In 1967 the Nobel prize in chemistry was awarded to Manfred Eigen, Ronald George Wreyford Norrish for their co-discovery of Flash photolysis in 1949.
Flash photolysis is used to extensively to study reactions that happen extremely quickly, even down to the femtosecond depending on the laser that is used. The technique was born out of cameras developed during and shorty after WWII, which were used to take pictures of fast moving planes, rockets and Missiles.
Since then the technology of laser and optics has progressed allowing faster and faster reactions to be studied.
BASIC DISCUSSION ABOUT THE CROWN ETHER AND CRYPTAND. INCLUDING THEIR BACKGROUND,STRUCTURE,NOMENCLATURE,CAVITY SIZE, SELECTIVITY, SYNTHESIS AND APPLICATIONS.
THE PERICYCLIC REACTION THE MOST COMMON TOPIC INCLUDE THE SYLLABUS OF MANY SCIENCE STUDY INCLUDING BSC, MSC , PHARMA STUDY, AND MORE HENCE WE ARE COVERED ALL THE DATA OF IT HOPE THIS WILL MAKE READER EASY.
BASIC DISCUSSION ABOUT THE CROWN ETHER AND CRYPTAND. INCLUDING THEIR BACKGROUND,STRUCTURE,NOMENCLATURE,CAVITY SIZE, SELECTIVITY, SYNTHESIS AND APPLICATIONS.
THE PERICYCLIC REACTION THE MOST COMMON TOPIC INCLUDE THE SYLLABUS OF MANY SCIENCE STUDY INCLUDING BSC, MSC , PHARMA STUDY, AND MORE HENCE WE ARE COVERED ALL THE DATA OF IT HOPE THIS WILL MAKE READER EASY.
Photochemistry
ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
LAW GOVERNING ABSORPTION OF LIGHT
LAW OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY
Grotthurs-Drapper law.
Einstein Stark law of photochemical equivalence
ELECTRONIC TRANSITIONS
Jablonski Diagram
QUANTUM YIELD
Use Of Photochemistry
Chemistry of vision
Photosynthesis in plant
Formation of Vitamin D
Fluorescent dyes in traffic
Photodynamic therapy
An overview of the use of the Marcus Theory to calculate the energies of transition states.
Contributed by: Elizabeth Greenhalgh, Amanda Bischoff, and Matthew Sigman, University of Utah, 2015
It contains the basic principle of Mossbauer Spectroscopy.
Recoil energy, Dopler shift.
The instrumentation of Mossbauer Spectroscopy.
Hyperfine interactions.
NQR - DEFINITION - ELECTRIC FIELD GRADIENT - NUCLEAR QUADRUPOLE MOMENT - NUCLEAR QUADRUPOLE COUPLING CONSTANT - PRINCIPLE OF NQR - ENERGY OF INTERACTION - SELECTION RULE - FREQUENCY OF TRANSITION - APPLICATIONS
Crown ethers
NOMENCLATURE
GENERAL SYNTHESIS OF CROWN ETHER
AZA CROWN
CRYPTAND
APPLICATIONS
1. SYNTHETIC APPLICTION
Esterification
Saponification
Anhydride formation
Potassium permanganate oxidation
Aromatic substitution reactions
Elimination reactions
Displacement reaction
Generation of carbenes
Superoxide anion
Alkylations – 1. o-alkylations
2. c-alkylations
3. n-alkylations
2. ANALYTICAL APPLICATION
Determination of gold in geological samples
Super critical fluid extraction of trace metal from solid and liquid materials
Application of ionic liquids in analytical chemistry
Oxidation and determination of aldehydes
Crown ethers are used in the laboratory as phase transfer catalyst
OTHER APPLICATION
It is used in photocynation
Resolution of racemic mixture
Benzoin condensation
Hetrocyclisation
Synthesis of furanones
Acetylation of secondary amines in presence of primary amine
These are chemical shift reagents and solvent induced shifts have their application in resolving the NMR Spectra of complex structures by inducing shift with respect to reference compound. Thus useful in interpretation of structures of complex organic compounds.
more chemistry contents are available
1. pdf file on Termmate: https://www.termmate.com/rabia.aziz
2. YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCKxWnNdskGHnZFS0h1QRTEA
3. Facebook: https://web.facebook.com/Chemist.Rabia.Aziz/
4. Blogger: https://chemistry-academy.blogspot.com/
photo redox reactions
Photochemistry
ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
LAW GOVERNING ABSORPTION OF LIGHT
LAW OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY
Grotthurs-Drapper law.
