This document provides an overview of fluidization, which refers to transforming fine solids into a fluid-like state through contact with gas or liquid. Fluidization occurs when the drag forces from the fluid counteract gravitational forces on the particles, causing the bed to expand and behave like a liquid or gas. Examples where fluidization is used include fluidized bed reactors and combustion. The document discusses the minimum fluidization velocity and bed expansion during fluidization. Fluidized beds offer advantages like compact design and continuous operation but also challenges like non-uniform flow patterns.

2. “ Judging a Person Does not define who
they were ……..
Actually !
It defines who you are . ”

3. Assignment Presentation Topic:
Fluidization
Presenting to you by the Dashing Personalities
Mr. Sarfaraz Jalbani {14 CH 48}.
and
Mr. Rahat Inayat Ali {14 CH 23}.

4. What Is Fluidization …….???
The Operation by which Fine Solids are
Transformed into Fluid-Like State,
through Contact with the Gas or Liquid.

5.  Fluidization refers to those Gas-Solids and
Liquid-Solids system in which the solid
phase is subjected to behave more or less
like a Fluid by the upwelling current of gas or
liquid stream moving through the bed of solid
particles.
 Fluidized bed combustion and Catalytic
cracking of heavy crude-oil fractions of
petroleum are the two good examples of
Fluidization.

6. Some Size Reduction Processes used in
Fluidization Process
 Attrition
 Compression
 Impact
 Shear

7. Types
When Fluidizing Sand with Water, the
particles move further apart and their
motion becomes more vigorous as the
velocity is increased, but the bed
density at a given velocity is same in
all sections of the bed. This is
called Particulate Fluidization and is
characterized by a large but uniform
expansion of the bed at high
velocities.

8. And if …..
Beds of solids fluidized with Air usually
exhibit what is called
Aggregative or Bubbling Fluidization.
At superficial velocities much greater
than Vmf most of the gas passes
through the bed as bubbles or voids
which are almost free of solids, and
only a small fraction of the gas flows in
the channels between the particles.

9. How Fluidization ..?
PROCESS
 When a gas flow is introduced through the
bottom of a bed of solid particles, it will
move upwards through the bed via the
empty spaces between the particles. At low
gas velocities, aerodynamic drag on each
particle is also low, and thus the bed
remains in a fixed state. Increasing the
velocity, the aerodynamic drag forces will
begin to counteract the gravitational
forces, causing the bed to expand in
volume as the particles move away from
each other.

10.  Further increasing the velocity, it will reach
a critical value at which the upward drag
forces will exactly equal the downward
gravitational forces, causing the particles
to become suspended within the fluid. At
this critical value, the bed is said to be
fluidized and will exhibit fluidic behavior. By
further increasing gas velocity, the bulk
density of the bed will continue to
decrease, and its fluidization becomes
more violent, until the particles no longer
form a bed and are "conveyed" upwards by
the gas flow.

11.  When fluidized, a bed of solid particles will
behave as a fluid, like a liquid or gas. Like
water in a bucket: the bed will conform to
the volume of the chamber, its surface
remaining perpendicular to gravity;
objects with a lower density than the bed
density will float on its surface, bobbing up
and down if pushed downwards, while
objects with a higher density sink to the
bottom of the bed. The fluidic behavior
allows the particles to be transported like a
fluid, channeled through pipes, not
requiring mechanical transport (e.g.
conveyor belt).

12. Process
Diagram

13.  Fluidization starts at a point when the bed
pressure drop exactly balances the net
downward forces (gravity minus buoyancy
forces) on the bed packing, so
Dp/L = (1-e)(rs - r)g  1
 2
Substituting for Dp/L from Ergun's equation

14. In most industrial applications involving
fluidized beds, the particle diameter is
small, and VS also small. In these cases,
the second term of the above equation is
negligible compared to the first, so that
 3
For a given bed the above equation can be
used for both the unexpanded and the
expanded state.

15. Why Fluidization ..?
Application of Fluidization
 Fluidized solids can be easily transferred
between reactors.
 The intense mixing within a fluidized bed
means that its temperature is uniform.
 There is excellent heat transfer between a
fluidized bed and heat exchangers
immersed in the bed.
 To avoid particles to flow in air.

16. Example
 A simplified every-day-life example of a
gas-solid fluidized bed would be a hot-air
popcorn popper. The popcorn kernels, all
being fairly uniform in size and shape, are
suspended in the hot air rising from the
bottom chamber. Because of the intense
mixing of the particles, akin to that of a
boiling liquid, this allows for a uniform
temperature of the kernels throughout the
chamber, minimizing the amount of burnt
popcorn. After popping, the now larger
popcorn particles encounter increased
aerodynamic drag which pushes them out
of the chamber and into a bowl.

17. Fluidized bed,
Used for Fluidization
 A fluidized bed is formed when a quantity
of a solid particulate substance (usually
present in a holding vessel) is placed
under appropriate conditions to cause a
solid/fluid mixture to behave as a fluid.
This is usually achieved by the introduction
of pressurized fluid through the particulate
medium. This results in the medium then
having many properties and characteristics
of normal fluids, such as the ability to
free-flow under gravity, or to be pumped
using fluid type technologies. The resulting
phenomenon is called fluidization.

18.  When trying to describe the operation of a
fluidized bed, one main definition is the
minimum fluidization velocity. This parameter
is defined as "the superficial fluid velocity
at which the upward drag force exerted
by the fluid is equal to the apparent
weight of the particles in the bed”.
Another common characteristic of
fluidized beds is the bed expansion.
When incipient fluidization is achieved,
the fluid flowing upwards pushes the
particles up and the separation distance
between particles increases. This
Increases the void volume within the bed of
particles and the bed is considered expanded

20. Uses of Fluidized bed
 Fluidized beds are used for several
purposes, such as fluidized bed reactors
(types of chemical reactors), fluid
catalytic cracking, fluidized bed
combustion, heat or mass transfer or
interface modification, such as applying
a coating onto solid items.

21. Advantages n Disadvantages of
Fluidized bed
 Compact, simple in construction and easily
scalable.
 Thermal efficiency
 Continuous operation
 Ease of process control due to stable conditions
 Non-uniform flow patterns (difficult to predict).
 Agglomeration of particle decrease effective
surface area.
 Possible breakage of fine particles.
 Bed walls erosion

22. Thank You ………
Special Thanks to:
Ma’am Khadija
Qureshi