This document provides an overview of improving food resources in India. It discusses the need to increase food production to feed the growing population. Key points include:
- Crop production can be improved through crop variety improvement, production management practices like nutrient and irrigation management, and crop protection.
- Animal husbandry also plays an important role through practices like cattle farming, poultry farming, fish farming, and bee-keeping.
- Mixed cropping, intercropping, and crop rotation can maximize land use and reduce risks from crop failure. Proper storage is also needed to reduce post-harvest losses of grains.
This presentation is an-all education and entertainment- cut short notes for the TISSUES chapter of class 9. A well-edited and all-graphical presentation will give you an amazing experience.
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This presentation is an-all education and entertainment- cut short notes for the TISSUES chapter of class 9. A well-edited and all-graphical presentation will give you an amazing experience.
PLEASE HIT THE LIKE BUTTON AND FEEL FREE TO COMMENT!
here, you will find out a brief summary about the chapter tissues it is an very interesting chapter in this ppt all the topics have been discussed you can this ppt
Introduction to livestock housing and shelter managementKabul University
The presentation was a part of a lecture at ANASTU university. It describes the history of livestock housing, the introduction of animal behavior, and building design according to their behaviors. Livestock housing and shelter management is the manipulation of the microclimate of animals to suit best to their welfare reducing climatic stress without affecting much to the cost of construction. Problems related to housing cost, ventilation, scarce resources, hygiene, a manifestation of the disease, behavioral concerns.
Chapter - 7, Conservation of Plants and Animals, Science, Class 8Shivam Parmar
I have expertise in making educational and other PPTs. Email me for more PPTs at a very reasonable price that perfectly fits in your budget.
Email: parmarshivam105@gmail.com
Chapter - 7, Conservation of Plants and Animals, Science, Class 8
DEFORESTATION
CAUSES OF DEFORESTATION
CONSEQUENCES OF DEFORESTATION
GLOBAL WARMING
DESERTIFICATION
CONSERVATION OF FOREST AND WILDLIFE
BIOSPHERE RESERVE
FLORA AND FAUNA
ENDEMIC SPECIES
WILDLIFE SANCTUARY
NATIONAL PARK
ENDANGERED SPECIES
ECOSYSTEM
RED DATA BOOK
MIGRATION
RECYCLING OF PAPER
REFORESTATION
Every topic of this chapter is well written concisely and visuals will help you in understanding and imagining the practicality of all the topics.
By Shivam Parmar (Entrepreneur)
aquí podemos encontrar sobre las características y especies o razas de los porcinos, características reproductivas en hembras,y andrologicas en reproductores.
Forest & Wildlife Resources - Class X GeographyBHAVANSELMKXC
For more ppts, chapter notes, questions, videos visit http://www.cbse9.com today.
Presentation prepared by Aditya Chakkingal, Adithyan PV and Suryakanth
here, you will find out a brief summary about the chapter tissues it is an very interesting chapter in this ppt all the topics have been discussed you can this ppt
Introduction to livestock housing and shelter managementKabul University
The presentation was a part of a lecture at ANASTU university. It describes the history of livestock housing, the introduction of animal behavior, and building design according to their behaviors. Livestock housing and shelter management is the manipulation of the microclimate of animals to suit best to their welfare reducing climatic stress without affecting much to the cost of construction. Problems related to housing cost, ventilation, scarce resources, hygiene, a manifestation of the disease, behavioral concerns.
Chapter - 7, Conservation of Plants and Animals, Science, Class 8Shivam Parmar
I have expertise in making educational and other PPTs. Email me for more PPTs at a very reasonable price that perfectly fits in your budget.