Einstein Stark law of photochemical equivalence
ELECTRONIC TRANSITIONS
Jablonski Diagram
QUANTUM YIELD
Use Of Photochemistry
Chemistry of vision
Photosynthesis in plant
Formation of Vitamin D
Fluorescent dyes in traffic
Photodynamic therapy
An overview of the use of the Marcus Theory to calculate the energies of transition states.
Contributed by: Elizabeth Greenhalgh, Amanda Bischoff, and Matthew Sigman, University of Utah, 2015
It contains the basic principle of Mossbauer Spectroscopy.
Recoil energy, Dopler shift.
The instrumentation of Mossbauer Spectroscopy.
Hyperfine interactions.
NQR - DEFINITION - ELECTRIC FIELD GRADIENT - NUCLEAR QUADRUPOLE MOMENT - NUCLEAR QUADRUPOLE COUPLING CONSTANT - PRINCIPLE OF NQR - ENERGY OF INTERACTION - SELECTION RULE - FREQUENCY OF TRANSITION - APPLICATIONS
Crown ethers
NOMENCLATURE
GENERAL SYNTHESIS OF CROWN ETHER
AZA CROWN
CRYPTAND
APPLICATIONS
1. SYNTHETIC APPLICTION
Esterification
Saponification
Anhydride formation
Potassium permanganate oxidation
Aromatic substitution reactions
Elimination reactions
Displacement reaction
Generation of carbenes
Superoxide anion
Alkylations – 1. o-alkylations
2. c-alkylations
3. n-alkylations
2. ANALYTICAL APPLICATION
Determination of gold in geological samples
Super critical fluid extraction of trace metal from solid and liquid materials
Application of ionic liquids in analytical chemistry
Oxidation and determination of aldehydes
Crown ethers are used in the laboratory as phase transfer catalyst
OTHER APPLICATION
It is used in photocynation
Resolution of racemic mixture
Benzoin condensation
Hetrocyclisation
Synthesis of furanones
Acetylation of secondary amines in presence of primary amine
These are chemical shift reagents and solvent induced shifts have their application in resolving the NMR Spectra of complex structures by inducing shift with respect to reference compound. Thus useful in interpretation of structures of complex organic compounds.
more chemistry contents are available
1. pdf file on Termmate: https://www.termmate.com/rabia.aziz
2. YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCKxWnNdskGHnZFS0h1QRTEA
3. Facebook: https://web.facebook.com/Chemist.Rabia.Aziz/
4. Blogger: https://chemistry-academy.blogspot.com/
photo redox reactions
[Disclaimer: This presentation constitutes an integral component of a designated course curriculum and is crafted and disseminated for its intended audience. None of the contents within this presentation should be construed as a formal publication on the subject matter. The author has extensively referenced published resources in the preparation of this presentation, and proper citations will be provided in the bibliography upon completion of its development.]
VOD, or Velocity of Detonation, refers to the speed at which the shockwave travels through an explosive material after initiation. It is a critical parameter in blasting operations, impacting fragmentation and energy release. Understanding VOD helps engineers optimize blast designs, ensuring efficient rock breakage while minimizing undesired outcomes like ground vibration and air overpressure in mining and construction projects.
Basic operating principle and instrumentation of photo-luminescence technique. Brief description about interpretation of a photo-luminescence spectrum. Applications, advantages and disadvantages of photo-luminescence.
general introduction of radioactivity, it include discovery of radioactivity, types of radiation, isotopes and radioactive isotopes difference, half life, prevention and precaution from radiation. detecting devices used in laboreatory for radiation spillage and protection.
Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is an analytical method that combines the features of gas-chromatography and mass spectrometry to identify different substances within a test sample.[1] Applications of GC-MS include drug detection, fire investigation, environmental analysis, explosives investigation, food and flavor analysis, and identification of unknown samples, including that of material samples obtained from planet Mars during probe missions as early as the 1970s. GC-MS can also be used in airport security to detect substances in luggage or on human beings. Additionally, it can identify trace elements in materials that were previously thought to have disintegrated beyond identification. Like liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry, it allows analysis and detection even of tiny amounts of a substance.[2]
GC-MS has been regarded as a "gold standard" for forensic substance identification because it is used to perform a 100% specific test, which positively identifies the presence of a particular substance. A nonspecific test merely indicates that any of several in a category of substances is present. Although a nonspecific test could statistically suggest the identity of the substance, this could lead to false positive identification. However, the high temperatures (300°C) used in the GC-MS injection port (and oven) can result in thermal degradation of injected molecules,[3] thus resulting in the measurement of degradation products instead of the actual molecule(s) of interest.The first on-line coupling of gas chromatography to a mass spectrometer was reported in the late 1950s.[4][5] An interest in coupling the methods had been suggested as early as December 1954.
