It is a laser based technology that measures and analyses different physical and chemical properties of the cells/particles flowing in a stream of fluid through a beam of light
It is a laser based technology that measures and analyses different physical and chemical properties of the cells/particles flowing in a stream of fluid through a beam of light
Fluorescence- Activated Cell Sorter is a powerful technique used in cell sorting, cell-cycle analysis etc.
The presentation gives a basic understanding of the principle of FACS, instrumentation, interpretation of results, applications, how to do cell-cycle analysis using FACS and various troubleshooting tips.
Equipments used , types of culture and media, subculturing, secondary culture, finite & continuous cell lines, cryopreservation and applications of cell culture
INTRODUCTION
ROLE IN CELL LINE CHARACTERIZATION
CAUSES OF TRANSFORMATION
METHODS OF TRANSFECTION
CHARACTERISTICS OF TRAANSFORMED CELLS
GENETIC INSTABILITY
IMMORTALIZATION
ABRERANT GROWTH CONTROL
TUMORIGENECITY
CHROMOSOMAL ABERATION
APPLICATION
CONCLUSION
REFERENCE
Flow cytometry is a technique used in Cell Biology to analyze and measure the volume of cells suspended in a liquid with streamline flow, exposed to a laser beam.
Fluorescence- Activated Cell Sorter is a powerful technique used in cell sorting, cell-cycle analysis etc.
The presentation gives a basic understanding of the principle of FACS, instrumentation, interpretation of results, applications, how to do cell-cycle analysis using FACS and various troubleshooting tips.
Equipments used , types of culture and media, subculturing, secondary culture, finite & continuous cell lines, cryopreservation and applications of cell culture
INTRODUCTION
ROLE IN CELL LINE CHARACTERIZATION
CAUSES OF TRANSFORMATION
METHODS OF TRANSFECTION
CHARACTERISTICS OF TRAANSFORMED CELLS
GENETIC INSTABILITY
IMMORTALIZATION
ABRERANT GROWTH CONTROL
TUMORIGENECITY
CHROMOSOMAL ABERATION
APPLICATION
CONCLUSION
REFERENCE
Flow cytometry is a technique used in Cell Biology to analyze and measure the volume of cells suspended in a liquid with streamline flow, exposed to a laser beam.
Flow cytometry (FCM) is a technique used to detect and measure physical and chemical characteristics of a population of cells or particles. In this process, a sample containing cells or particles is suspended in a fluid and injected into the flow cytometer instrument.
What are microbiological techniques ? what techniques or methods are used to detect microorganism. phase contrast mircroscopy , gel electrophoresis , flow cytometry , cell counter method and other.
The technique of flow cytometry is used to evaluate cells for a number of functions, such as cell counting, phenotyping, cell cycle analysis, and viability.
Flow cytometry is a standard laser-based technology that is used in the detection and measurement of physical and chemical characteristics of cells or particles in a heterogeneous fluid mixture.
FLOW CYTOMETRY, PRINCIPLE, APPLICATION, USE IN HAEMATOLOGY, COMPONENT OF FLOW CYTOMETRY, DATA INTERPRETATION, DATA ANALYSIS, CELL SHORTING ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES, IMMUNOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF ACUTE
LEUKEMIA
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
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2. • Flow cytometry is a technique used to detect and measure physical
and chemical characteristics of a population of cells or particles
• A sample containing cells or particles is suspended in a fluid and
injected into the flow cytometer instrument.
• The sample is focused to ideally flow one cell at a time through a
laser beam and the light scattered is characteristic to the cells and
their components.
• Cells are often labeled with fluorescent markers so that light is first
absorbed and then emitted in a band of wavelengths.
• A flow cytometry analyzer is an instrument that provides
quantifiable data from a sample. Other instruments using flow
cytometry include cell sorters which physically separate and
thereby purify cells of interest based on their optical properties.
2SANJU KALADHARAN
4. • Flow cytometry is a popular cell biology technique that utilizes
laser-based technology to count, sort, and profile cells in a
heterogeneous fluid mixture.
