The technique of flow cytometry is used to evaluate cells for a number of functions, such as cell counting, phenotyping, cell cycle analysis, and viability.
Flow cytometry is a standard laser-based technology that is used in the detection and measurement of physical and chemical characteristics of cells or particles in a heterogeneous fluid mixture.
Flow cytometry is a standard laser-based technology that is used in the detection and measurement of physical and chemical characteristics of cells or particles in a heterogeneous fluid mixture.
This slide show forms part of the Introduction to Flow Cytometry seminar help by The Garvan MLC Flow Cytometry Facility. The Garvan MLC Flow Cytometry Facility is part of the Garvan Institute of Medical Research and is located in Sydney NSW.
Introduction
Definition
Basic mechanism
Prerequisite of flow cytometer
Components of flow cytometry
Flow system
Optics system
Concept of scattering
Advantage
Limitation
Application
Conclusion
References
It is a laser based technology that measures and analyses different physical and chemical properties of the cells/particles flowing in a stream of fluid through a beam of light
Electrophoresis principle and types by Dr. Anurag YadavDr Anurag Yadav
the general principle on how the electrophoresis performs.
the different types of electrophoresis and the mechanism of separation based on different character of the medium and type of electrophoresis.
INTRODUCTION, DEFINATION OF ELECTROPHORESIS, ELECTROPHORESIS PRINCIPLE, TYPES OF ELECTROPHORESIS, FREE ELECTROPHORESIS, ZONE ELECTROPHORESIS,PAPER ELECTROPHORESIS, WORKING OF PAPER ELECTROPHORESIS, PROCEDURE FOR PAPER ELECTROPHORESIS, VISUALISATION, FACTORS AFFECTING SEPARATION OF MOLECULES, APPLICATIONS, working of paper electrophoresis ,procedure for paper electrophoresis ,visualisation ,factors affecting separation of molecules ,applications ,forensics ,dna fingerprinting ,molecular biology ,microbiology information about the organisms ,biochemistry mapping of cellular components ,paper electrophoresis is also used in study of sic ,hemoglobin abnormalities ,separation of blood clotting factors ,serum plasma proteins from blood sample ,used in separation and identification of alkaloids ,used for testing water samples ,toxicity of water ,drug industry to determine presence of illelgal drUGS
LIGHT MICROSCOPY by SIVASANGARI SHANMUGAM
The optical microscope, The functions of a light microscope is based on its ability to focus a beam of light through, which is very small and transparent, to produce an image.
This slide show forms part of the Introduction to Flow Cytometry seminar help by The Garvan MLC Flow Cytometry Facility. The Garvan MLC Flow Cytometry Facility is part of the Garvan Institute of Medical Research and is located in Sydney NSW.
Introduction
Definition
Basic mechanism
Prerequisite of flow cytometer
Components of flow cytometry
Flow system
Optics system
Concept of scattering
Advantage
Limitation
Application
Conclusion
References
It is a laser based technology that measures and analyses different physical and chemical properties of the cells/particles flowing in a stream of fluid through a beam of light
Electrophoresis principle and types by Dr. Anurag YadavDr Anurag Yadav
the general principle on how the electrophoresis performs.
the different types of electrophoresis and the mechanism of separation based on different character of the medium and type of electrophoresis.
INTRODUCTION, DEFINATION OF ELECTROPHORESIS, ELECTROPHORESIS PRINCIPLE, TYPES OF ELECTROPHORESIS, FREE ELECTROPHORESIS, ZONE ELECTROPHORESIS,PAPER ELECTROPHORESIS, WORKING OF PAPER ELECTROPHORESIS, PROCEDURE FOR PAPER ELECTROPHORESIS, VISUALISATION, FACTORS AFFECTING SEPARATION OF MOLECULES, APPLICATIONS, working of paper electrophoresis ,procedure for paper electrophoresis ,visualisation ,factors affecting separation of molecules ,applications ,forensics ,dna fingerprinting ,molecular biology ,microbiology information about the organisms ,biochemistry mapping of cellular components ,paper electrophoresis is also used in study of sic ,hemoglobin abnormalities ,separation of blood clotting factors ,serum plasma proteins from blood sample ,used in separation and identification of alkaloids ,used for testing water samples ,toxicity of water ,drug industry to determine presence of illelgal drUGS
LIGHT MICROSCOPY by SIVASANGARI SHANMUGAM
The optical microscope, The functions of a light microscope is based on its ability to focus a beam of light through, which is very small and transparent, to produce an image.
Flow cytometry is a technique used in Cell Biology to analyze and measure the volume of cells suspended in a liquid with streamline flow, exposed to a laser beam.
