2. Liquid organic manures are products obtained from the fermentation and/or
decomposition of organic matter such as crop residues, animal dung, urine and other
plant material.
Liquid organic manures provide nutrients for the plants and can work as a pest control.
Under aerable production systems, organic manures suffers from the drawback of slow
release of nutrients, which may cause significant reduction in crop yield and net farm
income.
This could be overcome by use of judicious combination of organic manures. Combined
application of green manures, crop residues and composts along with liquid manures
mainly bio-digester, panchagavya, beejamrut, jeevamrut, Biogas spent slurry and
vermiwash etc., in a more synchronized system can release the nutrients as per the need
of crop to sustain higher productivity (Kamal Kanwar et al., 2006).
Liquid organic manures
3. Advantages:
• Readily availability nutrients as per the crop need
Increases the water holding capacity of the soil
• Reduction in cost of cultivation
• Induces drought and pest and disease resistant in crops.
• Improves the beneficial micro organism populations in the soil
This technology takes care of the sustainable soil fertility over a period
of time in an eco-friendly manner. The technology would help the farmers
in terms of reducing the external input purchase and improves the soil
ecosystem
Soil application of organic manures alone cannot fulfill the nutrient
requirement of crops so, for additional supply of nutrients.
There is a need to develop enriched liquid organic manure which can
supply adequate nutrients as well as have insecticidal/ fungicidal property.
4. Jeevamrutha is a plant growth promoting substance containing
beneficial micro organisms which promotes growth and yield of
crop. Microorganisms are well activated in the soil by the addition
of jeevamrutha.
The microorganisms such as nitrogen fixer, Azotobacter,
Azospirillum and phosphorus solubilizing bacteria Pseudomonas
fluorescence and potash solubilizing bacteria like Bacillus silicus are
present in the cow dung that is used to prepare jeevamrutha
(Ramprasad et al., 2009).
Jeevamrutha
5. Procedure for Preparation
Jeevamruth is liquid organic manure and used as a
nutrient source.
Jeevamruth is prepared by using 10 kg dung, 10 lit
cow urine, 2 kg jaggery, 2 kg pulse flour and 1 kg of
garden soil mixed thoroughly in 200 l of water
taken in a drum or any container.
The mixture is thoroughly stirred for a week twice
daily and used.
This is applied @ 500 l/ ha to a soil before sowing
and can also be applied as liquid manure to the soil
along with irrigation water with interval of 15 days
Jeevamruth
6. Panchagavya is an organic product produced by using five different by-
products of cow like cow dung, cow urine, cow milk, cow ghee, cow
curd and other ingredients.
It has the potential to play the role of promoting growth and providing
immunity in plant system thereby confers resistance against pest and
diseases.
Panchagavya contains several nutrients i.e. macronutrients like N, P, K
and micronutrients which are required for the growth and development
of plants and also contains various amino acids, vitamins, growth
regulators like Auxins, Gibberellins and also beneficial micro
organisms like pseudomonas, azatobacter and phosphor bacteria etc.
Panchagavya
7. Panchagavya
Procedure for Preparation
Panchagavya is prepared by using 7 kg fresh cow dung and 1 kg ghee mixed thoroughly
and kept for 2 days. It has to be thoroughly mixed daily thrice.
After 2 days, add 4 liter cow urine + 10 liter water and is fermented for 10 days by
stirring daily twice.
Then add 2 liter of cow milk, 2 liter of curds, 3 liter of sugarcane juice or 250 g jaggary,
2 liter of coconut water, and 12 No’s ripened banana and the mixture is allowed to
ferment for 15 days.
Stir the content daily at least 2-3 times.
The solution is filtered and used as a spray at the rate of 3%
It is used as a plant growth promoter for various crops and sprayed at the time of
flowering and 15 days after first spraying
It has all essential nutrients, harmones and growth promoting substances.
In addition to this, it improves the pest and disease resistance in crops.