• Using a flow cytometer machine, cells or other particles suspended
in a liquid stream are passed through a laser light beam in single file
fashion, and interaction with the light is measured by an electronic
detection apparatus as light scatter and fluorescence intensity.
• If a fluorescent label, or fluorochrome, is specifically and
stoichiometrically bound to a cellular component, the fluorescence
intensity will ideally represent the amount of that particular cell
component.
4SANJU KALADHARAN
5. • Three main systems make up the flow cytometer instrument
and those are
the fluidics,
the optics and
the electronics.
5SANJU KALADHARAN
6. The fluidic system
• The purpose of the fluidics system is to transport the particles in a
stream of fluid to the laser beam where they are interrogated.
•
• Any cell or particle that is 0.2 to 150 μms in size can be analyzed. If the
cells are from solid tissue, they require disaggregation before they can be
analyzed.
• Although cells from animals, plants, bacteria, yeast or algae are usually
measured, other particles such as chromosomes or nuclei can also be
examined.
• Some particles such as marine algae are naturally fluorescent, but in
general, fluorescent labels are required to tag components of the particle.
• The section of the fluid stream that contains the particles is referred to as
the sample core.
6SANJU KALADHARAN
7. • When a cell suspension is run through the cytometer, sheath fluid is
used to hydrodynamically focus the cell suspension through a small
nozzle.
• The tiny stream of fluid takes the cells past the laser light one cell at
a time .
• Light scattered from the cells or particles is detected as they go
through the laser beam.
• A detector in front of the light beam measures forward scatter (FS)
and several detectors to the side measure side scatter (SS).
• Fluorescence detectors measure the fluorescence emitted from
positively stained cells or particles.
• Sheath fluid focuses the cell suspension, causing cells to pass
through a laser beam one cell at a time. Forward and side
scattered light is detected, as well as fluorescence emitted from
stained cells.
7SANJU KALADHARAN
9. Antibody staining Methods
Direct staining
•In direct
immunofluorescence
staining, cells are incubated
with an antibody directly
conjugated to a fluorophore
such as Peridinin
Chlorophyll Protein Complex
(PerCP).
• It is advantageous during
intracellular staining
because large antibody-
fluorophore complexes
including secondary
antibodies can become
trapped and result in non-
specific binding, or they
may fail to enter the cell
which results in no
detection.
Indirect Staining
• In indirect staining, the
fluorophore conjugated
secondary antibody
detects the primary
antibody which is
unconjugated.
• Another available
method is the avidin-
biotin system, whereby a
biotin-conjugated
antibody is detected with
fluorophore-labeled
avidin.
Intracellular
staining:
•allows direct measurement
of antigens (cytokines or
transcription factors)
present inside the cell
cytoplasm or nucleus
without tissue seperation.
•Detecting intracellular
antigens requires cell
permeabilization before
staining, and antibodies
should be prepared in
permeabilization buffer to
ensure the cells remain
permeable.
9SANJU KALADHARAN
10. The optics system
• The optics system is made up of lasers which illuminate the particles
present in the stream as they pass through and scatter light from the
laser.
• Any fluorescent molecules that are on the particle emit fluorescence,
which is detected by carefully positioned lenses.
• Generally, the light scattered from up to six or more fluorescences
is determined for two different angles.
• Optical filters and beam splitters then direct the light signals to the
relevant detectors, which emit electronic signals proportional to the
signals that hit them.
• Data can then be collected on each particle or event and the
characteristics of those events or particles are determined based on
their fluorescent and light scattering properties.
10SANJU KALADHARAN
12. • Cells or particles passing
through the beam scatter
light, which is detected as FS
and SS.
• FS correlates with cell size and
SS is proportional to the
granularity of the cells.
• In this manner, cell
populations can often be
distinguished based on
differences in their size and
granularity alone.