Email: parmarshivam105@gmail.com
Chapter - 7, Conservation of Plants and Animals, Science, Class 8
DEFORESTATION
CAUSES OF DEFORESTATION
CONSEQUENCES OF DEFORESTATION
GLOBAL WARMING
DESERTIFICATION
CONSERVATION OF FOREST AND WILDLIFE
BIOSPHERE RESERVE
FLORA AND FAUNA
ENDEMIC SPECIES
WILDLIFE SANCTUARY
NATIONAL PARK
ENDANGERED SPECIES
ECOSYSTEM
RED DATA BOOK
MIGRATION
RECYCLING OF PAPER
REFORESTATION
Every topic of this chapter is well written concisely and visuals will help you in understanding and imagining the practicality of all the topics.
By Shivam Parmar (Entrepreneur)
aquí podemos encontrar sobre las características y especies o razas de los porcinos, características reproductivas en hembras,y andrologicas en reproductores.
Forest & Wildlife Resources - Class X GeographyBHAVANSELMKXC
For more ppts, chapter notes, questions, videos visit http://www.cbse9.com today.
Presentation prepared by Aditya Chakkingal, Adithyan PV and Suryakanth
This lesson helps the learners to develop their reasoning skills and this will help the learners in creating business plan .Educating the learners is one ways to upholds the credibility of the learners with this we can easily create a business plan.
It is a process of growing different crops in succession on a piece of land in a specific period of time, with an objective to get maximum profit from least investment without impairing the soil fertility
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
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Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...
15improvementinfoodresources
1. CHAPTER - 15
IMPROVEMENT IN FOOD
RESOURCES
CLASS :- IX
MADE BY :- VISMAY S PATEL
SCHOOL :- K.V. SHIMOGGA
2. 1) Need for increasing food production :-
Our population is more than one billion and it is still
growing. We will need more than a billion tonnes of grain
every year to feed this growing population.
Since increasing the area of land for cultivation is
limited, it is necessary to increase the production efficiency
of crops and livestock.
The production efficiency of crops and livestock can be
increased by adopting scientific management practices to
improve crop yield, undertaking mixed farming,
intercropping, and integrated farming practices like
combining agriculture with livestock, poultry, fisheries,
bee-keeping etc.
3. 2) Different types of crops :-
Cereals like rice, wheat, maize, millets, sorghum etc. provide us
carbohydrates.
Pulses like peas, beans, grams, lentils etc. provide us proteins.
Oil seeds like ground nut, sesame, castor, mustard, linseed,
sunflower etc. provide us fats.
Vegetables, spices and fruits provide us vitamins and minerals along
with small amounts of carbohydrates, fats and proteins.
Fodder crops like berseem, oats or sudan grass are grown as food
for livestock.
Different crops require different climatic conditions, temperature and
duration of sunlight (photoperiods).
Kharif crops :- are crops grown during the rainy season from June to
October like paddy, soyabean, maize, pigeon pea, green gram, black
gram, cotton etc.
Rabi crops :- are crops grown during winter season from November
to April like wheat, gram, peas, mustard, linseed etc.
4. 3) Improvement in crop yield :-
Crop yield can be improved by three main activities. They are :-
i) Crop variety improvement
ii) Crop production improvement
iii) Crop protection management
4) Crop variety improvement :-
Crop variety improvement is done by selecting good varieties of
crops. This is done by hybridisation. Hybridisation is the crossing
between genetically dissimalar plants to obtain crops having useful
characteristics like disease resistance, good quality and high yields.
Hybridisation may be intervarietal (between different varieties,
interspecific (between different species of the same genus) or
intergeneric (between different genera).
Another way of improving crop variety is by introducing a gene to
obtain the desired characteristic. This produces genetically modified
crops.
5. Crop variety improvrment is done for the following :-
i) Higher yield :- To increase productivity of crop per acre.
ii) Biotic and abiotic resistance :- To increase resistance of
crops to biotic factors like insects, diseases etc. and
abiotic factors like draught, salinity, heat, cold etc.
iii) Change in maturity duration :- To reduce the duration
between sowing and harvesting so that farmers can
grow
multiple crops during the year.
iv) Wider adaptibility :- To grow crops in different climatic
conditions.
v) Desirable agronomic characters :- Characters like
tallness and more branching are useful for fodder crops
and dwarfness (shortness) is desirable for cereal crops.
