Immunoelectrophoresis is a technique that combines electrophoresis and immunodiffusion to separate and identify antigen components in a mixture. It involves applying an electric current to separate antigens in agar gel wells, then allowing the antigens to diffuse and react with antibodies placed in troughs cut into the gel. This results in the formation of precipitin lines that indicate reactions between individual antigens and antibodies, allowing different antigens to be identified based on the lines' position and shape. Immunoelectrophoresis is used in medical diagnostics to detect abnormal proteins and monitor antigen purity.
Immunodiffusion -Different Types,Principle,procedureand application. it is a diagnostic technique for the detection or measurements of antibodies and antigens by their precipitation which involves diffusion through a substances such as agar or gel agarose .common types -oudin procedure,oakley fulthorpe procedure ,mancini technique ,ouchterlony double immuno diffusion
Immunodiffusion -Different Types,Principle,procedureand application. it is a diagnostic technique for the detection or measurements of antibodies and antigens by their precipitation which involves diffusion through a substances such as agar or gel agarose .common types -oudin procedure,oakley fulthorpe procedure ,mancini technique ,ouchterlony double immuno diffusion
Ouchterlony double immunodiffusion (also known as passive double immunodiffusion) is an immunological technique used in the detection, identification and quantification of antibodies and antigens, such as immunoglobulins and extractable nuclear antigens.
PAGE is a subtype of the gel electrophoresis whereby the normal gel is replaced with polyacrylamide gels use as the support matrix.
widely used and has very much importance.
COMPLETE PROCEDURE & USES are described in the slide.
Centrifugation principle and types by Dr. Anurag YadavDr Anurag Yadav
concept of cnetrifugation,
basic Principle
centrifugal force
types of centrifugation based on use and rotor type
application of the each type of centrifuge
Ultracentrifuge in detail
application in general
It is a subtype of the gel electrophoresis whereby the normal gel is replaced with polyacrylamide gels used as support media.
Gels are made by free radical-induced polymerization of acrylamide and N,N’-Methylenebisacrylamide.
It is the most widely used technique of electrophoresis.
Gel electrophoresis native, denaturing&reducingLovnish Thakur
Electrophoresis is a technique used to separate and sometimes purify macromolecules - especially proteins and nucleic acids - that differ in size, charge or conformation.
Ouchterlony double immunodiffusion (also known as passive double immunodiffusion) is an immunological technique used in the detection, identification and quantification of antibodies and antigens, such as immunoglobulins and extractable nuclear antigens.
PAGE is a subtype of the gel electrophoresis whereby the normal gel is replaced with polyacrylamide gels use as the support matrix.
widely used and has very much importance.
COMPLETE PROCEDURE & USES are described in the slide.
Centrifugation principle and types by Dr. Anurag YadavDr Anurag Yadav
concept of cnetrifugation,
basic Principle
centrifugal force
types of centrifugation based on use and rotor type
application of the each type of centrifuge
Ultracentrifuge in detail
application in general
It is a subtype of the gel electrophoresis whereby the normal gel is replaced with polyacrylamide gels used as support media.
Gels are made by free radical-induced polymerization of acrylamide and N,N’-Methylenebisacrylamide.
It is the most widely used technique of electrophoresis.
Gel electrophoresis native, denaturing&reducingLovnish Thakur
Electrophoresis is a technique used to separate and sometimes purify macromolecules - especially proteins and nucleic acids - that differ in size, charge or conformation.
It contains 2-3 acetyl groups per glucose unit and its adsorption capacity is less than that of paper.
It gives sharper bands.
Provides a good background for staining glycoproteins.
ADVANTAGE:
No tailing of proteins or hydrophilic materials.
Available in wide range of particle size and layer thickness.
Give sharp bands and offer good resolution.
High voltage can be applied which will enhance the resolution.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
2. Immunoelectrophoresis refers to precipitation in agar under an
electric field.
It is a process of combination of immuno-diffusion and
electrophoresis.
An antigen mixture is first separated into its component parts
by electrophoresis and then tested by double immuno-diffusion.
Antigens are placed into wells cut in a gel (without antibody)
and electrophoresed. A trough is then cut in the gel into which
antibodies are placed.
The antibodies diffuse laterally to meet diffusing antigen, and
lattice formation and precipitation occur permitting
determination of the nature of the antigens.
The term “immunoelectrophoresis” was first coined by Grabar
and Williams in 1953.
3. Principle
When electric current is applied to a slide layered with
gel, antigen mixture placed in wells is separated into
individual antigen components according to their
charge and size. Following electrophoresis, the
separated antigens are reacted with specific antisera
placed in troughs parallel to the electrophoretic
migration and diffusion is allowed to occur. Antiserum
present in the trough moves toward the antigen
components resulting in formation of separate
precipitin lines in 18-24 hrs, each indicating reaction
between individual proteins with its antibody.
4.
5. Procedure
Agarose gel is prepared on a glass slide put in a horizontal position.
Using sample template, wells are borne on the application zone carefully.
The sample is diluted 2:3 with protein diluent solution (20μl antigen solution
+10 μl diluent).
Using a 5 μl pipette, 5 μl of control and sample is applied across each
corresponding slit (Control slit and Sample slit).
The gel is placed into the electrophoresis chamber with the samples on the
cathode side, and electrophoresis run for 20 mins/ 100 volts.
After electrophoresis completes, 20 μl of the corresponding antiserum is added
to troughs in moist chamber and incubated for 18- 20 hours at room
temperature on a horizontal position.
The agarose gel is placed on a horizontal position, and dried with blotter
sheets.
The gel in saline solution is soaked for 10 minutes and the drying and washing
repeated twice again.
The gel is dried at a temperature less than 70°C and may be stained with
6. Results
Presence of elliptical precipitin arcs represents antigen-
antibody interaction.
Absence of formation of precipitate suggests no
reaction.
Different antigens (proteins) can be identified based on
the intensity, shape, and position of the precipitation
lines.
7. Applications
The test helps in identification and approximate quantization of
various proteins present in the serum,in protein identification
and in immunology.
Immunoelectrophoresis is used in patients with suspected
monoclonal and polyclonal gammopathies.
The method is used to detect normal as well as abnormal
proteins, such as myeloma proteins in human serum.
Used to analyze complex protein mixtures containing different
antigens.
The medical diagnostic use is of value where certain proteins are
suspected of being absent (e.g., hypogammaglobulinemia) or
overproduced (e.g., multiple myeloma).
This method is useful to monitor antigen and antigen-antibody
purity and to identify a single antigen in a mixture of antigens.
