Know Everything you want to know about steam nozzles(Turbine Excluded).Know more about De-Laval Nozzles and How we achieve Supersonic velocity from nozzles.Also get to know about other essentials such as Critical pressure ratio and Saturated Flow.You can use this ppt in your projects,journals.It is not copyright protected.
Questions and answers on turbines used in Power Plants. The discussion is definitely going to reduce your doubts and give you all answers on your questions. This is part 1 and the series will be continued till your doubts are cleared. you can mail me the questions and i will try to give you all answers as early as possible.
Know Everything you want to know about steam nozzles(Turbine Excluded).Know more about De-Laval Nozzles and How we achieve Supersonic velocity from nozzles.Also get to know about other essentials such as Critical pressure ratio and Saturated Flow.You can use this ppt in your projects,journals.It is not copyright protected.
Questions and answers on turbines used in Power Plants. The discussion is definitely going to reduce your doubts and give you all answers on your questions. This is part 1 and the series will be continued till your doubts are cleared. you can mail me the questions and i will try to give you all answers as early as possible.
A brief explanation of both two stroke engine and four stroke engine with appropriate figures. It can also submitted to professor at the time of submission.
SOLAR POWER VAPOUR ABSORPTION REFRIGERATION SYSTEMaj12345ay
USE OF SOLAR POWER IN REFRIGERATION SYSTEM
The power incident from the sun to the earth has very much amount of energy that the present consumption rate of all the commercial and general uses. We utilize only 0.1% of total incident sun energy on the surface of earth. Thus solar energy can fulfill our present as well as future needs of energy. That is a reason it called renewable sources of energy. It is also environmental clean source of energy and available at whole part of world where people live. Using of solar energy in the field of refrigeration and air conditioning system it become very economical.
In our project we provide solar heat in generator for heating purpose of vapor compression refrigeration system.
For past few decades, energy has played a prominent role in the development of technology and economy. Energy has now become inevitable factor for production as well. The objective of this project is to develop an environment friendly vapour absorption system. Vapour absorption system uses heat energy, instead of mechanical energy as in vapour compression system, in order to change the condition of refrigerant required for the operation of the cycle. R 717(NH3) and water are used as working fluids in this system. The basic idea of this project is derived from the solar heating panel to obtain heat energy, instead of using any conventional source of heat energy. In this project various observations are done by varying operating conditions related to heat source, condenser, absorber and evaporator temperatures. The drawback of this system is that, it remains idle in the cloudy weather conditions.
COMPONENTS USED IN SOLAR POWERED AQUA-AMMONIA VAPOUR ABSORPTION SYSTEM
• ABSORBER
• PUMP
• HEAT EXCHANGER
• GENERATOR
• SOLAR PANEL
• CONDENSER
• EXPANSION VALVE
• EVAPORATOR
• DC BATTERY
• FAN
Fluidized bed combustor design and features, Fluidized-bed combustion is a process in which solid particles are made to exhibit fluid-like properties by suspending these particles in an upwardly flowing evenly distributed fluid (air or gas) stream.
Combustion takes place in the bed with high heat transfer to the furnace and low combustion temperatures.
A brief explanation of both two stroke engine and four stroke engine with appropriate figures. It can also submitted to professor at the time of submission.
SOLAR POWER VAPOUR ABSORPTION REFRIGERATION SYSTEMaj12345ay
USE OF SOLAR POWER IN REFRIGERATION SYSTEM
The power incident from the sun to the earth has very much amount of energy that the present consumption rate of all the commercial and general uses. We utilize only 0.1% of total incident sun energy on the surface of earth. Thus solar energy can fulfill our present as well as future needs of energy. That is a reason it called renewable sources of energy. It is also environmental clean source of energy and available at whole part of world where people live. Using of solar energy in the field of refrigeration and air conditioning system it become very economical.
In our project we provide solar heat in generator for heating purpose of vapor compression refrigeration system.