In 1891,Emil fischer devised a method of representing the 3D structures of
molecules in 2D Structures on a plane (Paper) by convention, horizontal line
represent bonds projecting from the plane of paper towards the observer and
vertical line represent away from the observer
A silicate is an anions consisting of silicon and oxygen.
Silicates occur in earth’s crust in abundantly in the form of silicate minerals and aluminosilicate clay.
Silicate anions are often large polymeric molecules with an extense variety of structures,including chains and rings.double chains and sheets.
Silicates are extremely important materials, both natural and artificial, for all sorts of technological and artistic activities.
FUNCTIONAL GROUP MODIFICATION : Medicinal ChemistryPRUTHVIRAJ K
Once a lead compound or a pharmacophore structure with the desired pharmacological effect has been identified, organic chemists can introduce modifications in the chemical structure of the lead compound with the goal of improving the pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics of a drug candidate. These evolved structures are known as analogs.
3
IDENTIFICATION OF ACTIVE PART : THE PHARMACOPHOREPRUTHVIRAJ K
Portion of the molecule containing the essential organic functional groups that directly interact with the receptor active site and are responsible for the activity are know as pharmacophore.
Pharmacophore model represents the binding mode of active molecules to their target.
A pharmacophore model differentiates between active and inactive molecule.
STRUCTURE MODIFICATION TO INCREASE POTENCY AND THERAPEUTIC INDEX PRUTHVIRAJ K
1. It is a tool of research in medicinal chemistry to refine molecule.
2.Most of the molecules are modified either by altering its physical properties or by modifying chemical structure.
Structure modification is chemical alteration of known and previously characterized.
lead compound for the purpose of enhancing its usefulness as a drug (to improve activity).
This could mean enhancing its specificity for a particular body target site, increasing its potency.
Examples:
Progesterone and estradiol among the sex hormones
Nucleophilic Substitution reaction (SN1 reaction)PRUTHVIRAJ K
Attack of nucleophile at a saturated carbon atom bearing substituent, known as leaving group results in Substitution reaction.
The group that is displaced (leaving group) carries its bonding electrons.
The new bond is formed between nucleophile and the carbon using the electrons supplied by the nucleophilic agent.
The compound on which substitution takes place is called “substrate.”
The substrate consists of two parts, alkyl group and leaving group.
UNIMOLECULAR SURFACE REACTION: MECHANISM, INHIBITION AND ACTIVATION ENERGYPRUTHVIRAJ K
Unimolecular surface reaction may involve a reaction between a molecule A of the reactant and vacant site S on the surface
Surface reaction involving single adsorbed molecules and therefore term as unimolecular and are treated by Langmuir adsorption isotherm
Kinetics of Pyrolysis of acetaldehyde PRUTHVIRAJ K
Pyrolysis is a chain reaction process in which the compound is converted into smaller fragments in the absence of oxygen
this content explains kinetics of primary splitting of acetaldehyde molecule to form methyl radicals and further decomposition leads to the formation of hydrogen.
Diel's-Alder and Gattermann Koch ReactionsPRUTHVIRAJ K
n organic chemistry, the Diels–Alder reaction is a chemical reaction between a conjugated diene and a substituted alkene, commonly termed the dienophile, to form a substituted cyclohexene derivative. It is the prototypical example of a pericyclic reaction with a concerted mechanism
The Chichibabin reaction is a method for producing 2-aminopyridine derivatives by the reaction of pyridine with sodium amide. It was reported by Aleksei Chichibabin in 1914. The following is the overall form of the general reaction: The direct amination of pyridine with sodium amide takes place in liquid ammonia
The benzoin addition is an addition reaction involving two aldehydes. The reaction generally occurs between aromatic aldehydes or glyoxals. The reaction produces an acyloin. In the classic application benzaldehyde is converted to benzoin
Pigments and Colors: Natural Pigments or Plant Pigments PRUTHVIRAJ K
Biological pigments, also known simply as pigments or biochromes, are substances produced by living organisms that have a color resulting from selective color absorption. Biological pigments include plant pigments and flower pigment
A pigment is a colored material that is completely or nearly insoluble in water. In contrast, dyes are typically soluble, at least at some stage in their use. Generally, dyes(Colors) are often organic compounds whereas pigments are often inorganic compounds
The Cannizzaro reaction, named after its discoverer Stanislao Cannizzaro, is a chemical reaction that involves the base-induced disproportionation of two molecules of a non-enolizable aldehyde to give a primary alcohol and a carboxylic acid
Conformational analysis of medium ringsPRUTHVIRAJ K
Conformational analysis of medium rings: Spatial arrangement and conformation of 7membered, 8membered, 9 and 10membered rings, nature of hydrogen and carbon atoms
Pigments and Colors:Extraction and PurificationPRUTHVIRAJ K
Pigments and Colors:Extraction and Purification- Extraction of naturally occurring pigments like anthocyanins, tannins etc from their sources and purification methods
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
1. Seminar presented on,
“Flash photolysis and Shock tube method ”
Presented by
Kotresh M
Register No.: P11AZ22S104001
I M.Sc., I Semester.
