82. ANIMAL HUSBANDARY
CATTLE FARMING
POULTRY FARMING
FISH PRODUCTION
BEE KEEPING
Animal husbandry is the scientific
management of animal livestock.
It includes:
Feeding
Breeding
Disease control
Animal based farming includes
Cattle
Poultry
Fish
Goat
Sheep etc.

83. 1. Cattle farming
More the lactation period, higher the milk production

84. Cattle used
for
ploughing
fields

86. Cattle farming

87. 2. Poultry Farming
Cross breeding of Indian (e.g. Aseel) and Foreign (e.g. Leghorn) breeds

88. Broiler
poultry
farming
(Meat)

89. Layer poultry farming (Eggs)

90. Q. No. 1: What management practices are
common in dairy and poultry farming?
Ans: Following management practices are
common in dairy and poultry farming:
(i). Clean and proper shelter facilities.
(ii). Supply of balanced and hygienic food.
(iii). Animals should be kept in spacious and
well ventilated place.
(iv). Prevention and cure of diseases at the
right time is ensured.

91. Q. No. 2: What are the differences between
broilers and layers and in their
management?
Ans: Broilers are for meat while layers are for
egg production.
A broiler chicken requires vitamin rich
supplements especially vitamin A and K. Also,
their diet includes protein rich food and
enough fat. While egg laying birds utilise more
fibrous cheaper diets.

92. 4. BEE KEEPING
• Bee is an agricultural enterprise as it is a source of
honey.
• Honey is an economic important product which is
widely used.
BEE KEEPING
Needs low investments
Used by farmers as additional income generating activity
Beehives are a source of honey as well as wax
Honey is an edible product
Wax is used in medicinal preparations

93. BEE KEEPING: Bee varieties
Local varieties of bees
Apis cerena indica: Indian bee
Apis dorsota: Rock Bee
Apis florae: little bee
Exotic/Foreign varieties
Italian bee: A. mellifera
• High honey collection capacity
• Sting less
• Stay in a given beehive for long
periods
Apis indica
Apis mellifera

94. Honey production and quality factors of Honey
• Apiaries are established
for commercial
production of honey
Value and taste of honey
depends on
• Pasturage: Flowers
available for nectar and
pollen collection
• Adequate quantity of
pasturage
• Type of pasturage

95. Apiary

96. Q. No. 1What are the desirable characters of bee varieties
suitable for honey production?
Ans: Desirable characters of bee varieties suitable for honey
production are:
• They should have high honey collecting capacity.
• They should not sting much.
• They should stay in the beehive for long durations.
• They should breed very well.
Q. No. 2: What is pasturage and how is it related to honey
production?
Ans: Pasturage means the flowers available to the bees for
nectar and pollen grain. It is related to the production of
honey as it determines the taste and quantity of honey.

97. FISH
PRODUCTION

98. 3. FISH PRODUCTION
• Fish production is the process of raising fish in
water bodies for human use.
• Fish is a cheap source of animal protein for our
food.
Fish production can be classified based on the
following:
• Type of fish
• Mode of obtaining
• Source of fish

99. TYPE OF FISH
True fish production
• Includes production and
management of cartilaginous
and bony fishes such as Tuna,
Rohu, Pomphret etc.
Unfinned fish production
• Includes production of
shellfish such as Prawns and
Molluscs.

100. MODE OF OBTAINING
Capture Fishing
• Method of obtaining
naturally living fish in
both marine and
freshwater ecosystems.
Culture fishing
• Method of cultivating,
rearing and harvesting of
fish in both marine and
freshwater ecosystems.
• It is known as culture
fishery, fish farming and
aquaculture.

101. SOURCE OF THE
FISH
A. Marine fisheries
B. Inland fisheries

102. A. MARINE FISHERIES
Practice of rearing and
culturing marine fishes, i.e.,
fishes found in seas and
oceans is known as
mariculture.
India’s marine fishery
resources include 7500 km of
coastline and the deep seas
beyond.

103. MARINE
FISHERIES
• Marine fishes are caught
by:
• Traditional methods- these
include fishing nets and
gear operated fishing
vessels.
• Modern methods- these
include use of ecosounders
and satellite to locate fish
shoals.

104. MARINE FISHERIES
Examples:
• Popular marine fish
varieties include
Pomphret,
mackerel, tuna,
sardines and
Bombay duck.
• Marine fishes of
high economic
value include
finned fishes like
mullets, bhekti and
pearl spots,
shellfish such as
prawns, mussels,
oyster and
seaweed.

105. B. INLAND
FISHERIES
• It includes fish
production in fresh
water (for example
ponds, rivers, lakes,
reservoirs) and
brackish water (for
example estuaries).
• Fish production
from these
resources is
through
aquaculture.

106. Composite Fish culture
• Fish culture is done in combination with rice
crop.
OR
• In this type of fish culture, five to six varieties
of fish are reared in a single fishpond.

107. FISH CULTURE IN PADDY CROP FIELDS

108. Composite Fish culture
• In this type of fish culture, five to six varieties of fish
are reared in a single fishpond.
• They are selected so that they do not compete for
food. They should have different
food requirements.
• For example: Catla: feeds in the upper part water
Rohu feeds in the middle part of water
Mrigals, Common carps: feeds at bottom

110. Advantages of composite culture:
• Different fishes feed on different
foods, so they do not compete for
food.
• Six different types of fishes can be
reared together in one pond.
• Very high yield is obtained.
Disadvantages of composite culture:
• Many fish breed only in the rainy
season so hormonal stimulation has
to be given.
• Good quality seeds (ie- organisms
used for reproduction) are not
available.
• To overcome this, fishes are bred with
hormonal stimulation.

111. IMPROVEMENT IN FOOD RESOURCES
CROP IMPROVEMENT STRATEGIES
CROP
PRODUCTON
MANAGEMENT
CROP VARIETY
IMPROVEMENT
CROP ROTECTION
MANAGEMENT
WHAT FOR?
Higher Yield
Improved
quality
Biotic and
Abiotic
resistance
Change in
maturation
duration
Wider
Adaptability
Desirable
agronomic
traits
HOW?
Hybridizaton
Gene
manipulation/
Gene
transfer/GMO
NUTRIENT
MANAGEMENT
Manure
Fertilizers
IRRIGATION
Canal
Tank
Well
River lift
Drip
CROPPING
PATTERNS
Mixed
Inter
Crop rotation
STORAGE OF
GRAINS
PEST CONTROL
Pesticides
Pest resistant
varieties

112. ANIMAL HUSBANDARY
CATTLE FARMING
POULTRY FARMING
FISH PRODUCTION
BEE KEEPING

113. THANKYOU