The direction of light scattered by the
cell correlates to cell size and granularity
12SANJU KALADHARAN
13. Eg :
FITC (fluorescein
isothiocyanate) channel
PMT will detect light
emitted from FITC at a
wavelength of
approximately 519 nm.
The PE channel PMT will
detect light emitted from PE
(phycoerythrin) at 575 nm
wavelength.
Each PMT will also detect
any other fluorochromes
emitting at a similar
wavelength to the
fluorochrome it is detecting.
13SANJU KALADHARAN
14. When no fluorescing
cells pass through the
optics,
no photons are
emitted and no signal
is detected.
As the fluorescent
labeled cell passes
through
the optics and is
interrogated by the
laser, photons are
emitted and
so the intensity of the
voltage measured
increases.
As each fluorescing
cell completes its path
through the laser
beam, this leaves a
pulse of voltage over
time. 14SANJU KALADHARAN
15. The electronics system
• The electronics system is used to change the light signals detected
into electronic pulses that a computer can process.
• The data can then be studied to ascertain information about a large
number of cells over a short period.
• Information on the heterogeneity and different subsets within cell
populations can be identified and measured.
• Some instruments have a sorting feature in the electronics system
that can be used to charge and deflect particles so that certain cell
populations can be sorted for further analysis
• The data are usually presented in the form of single parameter
histograms or as plots of correlated parameters, which are referred
to as cytograms.
• Cytograms may display data in the from of a dot plot, a contour
plot or a density plot. sis 15SANJU KALADHARAN
16. • A useful example of this is when
running blood samples on the flow
cytometer.
• Larger and more granular granulocyte
cells produce a large population with
high SS and FS.
• Monocytes are large cells, but not so
granular, so these produce a separate
population with high FS but lower SS.
• Smaller lymphocytes and
lymphoblasts produce a separate
population with less FS. They are not
granular cells, so also have low SS.
• Therefore, these cells can be
separated into different populations
based on their FS and SS alone.
Each dot represents a single cell
analyzed by the flow cytometer
16SANJU KALADHARAN
17. Applications
• Immunophenotyping- Using fluorescence-conjugated antibodies
directed toward a protein(s) of interest, cells expressing that
protein(s) on the surface or intracellularly may be detected by flow
cytometry.Specific cell types may be distinguished within a mixed
population using multiple fluorescence-conjugated antibodies.
• Transfection efficiency may be determined when a fluorescent
protein (i.e. GFP) is used as a marker.
• Apoptosis measurement- Several flow cytometric methods to
detect apoptosis are available. Cells can be stained with Annexin V
or 7ADD.
17SANJU KALADHARAN
18. • Cell cycle analysis- Fixed cells are stained with a dye that binds to
DNA (e.g. propidium iodide,ethidium bromide,DAPI).
• Fluorescent intensity is used to determine the amount of cellular
DNA present in each cell (i.e. two copies of a genome have roughly
twice the fluorescent intensity of one copy).
• Cell proliferation- Carboxyfluorescein diacetate, succinimidyl ester
(CFSE) is a dye that diffuses into cells and is passed from parent to
daughter cells so that the cells of each generation have half the
fluorescent intensity of their parent cells.
• Cell sorting- A particular subset(s) of cells may be sorted from a
mixture of cells based upon particular properties.
18SANJU KALADHARAN
19. • Membrane potential- Bacterial membrane potential may be
analyzed using DiOC2, which exhibits green fluorescence in all
bacterial cells, but shifts to red fluorescence as the dye becomes
more concentrated in cells with larger membrane
potentials.Mitochondrial membrane potential may be analyzed in
the same manner with JC-1.
• Live/dead bacteria discrimination- You can test how fast an
antibiotic is killing microbes: live cells have intact membranes and
are impermeable to dyes such as propidium iodide, which only
leaks into cells with compromised membranes. Thiazole orange
enters all cells, live and dead, to varying degrees. Thus a
combination of these two dyes provides a rapid and reliable
method for discriminating live and dead bacteria.
19SANJU KALADHARAN