Under the Guidance
Pruthvi raj. K
Faculty
DOS & R in Organic Chemistry
Tumkur University, Tumakuru.
3. INTRODUCTION
In 1967 the Nobel prize in chemistry was awarded to Manfred Eigen, Ronald
George Wreyford Norrish for their co-discovery of Flash photolysis in 1949.
Flash photolysis is used to extensively to study reactions that happen
extremely quickly, even down to the femtosecond depending on the laser that
is used. The technique was born out of cameras developed during and shorty
after WWII, which were used to take pictures of fast moving planes, rockets
and Missiles.
Since then the technology of laser and optics has progressed allowing
faster and faster reactions to be studied.
4. Flash photolysis
Flash photolysis and shock tube methods apply a large perturbation to a
relative system and there by generating one or more respective intermediates .
The reactions are followed by spectroscopic method.
• The reaction is initiated by an intense flash of visible or ultraviolet light
generated by a photoflash lamp.
• The duration of the flash, about 5 to 15 microseconds is shorter than the
reaction time scale.
• The intermediates generated can be probed in real time using spectroscopic
methods. The absorption spectrum of the intermediate has to be determined
at fixed intervals after the initial flash.
• The reaction cell(RC) is a quartz cylinder of length up to 1m. Both the ends of
the cylinder are plane windows.
6. • The photoflash lamp tube is parallel to the reaction cell suitably placed
reflectors increase the intensity of light falling on the sample.
• The photoflash has a capacitor connected to the two electrodes.
• In the experiment the reactants are put in a cylindrical quartz vessel
which is present next to the photolytic flash tube is coated with Mgo
reflector.
• Flash is obtained by the discharge of the high capacitor in a flash
enclosing a gas at low pressure.
7. • Monochromatic light from a lamp passed through the sample and wave
length is selected by monochromator.
• Than intensity is measured by the photomultiplier and than display on
oscilloscope.
8. APPLICATIONS
Its applicable for the observation of excited singlet state, short lived
excited triplet state and chemical event in the nanosecond.
The method is valuable tool for the identification of transient chemical
intermediate and hence for the study of mechanism of fast reaction.
9. SHOCK TUBE METHOD
A Shock tube is an impulse reactor that generates shock wave to near-
instantaneously heat a test gas.
Construction & Working of Shock tube
Construction
• The reaction system is taken in a stainless steal ,through which shock wave
is passed.
• This shock tube consists of two sections one is a Driver section and another
one is Driven section, far the end of the driver section is connected to the
piston ,the driver and driver section is mounted by a pressure gauge and
pressure sensors respectively.
• These are separated by a metal diaphragm ,inside the driver section use
driven gas(high pressure) and test gas in driven section(low pressure).
• Driver and driver section are called upstream end and downstream end.
11. WORKING
• When the piston is moved towards driver section, the gas molecules are
moves towards driven sections, the diaphragm is ruptured due to the
force of the piston, gas molecules hit to diaphragm
• Then these gas molecules entered to driven section at a particular time
diaphragm completely
• Due to the high pressure gas molecules hit to the end of the driven
section of closed end. After hitting the gas molecules comes to
downstream end and produce shockwave.
12. APPLICATIONS
Its applicable for the observation of excited singlet state, short lived
excited triplet state and chemical event in the nanosecond.
The method is valuable tool for the identification of transient chemical
intermediate and hence for the study of mechanism of fast reaction
Chemical shock tubes to study high temperature chemical kinetics
The application of the shock wave research into bio-medical and industrial
applications
13. CONCLUSION
During photolysis reactions can be proceed in very short time like in
nanoseconds.
The shock tube is an instrument used to replicate and direct blast waves
at a sensor or model in order to stimulate actual explosion and their
effects ,usually on a smaller scale.