For past few decades, energy has played a prominent role in the development of technology and economy. Energy has now become inevitable factor for production as well. The objective of this project is to develop an environment friendly vapour absorption system. Vapour absorption system uses heat energy, instead of mechanical energy as in vapour compression system, in order to change the condition of refrigerant required for the operation of the cycle. R 717(NH3) and water are used as working fluids in this system. The basic idea of this project is derived from the solar heating panel to obtain heat energy, instead of using any conventional source of heat energy. In this project various observations are done by varying operating conditions related to heat source, condenser, absorber and evaporator temperatures. The drawback of this system is that, it remains idle in the cloudy weather conditions.
COMPONENTS USED IN SOLAR POWERED AQUA-AMMONIA VAPOUR ABSORPTION SYSTEM
• ABSORBER
• PUMP
• HEAT EXCHANGER
• GENERATOR
• SOLAR PANEL
• CONDENSER
• EXPANSION VALVE
• EVAPORATOR
• DC BATTERY
• FAN
Fluidized bed combustor design and features, Fluidized-bed combustion is a process in which solid particles are made to exhibit fluid-like properties by suspending these particles in an upwardly flowing evenly distributed fluid (air or gas) stream.
Combustion takes place in the bed with high heat transfer to the furnace and low combustion temperatures.
Fluidized-bed combustion is a process in which solid particles are made to exhibit fluid-like properties by suspending these particles in an upwardly flowing evenly distributed fluid (air or gas) stream.
Combustion takes place in the bed with high heat transfer to the furnace and low combustion temperatures.
Thermal Engineering is a specialised sub-discipline of Mechanical Engineering that deals exclusively with heat energy and its transfer between not only different mediums, but also into other usable forms of energy. A Thermal Engineer will be armed with the expertise to design systems and process to convert generated energy from various thermal sources into chemical, mechanical or electrical energy depending on the task at hand. Obviously, all Thermal Engineers are experts in all aspects of heat transfer.
Many process plants (basically somewhere where some raw material or resource is converted into something useful, e.g. power plants, oil refineries, plastic manufacturing plants, etc.) contain countless components and systems which have to be designed in terms of their heat transfer; it is particularly important to ensure that not too much heat is retained so the component or process is not disrupted. Conversely, some processes or systems are designed to use heat to their advantage and a Thermal Engineer must make sure enough heat is generated and used wisely (i.e. sustainably).
HEAP SORT ILLUSTRATED WITH HEAPIFY, BUILD HEAP FOR DYNAMIC ARRAYS.
Heap sort is a comparison-based sorting technique based on Binary Heap data structure. It is similar to the selection sort where we first find the minimum element and place the minimum element at the beginning. Repeat the same process for the remaining elements.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CONDENSING HEAT EXCHANGERS...ssuser7dcef0
Power plants release a large amount of water vapor into the
atmosphere through the stack. The flue gas can be a potential
source for obtaining much needed cooling water for a power
plant. If a power plant could recover and reuse a portion of this
moisture, it could reduce its total cooling water intake
requirement. One of the most practical way to recover water
from flue gas is to use a condensing heat exchanger. The power
plant could also recover latent heat due to condensation as well
as sensible heat due to lowering the flue gas exit temperature.
Additionally, harmful acids released from the stack can be
reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation. reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation.
Condensation of vapors in flue gas is a complicated
phenomenon since heat and mass transfer of water vapor and
various acids simultaneously occur in the presence of noncondensable
gases such as nitrogen and oxygen. Design of a
condenser depends on the knowledge and understanding of the
heat and mass transfer processes. A computer program for
numerical simulations of water (H2O) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
condensation in a flue gas condensing heat exchanger was
developed using MATLAB. Governing equations based on
mass and energy balances for the system were derived to
predict variables such as flue gas exit temperature, cooling
water outlet temperature, mole fraction and condensation rates
of water and sulfuric acid vapors. The equations were solved
using an iterative solution technique with calculations of heat
and mass transfer coefficients and physical properties.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Governing Equations for Fundamental Aerodynamics_Anderson2010.pdf
Power plant engineering micro project
1. Introduction:-
The major portion of the coal available in India is of
low quality, high ash content and low calorific value. The
traditional grate fuel firing systems have got limitations and are
techno-economically unviable to meet the challenges of future.