6. 5) Crop production management :-
Crop production management includes i) Nutrient management
ii) Irrigation and iii) Cropping management
a) Nutrient management :-
Plants get nutrients from air, water and soil. There are sixteen
nutrients required by plants for their proper growth. Air supplies oxygen
and carbon dioxide, water supplies hydrogen and the remaining thirteen
nutrients are obtained from the soil.
Among the sixteen nutrients required by plants, six are required in
large quantities and are called macro nutrients.
The macro nutrients are :- nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium,
magnesium and sulphur.
The other seven are required in small quantities and are called micro
nutrients. Soil can be enriched by supplying nutrients in the form of
manures and fertilizers.
The micro nutrients are :- iron, magnesium, boron, zinc, copper,
molybdenum and chlorine.
7. Manure :-
Manure is prepared by the decomposition of plant and animal waste.
It contains organic matter and nutrients. It helps to increase soil fertility.
It also helps to reduce use of fertilizers and recycle farm waste and
protects the environment.
There are two main types of manures. They are compost and green
manure.
Compost :- is prepared by the decomposition of plant and animal
waste in compost pits. Compost prepared by using earthworms is
called vermi-compost. Compost is rich in organic matter and nutrients.
Green manure :- Before sowing seeds in fields, some green plants
like sun hemp, gaur etc. are mixed in the soil by ploughing. These
plants turn into green manure which makes the soil rich in nitrogen and
phosphorus.
Fertilzers :-
Fertilizers are chemical substances made commercially. They supply
nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium and helps to increase crop yield.
Fertilizers should be used only in required amounts. Excessive use of
fertilizers can reduce soil fertility and also cause water pollution.
8. b) Irrigation :-
The supply of water to the crops is called irrigation. Water is
necessary for the proper growth of plants and helps to increase crop
yield.
Different kinds if irrigation systems are used to supply water to
agricultural land. They are wells, canals, rivers, tanks, check dams etc.
i) Wells :- There are two types of wells called dug wells and tube
wells.
In dug wells water is collected from water bearing strata. In tube
wells water is collected from deeper strata.
ii) Canals :- In this system, canals receive water from reservoirs or
rivers and distributes it to fields.
iii) River lift systems :- In this system water is lifted from rivers to
irrigate fields close to rivers.
iv) Tanks :- These are small storage reservoirs which supply water to
fields.
v) Check dams :- These are used to stop rain water from flowing away
and helps to increase groundwater levels and reduce soil erosion.
9. c) Cropping patterns :-
Different ways of growing crops are used for maximum benefit.
These include mixed cropping, inter-cropping and crop rotation.
i) Mixed cropping :- is growing two or more crops simultaneously in
the same field. Eg :- wheat + gram, wheat + mustard, groundnut +
sunflower etc. This reduces the risk even if one crop fails.
ii) Inter-cropping :- is growing two or more crops simultaneously in the
same field in alternate rows. Eg :- maize + soya bean, millet + cow
pea etc. Crops with different nutrient requirements are selected. This
helps in better use of nutrients and prevents spreading of diseases
to all plants of the same crop.
iii) Crop rotation :- is growing different crops in the same field in
succession. Growing leguminous crops after growing cereal crops
helps to increase soil fertility. If crop rotation is done properly, two
or
three crops can be grown in a year profitably.
10. 6) Crop protection management :-
Crops in the field are damaged by weeds, insect pests and deases.
Weeds are unwanted plants which grow in the field. Eg :- Xanthium,
Parthenium, Cyperinus rotundus etc. They compete with the crop for
food, space and sunlight and use nutrients and reduce crop yield.
Insect pests cause damage to the root, stem and leaves, suck cell sap
and bore into stems and fruits. They can reduce crop yield.