The Main Advantage
The main advantages of flow cytometry over histology and IHC is the possibility to precisely measure the quantities of antigens and the possibility to stain each cell with multiple antibodies-fluorophores, in current laboratories around 10 antibodies can be bound to each cell. This is much less than mass cytometer where up to 40 can be currently measured, but at a higher and slower pace.
Aquatic research
In aquatic systems, flow cytometry is used for the analysis of autofluorescing cells or cells that are fluorescently-labeled with added stains.
This research started in 1981 when Clarice Yentsch used flow cytometry to measure the fluorescence in a red tide producing dinoflagellates
Marine scientists use the sorting ability of flow cytometers to make discrete measurements of cellular activity and diversity, to conduct investigations into the mutualistic relationships between microorganisms that live in close proximity,and to measure biogeochemical rates of multiple processes in the ocean
Cell Proliferation assay
Cell proliferation is the major function in the immune system. Often it is required to analyse the proliferative nature of the cells in order to make some conclusions. One such assay to determine the cell proliferation is the tracking dye carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester (CFSE). It helps to monitor proliferative cells. This assay gives quantitative as well as qualitative data during time-series experiments
Cell counting
Cell sorting
Determining cell characteristics and function
Detecting microorganisms
Biomarker detection
Protein engineering detection
Diagnosis of health disorders such as blood cancers
Flow cytometry can be used for cell cycle analysis to estimate the percentages of a cell population in the different phases of the cell cycle, or it can be used with other reagents to analyze just the S phase.
Why flow cytometry is ideal for cell cycle analysis
Live-cell cycle analysis stains—Vybrant DyeCycle stains
Classic DNA cell cycle stains such as Hoechst 33342 and DRAQ5 for cell cycle analysis, but most of these have limitations that have to be considered when using them in an experiment which is why the Invitrogen Vybrant DyeCycle stains for live-cell cycle analysis were developed.
Fixed-cell cycle analysis stains FxCycle reagents
We offer classic DNA cell cycle stains such as DAPI, PI, and 7-AAD for fixed cell cycle analysis, but these reagents do not cover the full spectrum of laser excitation available.
The FxCycle reagents offer options for the 405 nm (violet) and 633 nm (red) laser thereby increasing the ability to multiplex by freeing up the 488 nm and 633 nm lasers for other cellular analyses such as immunophenotyping, apoptosis analysis, and dead cell discrimination.
Precise—Accurate cell cycle analysis in living cells
Safe—Low cytotoxicity for combining with additional live cell experiments
Cell sort compatible—Easily sort cells based on phase of the cell cycle
Fluorescence- Activated Cell Sorter is a powerful technique used in cell sorting, cell-cycle analysis etc.
The presentation gives a basic understanding of the principle of FACS, instrumentation, interpretation of results, applications, how to do cell-cycle analysis using FACS and various troubleshooting tips.
flow cytometer definition, principal, requirements procedure and application.IrfanSheikh99
Flow cytometry it's introduction, principal, requirements, procedure, application and care and maintenance. This instrument used in medical laboratory technology and other laboratory that used for the seperation of different substance with light beam.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
3. INTRODUCTION
FLOW
CYTOMETRY
3
Flow cytometry is the measuring (metry) of cells (cyto) as they
flow (cells in motion) past a detecting device.
The technique of flow cytometry is used to evaluate cells for a
number of functions, such as cell counting, phenotyping, cell
cycle analysis, and viability.
Flow cytometry is a standard laser-based technology that is used
in the detection and measurement of physical and chemical
characteristics of cells or particles in a heterogeneous fluid
mixture.
4. • The use of flow cytometry has increased over the years as it provides a
rapid analysis of multiple characteristics (both qualitative and
quantitative) of the cells.
• The properties that can be measured by this process include a particle’s
size, granularity or internal complexity, and fluorescence intensity.
• These characteristics are determined using an optical-to-electronic
coupling system that detects the cells based on laser scattered by the
cells.
• A flow cytometer, despite its name, does not necessarily deal with cells; it
deals with cells quite often, but it can also deal with chromosomes or
molecules or many other particles that can be suspended in a fluid.
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CYTOMETRY
5. PRINCIPLE
• Flow cytometry (FCM) is a sophisticated technique that works on the principle of
light scattering and fluorescence emission by the specific fluorescent probe-
labeled cells as they pass through a laser beam.
• It offers several unique advantages as it allows fast, relatively quantitative,
multiparametric analysis of cell populations at the single cell level.