Fluidized bed combustion has emerged as a viable alternative
and has significant advantages over conventional firing system
and offers multiple benefits – compact boiler design, fuel
flexibility, higher combustion efficiency and reduced emission
of noxious pollutants such as Sox and NOx. The fuels burnt in
these boilers Include coal, washery rejects, rice husk, bagasse
and other agricultural wastes. The fluidized bed boilers have a
wide capacity range- 0.5 T/hr to over 100 T/hr.
Development of CFB
• 1921, Fritz Winkler, Germany, Coal Gasification
• 1938, Waren Lewis and Edwin Gilliland, USA, Fluid Catalytic
Cracking, Fast Fluidized Bed
• 1960, Douglas Elliott, England, Coal Combustion, BFB
• 1960s, Ahlstrom Group, Finland, First commercial CFB
boiler, 15 MWth, Peat
Types of Fluidized Bed Combustion Boilers:-
1. Atmospheric classic Fluidized Bed Combustion System (AFBC)
2. Atmospheric circulating (fast) Fluidized Bed Combustion system
(CFBC)
3. Pressurized Fluidized Bed Combustion System (PFBC).
1
2. Mechanism of fluidized bed coumbstion
When an evenly distributed air or gas is passed upward
through a finely divided bed of solid particles such as sand
supported on a fine mesh, the particles are undisturbed at low
velocity.
As air velocity is gradually increased, a stage is reached when the
individual particles are suspended in the air stream – the bed is
called “fluidised”.
With further increase in air velocity, there is bubble formation,
vigorous turbulence, rapid mixing and formation of dense defined
bed surface. The bed of solid particles exhibits the properties of a
boiling liquid and assumes the appearance of a fluid – “bubbling
fluidized bed”.
At higher velocities, bubbles disappear, and particles are blown
out of the bed. Therefore, some amounts of particles have to be
recirculated to maintain a stable system - "circulating fluidised
bed".
Combustion process requires the three “T”s that is Time,
Temperature and Turbulence.
In FBC, turbulence is promoted by fluidisation. Improved mixing
generates evenly distributed heat at lower temperature. Residence
time is many times greater than conventional grate firing. Thus an
FBC system releases heat more efficiently at lower temperatures.
Since limestone is used as particle bed, control of sulfur dioxide
and nitrogen oxide emissions in the combustion chamber is
achieved without any additional control equipment.
2
4. Wind box and grid nozzle
primary air is fed into wind box. Air is equally
distributed on furnace cross section by passing
through the grid nozzle. This will help mixing of
air and fuel for completed combustion
Bottom ash drain
coarse size of ash that is not take away from
furnace by fluidizing air will be drain at bottom
ash drain port locating on grid nozzle floor by
gravity. bottom ash will be cooled and conveyed
to silo by cooling conveyor.
HP Blower
supply high pressure air to fluidize bed material
in loop seal so that it can overflow to furnace
Cyclone separator
located after furnace exit and before
convective part. Fluidized boiler without this
would be BFB not CFB
Evaporative or Superheat Wing
Wall located on upper zone of furnace it can be
both of evaporative or SH panel lower portion
covered by erosion resistant materials
Fuel Feeding system
solid fuel is fed into the lower zone of furnace
through the screw conveyor cooling with
combustion air. Number of feeding port depend
on the size of boiler
Components of CFBC
4
5. Refractory
refractory is used to protect the pressure part
from serious erosion zone such as lower bed,
cyclone separator
Solid recycle system
dip leg of separator and furnace. Its design physical is
similar to furnace which have air box and nozzle to
distribute air. Distributed air from HP blower initiate
fluidization. Solid behave like a fluid then over flow
back to the furnace.
Kick out
kick out is referred to interface zone between the end
of lower zone refractory and water tube. It is design
to protect the erosion by by-passing the interface
from falling down bed materials
Lime stone and sand system
lime stone is pneumatically feed or gravitational
feed into the furnace slightly above fuel feed
port. the objective is to reduce SOx emission.
Sand is normally fed by gravitation from silo in
order to maintain bed pressure. Its flow control
by speed of rotary screw.
5
6. 1. High Efficiency
FBC boilers can burn fuel with a combustion efficiency of over
95% irrespective of ash content.
FBC boilers can operate with overall efficiency of 84% (plus or
minus 2%).