8. Beneficial Effects of Panchagavya
Panchagavya is a component of crop production and it plays a crucial role
in each and every component of crop management like integrated soil
fertility management, integrated pest management, integrated disease
management.
Effect of panchagavya on plants
Plants sprayed with Panchagavya habitually produce bigger leaves and
develop denser canopy.
Branching is relatively high.
The rooting is prolific and intense.
The roots spread and grow into deeper layers were also observed.
Effect of panchagavya on soil fertility
Panchagavya improves fertility status in soils by increasing
macronutrients, micronutrients and beneficial microorganisms thus
increase soil health.
It improves water holding capacity of soils because it acts as a organic
manure.
It encourages growth and reproduction of beneficial soil microorganisms
It increases nutrient uptake in plants and enhances plant growth.
9. Effect of panchagavya on pest and diseases
It increases immunity power in plants thereby confers resistance
against pest and diseases various beneficial metabolites produced
by microorganisms such as organic acids, hydrogen peroxide and
antibiotics, which are effective against various pathogenic
microorganisms
Effect of panchagavya in different crops
Paaddy
Increases tillering
Absence of chaffy grains
Grain weight is increases by 20%
Improved cooking quality
Harvest is advanced by 15 days
Reduced percentage of broken rice during milling
10. Maize, Sorghum, Barley
Increased plant growth
Increased palatability
Increases nutrients in plants
Harvest is advanced by 10 days
Brinjal
Greeny and healthy plants
Attractive fruits
Resistance against Leucinodes arbonalis (Shoot and Fruit Borer) and sucking
pests
Increased fruit size and keeping quality
Other vegetables
Increase in yield
Extended shelf life
Vegetables with shiny skin
Mango
Breaks alternate bearing and continues to fruit regularly
Enhanced keeping quality by 12 days in room temperature
Improved flavour and aroma
Induces more female flower development
11. Dosage of Panchagavya recommended for field application
Spray system: 3% solution is effective. 3 litres of Panchagavya
mixed with every 100 litres of water is suitable for all crops.
Flow system: The solution of Panchagavya can be mixed with
irrigation water at 48-52 litres per hectare either through drip
irrigation or flow irrigation.
Seed/seedling treatment: 3% solution of Panchagavya can be used
to soak the seeds or dip the seedlings before planting. Soaking the
seeds or dipping the seedlings for 30 minutes is feasible.
12. General Advantages of Panchagavya
It improves soil health and fertility
It is used against pest and diseases
It increases yield and quality of produce
No chemicals are used
Eco-friendly approach
Cost required for preparation is less
No special techniques is required
It gives multiple uses
Reduces cost of cultivation by reducing chemicals like fertilizers,
pesticides, fungicides, growth regulators etc
Farmer friendly method
13. Bio-digester
Procedure for Preparation
The bio-digester liquid can be used as a botanical pesticide and liquid manure.
The bio-digester of 16 feet length 10 feet width and 6 feet height is constructed and the dung,
urine, organic wastes and botanical plants, mainly neem, calotropis, vitex, lantana, adothoda, ipomea,
custard apple, agave etc., are added to the bio-digester containing urine, dung and little quantity of soil
is added to the bio-digester and let water to the tank.
The organic matter decompose and digested liquid manure is ready in 3-4 weeks.
It is regularly added to the soil along with water at the rate 200 liter per hectare.
It can also be used as a spray @ 10 per cent
It contains nutrients, botanical plant extracts and growth promoting substances which helps to manage
pest and diseases and provide nutrients to the plants.
14. Beejamrutha, a mix of cow dung, cow urine, water, lime and a handful
of soil, a totally organic product helpful for the plant growth and
protects the crop from harmful soil-borne and seed-borne pathogens.
Smearing the seeds with beejamrutha before sowing control many
diseases that attack the plant right from its seedling stage.
At times, saplings are dipped in the beejamrutha before being
transplanted.