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CYTOMETRY
6. INSTRUMENTATION OF FLOW
CYTOMETRY
• A flow cytometer is made up of three main systems: fluidics, optics
system, and electronics system.
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CYTOMETRY
8. HYDRODYNAMIC FOCUSING
• The analysis of cells /particles one at a time in a moving fluid stream. The
system uses liquid (hydro) to force the cells to travel at the same speed and to
travel as single cells in hydrodynamic focusing, a faster-moving sheath fluid
(which is simply a saline solution) is used to force the sample into a smaller
core stream (also called hydrodynamic core) so that all particles are travelling
along the same axis at approximately the same velocity.
• Best way for generating the most accurate data is to run the cells at a low
concentration and as slowly as possible.
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9. HYDRODYNAMIC
FOCUSING
The sample pressure and the sheath fluid pressure are different
from each other. The sample pressure is always greater than the
sheath fluid pressure. The sample pressure regulator controls
the sample flow rate by changing the sample pressure relative to
the sheath pressure.
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CYTOMETRY
P = P sheath – P core
Changing P would change the flow rate.
10. LIGHT SCATTERING
• Light scattering results when a particle deflects incident laser light. The extent
to which this happens depends on the physical properties of a particle,
namely its size and internal complexity.
• Forward-scattered light (FSC) is proportional to the cell-surface area or size of
the cell. It is a measurement of mostly diffracted light and detects rays that
are just off the axis of the incident laser beam dispersed in the forward
direction by a photodiode.
• Side-scattered light (SSC) indicates the cell granularity or internal complexity
of the cells. SSC is a measurement of mostly refracted and reflected light that
occurs at any interface within the cell where there is a change in the refractive
index.
• The measurements of FSC and SSC are used for the differentiation of cell
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CYTOMETRY
11. FSC approximately proportional to particle
size . SSC linked to granularity and internal
complexity , it is measured at about 90’c to
the light source.
When FSC and SSC signals are correlated it
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12. FLUORESCENCE
• Fluorescent markers used to detect the expression of cellular molecules
such as proteins or nucleic acids in a system.
• The fluorescent compound absorbs light energy over a range of
wavelengths that is characteristic of that compound.
• In a mixed population of cells, different fluorochromes can be used to
distinguish separate subpopulations.
• The fluorescence pattern of each subpopulation, combined with FSC and
SSC data, can be used to identify which cells are present in a sample and
to count their relative percentages.
• The electronics system then converts the detected light signals into
electronic signals that can be processed by the computer.
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13. FLOW CYTOMETRY BASIC
PROTOCOL
• Biological sample
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CYTOMETRY
Biological Sample
Label with a fluorescent marker
Cells move in a linear stream through a focused light source
(laser beam)
Fluorescent molecule gets activated and emits light that is filtered and
detected by sensitive light detectors (usually a photomultiplier tube)
Conversion of analog fluorescent signals to digital signals
14. APPLICATIONS
• Cell Counting and Characterization: Using surface markers, size, and shape,
flow cytometry may be utilized to count and categorize various cell kinds and
populations.
• Analysis of cell surface markers: To investigate the behavior and interactions
of cells, flow cytometry may be used to locate and measure cell surface
markers, such as antigens and receptors.
• Cell sorting: Using flow cytometry, certain cell populations may be separated
and purified depending on their surface markers or other factors, enabling
additional research or testing.
• Multiparameter analysis: It may assess numerous parameters concurrently
on a single cell, giving complicated biological material a through
examination.
• Detection of aberrant cells: It can be used to detect and quantify the aberrant
or abnormal cells.
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15. • Investigation of immune cell function: Using flow cytometry, researchers may
examine how immune cells produce cytokines, engage in phagocytosis, and
move across the body.
• Cell signaling analysis: It may be used to examine how particular signaling
pathways are activated in response to different stimuli, offering crucial
insights into cellular processes.
• The different stages of cell death, apoptosis, and necrosis can be detected
by flow cytometers based on the differences in the morphological and
biochemical changes.
• Flow cytometers allow the analysis of replication cells by using fluorescent
dye for four different stages of the cell cycle.
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16. LIMITATIONS
• This process doesn’t provide information on the intracellular location or
distribution of proteins.
• Over time, debris is aggregated, which might result in false results.
• The pre-treatment associated with sample preparation and staining is a time-
consuming process.
• Flow cytometry is an expensive process that requires highly qualified
technicians.
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17. APOPTOSIS AND CELL CYCLE ANALYSIS
BY FLOW CYTOMETRY
• Rotenone, a neurotoxin that crosses the bloodbrain barrier and inactivates
complex I of the mitochondrial electron transport chain results in increased ROS
production and causes neurodegeneration and apoptosis (Bueler, 2009).
• SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells were selected as it resembles immature
sympathetic neuroblasts in culture (Biedler et al., 1978).
• Trichoderma, a biocontrol agent, was selected for the biosynthesis of CeO2
NPs.
• Based on this background, the present study was aimed to synthesize
CeO2NPs using Trichoderma sp. and to evaluate its neuroprotective effect
against rotenone-induced cytotoxicity in human neuroblastoma cells.
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18. ANNEXIN V & PI PRICIPLE
• Phospholipids of the cell membrane are asymmetrically distributed between the
inner and outer leaflets of the membrane. Phosphatidylcholine and
sphingomyelin are exposed on the external leaflet of the lipid bilayer, while
phosphatidylserine is located on the inner surface.
•During apoptosis, this asymmetry is disrupted and phosphatidylserine becomes
exposed on the outside surface of the plasma membrane. Because the
anticoagulant protein Annexin V binds with high affinity to phosphatidylserine,
fluorochrome-conjugated Annexin Vcan been used to detect apoptotic cells by
flow cytometry. Annexin V is commercially available, conjugated to most common
fluorochromes Propidium iodide (PI).
Propidium iodide (PI) staining is a viability dye flow cytometry method used to
assess cell viability. PI staining can provide information about the cell cycle and
DNA content of the population. It is a membrane impermeant dye that is generally
excluded from viable cells. It binds to double stranded DNA by intercalating
between base pairs.
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19. PROTOCOL
• SH-SY5Y cells were harvested and then washed twice with ice-cold PBS.
• The washed cells were re-suspended in binding buffer followed by mixing
with Annexin V-FITC and PI.
• The cells were incubated in the dark for 30 min at room temperature.
Samples were analyzed with the aid of flow cytometry (BD FACSLyricTM).
• The cell cycle was examined by PI staining
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20. • SH-SY5Y cells were seeded in 96-well plates and processed as mentioned
above, then harvested and fixed with 70% ethanol at 4℃ overnight.
• Then, the cells were resuspended in 500μL propidium iodide staining
solution (50 μg/mL PI, 0.1 mg/mL RNase A, 0.05 % Triton X-100) for 40 min
at 37 °C.
• After the incubation period, the cell pellet was washed with PBS and
resuspended in 500 μL PBS for FACScan flow cytometer analysis (BD
FACSLyricTM).
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CYTOMETRY
21. 2 1
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CYTOMETRY
Flow cytometry was used to detect apoptotic cells after Annexin V-FITC/PI double staining. In each plot, Q1
represents the percent of necrotic cells, Q2 indicates percent of late apoptotic cells, Q3 displays percent of live cells,
Q4 shows percent of early apoptotic cells.
Annexin V negative - PI negative populations are healthy cells.
Annexin V positive - PI negative populations represent cells in early apoptosis.
Annexin V positive - PI positive staining indicate cells are in necrosis (post-apoptotic necrosis
or late apoptosis).
22. 2 2
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CYTOMETRY
Our investigation of cell-cycle distribution revealed that G2/M phase cell cycle arrest was observed in
rotenone-treated SH-SY5Y cells. Comparable to our results, previous studies have described that rotenone
induces G2/M arrest in SH-SY5Y cells (Wang and Xu, 2005). CeO2 NPs treatment decreased the
percentage of G2/M cells and increased G1/G0/S cells which indicate that CeO2 NPs interfere with
rotenone-mediated cell cycle arrest.
23. REFERENCES:
• Biotech, M. (2018). Flow cytometry instrumentation – an overview. Current
Protocols in Cytometry, e52. DOI: 10.1002/cpcy.52
• McKinnon K. M. (2018). Flow Cytometry: An Overview. Current protocols in
immunology, 120, 5.1.1–5.1.11. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpim.40
• Dean, P.N. and Hoffman, R.A. (2007), Overview of Flow Cytometry
Instrumentation. Current Protocols in Cytometry, 39: 1.1.1-1.1.8.
DOI:1002/0471142956.cy0101s39
• https://enquirebio.com/flow-cytometry
• https://www.rndsystems.com/resources/protocols/flow-cytometry-protocol-
staining-membrane-associated-proteins-suspended-cells
• https://medicine.yale.edu/immuno/flowcore/protocols/analysis/
• https://nanocellect.com/blog/breaking-down-the-principles-of-flow-cytometry/
• Neuroprotective Effect of Biogenic Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles Against
Rotenone-Induced Neurotoxicity in SH-SY5Y Cells
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