Fludised bed combusion
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The document discusses fluidized bed combustion (FBC) technology. FBC allows for solid fuels to be suspended and burned in a hot, bubbling fluidized bed. Jets of air are blown through the bed, providing oxygen for combustion and promoting rapid heat transfer. FBC plants can efficiently burn a variety of low-grade solid fuels like coal and biomass at high efficiency without expensive fuel preparation. Advantages of FBC include high thermal efficiency, rapid load changes, lower emissions, and ability to operate at temperatures below ash fusion. Potential disadvantages include issues with coal and additive distribution and erosion from direct contact of gases and tubes.
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Properties of fluids
The document defines several key properties of fluids: density is defined as mass per unit volume and its SI unit is kg/m3; specific volume is the reciprocal of density and defined as volume per unit mass; specific gravity is the ratio of a fluid's density to a standard fluid like water, and is unitless; and specific weight is defined as weight per unit volume and has an SI unit of N/m3. The document also provides examples that water has a density of 1000 kg/m3 and mercury has a density of 13600 kg/m3.
Lecture on quality
The document discusses different definitions and goals of quality. It states that quality involves fitness for use, fitness for purpose, customer satisfaction, and conformance to requirements. It also defines quality as conformance to specifications according to Deming and conformance to requirements according to Crosby. Additionally, it defines quality as meeting customer needs and involving a company-wide system to ensure customer satisfaction at low cost through coordinated actions. Quality is also said to be inversely proportional to variations.
Emissions in engines
This document discusses different types of emissions from engines, including exhaust and non-exhaust emissions. It describes the key pollutants like unburnt hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), particulate matter, and sulfur dioxide. The document explains the factors that influence emissions formation in spark ignition and compression ignition engines, such as fuel-air mixture, combustion temperature, and engine operating conditions. It also discusses the limitations of hydrocarbons and the processes that lead to HC and CO emissions from spark ignition engines.
Open channel flow
Open Channel Flow is a book written by Rampal Singh, who holds a B.E. in Mechanical Engineering, M.Tech in Production Engineering, and has qualified three times for the Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering (GATE). The book covers topics related to open channel flow, which is the flow of liquids in rivers, streams, and other channels where the free surface is exposed to the atmosphere.
Zenith carburetor
The Zenith Carburetor has 8 main components: a float chamber, main line, main jet, compensating jet, starting jet, reservoir, choke, and throttle valve. It works by drawing fuel from the float chamber through the main jet at a low speed air to fuel ratio of 15:1. At high speeds, the compensating jet provides extra fuel required. During starting, the starting jet sprays fuel from the reservoir into the air above the throttle valve to form an 11:1 rich mixture, helping the engine start.
Engine performance
The document discusses engine performance and is authored by Rampal Singh, who has a B.E. in Mechanical Engineering, M.Tech in Production Engineering, and has qualified three times for GATE.
Fuel injection system in ci engine
The document discusses the basics of fuel injection systems in compression ignition (CI) engines. It outlines the key objectives of a fuel injection system which are to meter the correct amount of fuel demanded based on engine load and speed, distribute fuel equally among cylinders, inject fuel at the proper timing and rate, and ensure proper atomization. It also provides details on the typical injection timing window and angle. To achieve these objectives, the key functional components are identified as the pumping element to transport fuel, a metering element to control the fuel supply, a metering control to adjust the metering based on load/speed, and a distribution element to divide fuel evenly among cylinders. Finally, it lists some common types of fuel injection systems used in
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Fludised bed combusion
- 1. Fluidized combustion boiler by Rampal Singh Assistant Professor Rai University, Ahmedabad B.E. (Mechanical), M.Tech (Production Engineering), Thrice GATE Qualified
- 2. Mechanism of FBC As air velocity is gradually increased, a stage is reached when the individual particles are suspended in the air stream – the bed is called “fluidised”. With further increase in air velocity, there is bubble formation, vigorous turbulence, rapid mixing and formation of dense defined bed surface. The bed of solid particles exhibits the properties of a boiling liquid and assumes the appearance of a fluid – “bubbling fluidized bed” At higher velocities, bubbles disappear, and particles are blown out of the bed. Therefore, some amounts of particles have to be recirculated to maintain a stable system - "circulating fluidised bed".
- 4. Fluidized bed combustion • Fluidized bed combustion (FBC) is a combustion technology used to burn solid fuels. • In its most basic form, fuel particles are suspended in a hot, bubbling fluidity bed of ash and other particulate materials (sand, limestone etc.) through which jets of air are blown to provide the oxygen required for combustion or gasification. • The resultant fast and intimate mixing of gas and solids promotes rapid heat transfer and chemical reactions within the bed. • FBC plants are capable of burning a variety of low-grade solid fuels, including most types of coal and woody biomass, at high efficiency and without the necessity for expensive fuel preparation (e.g., pulverizing).
- 7. Advantages • High thermal efficiency. • Short commissioning and erection period. • Efficient operation at temperatures down to 150° C ( i.e. well below the ash fusion temperature). • Reduced coal crushing etc. (pulverised coal is not a necessity here). • The system can respond rapidly to changes in load demand, due to quick establishment of thermal equilibrium between air and fuel particles in the bed. • The operation of fluidized bed furnace at lower temperature helps in reducing air pollution.
- 8. Disadvantage • There may be problem in distribution of coal and dolomite. • The direct contact of flue gases and tubes may erosion. • High pressure air is required