Presence of naturally occurring beneficial microorganisms
predominantly bacteria, yeast, actinomycetes, photosynthetic bacteria
and certain fungi were detected in cowdung (Swaminathan, 2005)
which is one component of beejamrutha.
Beejamrutha
15. Beejamrutha contains not only general microflora, but also certain
beneficial biochemical groups such as free living N2 -fixers, P-
solubilizers and bacteria producing plant growth promoting
substances.
Presence of such beneficial microbial biomass and nutrient status
might have resulted in improved seed germination, seedling length
and seed vigour in crops indicating beejamrutha as an efficient plant
growth stimulant.
16. Beejamruth
Procedure for Preparation
•Take 5 kg cowdung and tie it in a cloth. The cowdung is hanged in a bucket
containing 50 l of water over night.
•Next day morning the tied dung is frequently squeezed and dipped in the
water.
•To this dung solution add 5 l cow urine and 50 g calcium chloride solution
prepared separately in 5 liter of water.
•Dip the seeds / seedlings in this solution for 1 min and shade dried before
sowing.
17. Biogas spent slurry:
It is anaerobically stabilized material rich in nutrients as compared to
aerobically digested slurry.
The nutritive value of dung can be enhanced by slurry.
Recycling of cowdung also lead to the production of 730 m2 of biogas with
the possibly enhancing the nutrient value of NPK to the tune of 44.5 kg, 65.9
kg and 28 kg respectively from 11.0 t of dung on dry weight basis produced
from a animal unit (5 No’s) in a year.
18. Vermiwash
A liquid nutrient/ plant growth promoting substance obtained while
vermiculturing/ vermicomposting. It contains major nutrients, minor elements,
PGR’s, antibiotics, microflora and others. It is extracted at advanced stage of
Vermicomposting by sprinkling water in vermitanks.
Verminwash extraction methods
Vermiwash is wash of worms, extract of vermicompost and have nutritional
values (contains growth promoting substances viz., G.A., IAA, butaric acid) it is
having beneficial microbes. It can be sprayed or directly applied to base of plant
19. Factors Determining quality of vermiwash
Type of substrate used,
Duration of vermicomposting,
Population density of worms and storage of wash are
known to determine the nutritive quality of vermiwash
Use in crops: vermiwash is used as, foliar spray
Crops : Agri., Horti, Agro-Forestry, Nurseries
Amount of Dilution : Varies. 1:1 to 1:3 is desired
Freq. of Application : Varies but at critical stages of
crop growth is desired.
Benefits :
Foliar Nutrition with make plant pest and disease
tolerance, better reproductive growth, quality
enhancement and higher market price.
20. Particulars Panchagavya Vermiwash
(VW)
Total N (%) 0.04 0.02
Total P (%) 0.02 0.01
Total K (%) 0.03 0.02
Organic
carbon (%)
0.75 0.41
Nutrient composition of, panchagavya (PG) and vermiwash (VW)
21. Ingredients:
Fresh green biomass : 30 kg
Cow dung : 15 kg
Cow urine : 20 l
Water : 100 l
Procedure of preparation of biodigested liquid organic manure
The bio-digested liquid manure was prepared in a 200 l cement tank by adding
15 kg cow dung, 20 l cow urine, 30 kg of glyricidia green biomass and the volume
was made upto 100 l with water by continuous stirring. The liquid manure was
incubated for a period of 45 days and then applied to soil
Bio digested liquid manure (BDLM)
22. Animal wastes 2018 mt
Crop residue 407 mt
Municipal wastes 29 mt
Rice husk 15 mt
Rice bran 2.5 mt
Bagasse 5.3 mt
Press mud 2.0 mt
Saw dust 2.2 mt
Plant biomass 700 mt
Animal excreta including
humans.