2. Reduction in Boiler Size
High heat transfer rate over a small heat transfer area immersed in
the bed result in overall
size reduction of the boiler.
3. Fuel Flexibility
FBC boilers can be operated efficiently with a variety of fuels.
Even fuels like flotation
slimes, washer rejects, agro waste can be burnt efficiently. These
can be fed either independently
or in combination with coal into the same furnace.
4. Ability to Burn Low Grade Fuel
FBC boilers would give the rated output even with inferior quality
fuel. The boilers can fire coals with ash content as high as 62%
and having calorific value as low as 2,500 kCal/kg.
Even carbon content of only 1% by weight can sustain the
fluidised bed combustion.
5. Ability to Burn Fines
Coal containing fines below 6 mm can be burnt efficiently in FBC
boiler, which is very
difficult to achieve in conventional firing system.
Advantages of CFBC
6
7. 6. Pollution Control
SO2 formation can be greatly minimized by addition of limestone
or dolomite for high sulphur
coals. 3% limestone is required for every 1% sulphur in the coal
feed. Low combustion temperature eliminates NOx formation.
7. Low Corrosion and Erosion
The corrosion and erosion effects are less due to lower
combustion temperature, softness of ash and low particle velocity
(of the order of 1 m/sec).
8. Easier Ash Removal – No Clinker Formation
Since the temperature of the furnace is in the range of 750 – 900
°C in FBC boilers, even
coal of low ash fusion temperature can be burnt without clinker
formation. Ash removal is easier as the ash flows like liquid from
the combustion chamber. Hence less manpower is
required for ash handling.
9. Less Excess Air – Higher CO2 in Flue Gas
The CO2 in the flue gases will be of the order of 14 – 15% at full
load. Hence, the FBC -
boiler can operate at low excess air - only 20 - 25%.
10. Fast Response to Load Fluctuations
Inherent high thermal storage characteristics can easily absorb
fluctuation in fuel feed rates.
Response to changing load is comparable to that of oil fired
boilers.
7
8. Inspection& Maintance
Before maintenance work
Make sure that all staff are understand about
safety instruction for doing CFB boiler
maintenance work
Make sure that all maintenance and safety equipments
shall be a first class
Windbox Inspection
● Inspect sand inside windbox after shutdown
● Drain pipe
● Crack
● Air gun pipe
● Refractory
● Crack,wear and fall down inspectby
hammer(knocking) if burner is under bed design 8
9. Furnace Inspection
● Nozzle :
● Wear
● Fall-off
● Refractory
● Crack, wear and fall down inspect by hammer
knocking if burner is under bed design
● Feed fuel port
● Wear
● Crack
● Burner
● Limestone port
● Crack
● Deform
● Refractory damage at connection between port and
refractory
● Secondary & Recirculation Air port
● Crack
● Deform
● Refractory damage at connection between port and
refractory
● Bed Temperature
● Check thermo well deformation
● Check wear
9
10. Kick-Out Inspection
● Refractory
● Wear
● Crack and fall down by hammer(knocking)
● Water tube
● Wear
● Thickness measuring
● Erosion at corner
● Defect from weld build up
● Water tube sampling for internal check every 3 years
Superheater
● Water Tube:
● Thickness measuring
● Erosion at tube connection
● Refractory
● Crack and fall down by hammer(knocking)
● Guard
● Crack
● fall down
● Offset Water Tube:
● Thickness measuring
● Erosion at offset tube
● SH tube
● Thickness measuring
● Omega Guard
● Crack
● fall down
10
11. Roof &Inlet Separator
● Water Tube:
● Thickness measuring
● Erosion
● Refractory
● Crack, wear and fall down by hammer(knocking)
Steam Drum
● Surface :
● Surface were black by magnetite
● Deposits
● Deposits at bottom drum need to check chemical
analysis
● Cyclone Separator
● Demister
● Blowdown hole
● U-Clamp
Economizer
● Water Tube
● Thickness measuring
● High erosion between economizer tube and wall
● Steam erosion due to improper soot blower
● Guard
● Fall down & Crack
Air Heater
● Tube
● Cold end corrosion due to high concentrate
SO3 in flue gas
● Steam erosion due to improper soot blower 11