Diseases in plants are caused by pathogens like virus, bacteria and
fungi and reduces crop yield.
Weeds, insect pests and diseases can be controlled by using
chemicals like weedicides, pesticides, fungicides etc. They are sprayed
on crop plants or used for treating seeds and soil. Since these chemicals
are poisionous, excessive use of these chemicals can cause
environmental pollution.
Storage of grains :-
The factors responsible for the damage and loss of grains are biotic
factors like bacteria, fungi, insects, rodents etc. and abiotic factors like
moisture and temperature in the place of storage. Before storage, the
grains are cleaned and dried in sunlight to remove moisture and the
storage places are fumigated to kill pests.
11. 7) Animal husbandry :-
Animal husbandry is the scientific management of animal livetock including
their feeding, breeding and disease control.
Animal farming includes cattle, sheep, goat, poultry and fish farming.
a) Cattle farming :-
Cattle farming is done for two main purposes. They are for milk production
and farm labour. Milk producing females are called milch animals and those used
for farm labour are called draught animals.
Milk production depends on the duration of the lactation period – the period of
milk production after the birth of the calf. Milk production can be increased by
increasing the lactation period. Foreign breeds like Jersy and Brown Swiss have
long lactation periods and local breeds like Red Sindhi and Sahiwal are resistant
to diseases. They can be cross-bred to get animals with both the qualities.
Cattle shelter should be clean and well ventilated with sloping floors for easy
cleaning.
Cattle feed should include roughage containing mainly fibre and concentrates
containing protein and other nutrients.
Cattle disease are caused by parasites, bacteria and virus. External parasites
cause skin diseases. Internal parasites like worms affect stomach and intestine
and flukes damage the liver. Vaccinations are given to protect from viral and
bacterial diseases.
12. 8) Poultry farming :-
Poultry farming is done for egg production and chicken meat.
Improved poultry breeds are developed to produce layers for eggs
and broilers for meat.
Cross-breeding between Indian varieties like Aseel and foreign
varieties like Leghorn is done to develop new varieties.
For good production of poultry birds they are given proper nutrition
and kept in hygienic conditions and proper temperature conditions.
Broiler chickens are fed with vitamin, protein and fat rich feed for better
growth.
Poultry fowls are affected by diseases caused by virus, bacteria, fungi
and parasites. They are protected from diseases by proper sanitation,
spraying disinfectants and vaccination.
Aseel
Leghorn
13. 9) Fish production :- (Pisciculture)
Fish is a source of animal protein in our food. There are two ways of obtaining
fish. They are from natural sources called capture fishing and from fish farming
called culture fishery. The water source of fishes can be sea water (marine) or
fresh water like rivers, ponds, lakes etc.
i) Marine fisheries :-
The popular marine fish varieties are pomphret, mackerel, tuna, sardines etc.
They are caught by fishing nets from boats.
Some marine fishes are farmed in sea water. These include prawns, mullets,
perl spots, mussels, oysters etc. We get pearls from oysters.
ii) Inland fisheries :-
Culture fishery is done in freshwater and brackish water where sea water and
fresh water mix together. Sometimes fish culture is done in combination with
paddy crop in the field. This is called composite fish culture.
The common fishes in inland fish farms are rohu, catla, mrigal, grass carp,
silver carp, common carp etc.
Marine fishes Inland fishes
14. 10) Bee-keeping :-(Apiculture)
Bee-keeping is done to obtain honey and wax. Honey is used as a
source of energy and also has medicinal uses. Wax is used in medicinal
preparations and for making polishes.
The local varieties of bees used for honey production are the Indian
bee, Rock bee and Little bee. An Italian variety of bee is also being used
for large scale production of honey.
The bees collect nectar from flowers and is convert it into honey in
the bee hives. Bees are artificially grown in apiaries and the honey is
extracted by machine called honey extractors.
Honey extractorApiary
Bee hive