2000 mt
The important organic wastes potential in India:
24. 1. Livestock and human wastes:
2. Crop residue
3. Green manure
4. Urban and rural wastes
5. Farm residues
6. Fishery and marine industry
7. Tank silts
1. Livestock and human wastes:
a) Sheep and goat manure : 3% N, 1 P2O5 and 2% K2O
b) Poultry manure : 3.03% N, 2.63% P2O5 and 1.4% K2O
c) Blood meal : 10 to 12 % N, 1 to 2% P2O5 and 1% K2O
d) Fish manure : 4 to 10% N, 3 to 9% P2O5 and 0.3 to 1.5% K2O
e) Bone meal : 4% N, 20% P2O5 (raw bone mean), 1 to 2% N, 22 to 24% P2O5 (steamed bone meal)
Classification of organic residues (sources of organic residues)
•Human excreta
Night soil: 5.5% N, 4% P2O5 and 2% K2O
2. Crop residue
Cereal straw and residues : 0.5% N, 0.6% P2O5 and 1.5% K2O Availability of crop residues : Rice
(118.9 mt), wheat (57.5 mt), maize (21.0 mt), millets (40.0 mt), sorghum (41.0 mt) and sugarcane (43.0
mt). Cotton : Stalks, leaves, flowers, roots and bark, stems, press wood, cotton dust. Tobacco : Leaf
scrap, stalks
Rice milling : Rice bran, rice husk, straw
Sugarcane : Trash, bagasse, molasses, pressmud (1-1.5% N, 4-5% P2O5 and 2-7% K2O – pressmud)
Cereals : Leaves, stalks, etc.
Weeds : Water hyacinth, Ipomoea, lantana, cassia, etc.
25. 3. Green manure
4. Urban and rural wastes
5. Farm residues
Fruit and vegetable wastes
Mango (peels and kernel), pineapple (peels, cores, trimmings), citrus fruits (peels,
pomace, cull fruits and seeds), guava (peels, pomace and seeds), peach (peels and
cores), plum (stone), grape (stalks, pomace, seed, and rottens), banana (peels),
tomato (seeds and pomace), potato (peels, rottons from cold storage), mushroom
(stalks, cuttings, trimmings)
Plantation industry
Coconut (coir dust), arecanut (husk, leaf sheath and leaves), cashewnuts (cashew
apple, testa, shell liquid), tea (tea wastes), coffee (husk or pulpy mass), rubber
(rubber sticks, leaves, mill wastes).
Oil seed industry:
Ground nut is important crop followed by rape seed and mustard, sesamum, linseed
and castor. Oil seeds- (i) Edible. E.g. Groundnut, safflower, sesamum, cotton,
coconut, (ii) Non-edible: E.g. pongamia, mahua and neem cake. Non-edible cakes
are used as manures especially for horticultural crops. Nutrients present in cakes are
made available to crops 7 to 10 days after application.
26. Sugar milling industry
Bagasse: it is used in producing pulp, paper board, etc., a portion of bagasse could
be utilised as both for fuel and manure if it is processed through biogas plants.
0.25% N, 0.12% P2O5, after composting: 1.4% N, 0.4% P2O5.
Pressmud: 1.25% N, 2% P2O5 and 20-25% organic matter. After composting:
1.4% N and 1.0-1.5% P2O5. It is very high in lime (45%). It is good to apply in
acidic soil.
Sawdust: It is wide in C/N ratio (400 : 1). It absorbs 2-4 times more moisture than
straw / cereal residues. It can be used as a good absorbatn for soaking urine in
cattle sheds and bedding materials for cattle. Can be used as mulching material.
6. Fishery and marine industry
Sea food and canning industry is an important industry. Prawn shell and head fish
and frog legs are the main byproducts of this industry (4 to 10% N, 3 to 9% P2O5
and 0.3 to 0.5% K2O). Marine algae and sea weeds: 1 to 2% P2O5 and 2 to 7%
K2O and a number of trace elements.
7. Tank silts: It consists of a large proportion of finer soil particles of silt and clay
and organic matter carried by run-off water from the surrounding soil to the tanks
during heavy rains. It contains 0.3% N, 0.3% P2O5 and p.3% K2O. It is an active
culture of microorganisms, especially the N-fixers.
