This document discusses isotopic substitution, which is the replacement of atoms in a molecule with isotopes of different mass. Isotopic substitution is useful for vibrational spectroscopy because it changes the reduced mass and normal modes of vibration, leading to different vibrational frequencies. Specifically, substituting heavier isotopes lowers vibrational frequencies due to an increase in reduced mass. Examples given are substituting deuterium for hydrogen in HCl, which lowers frequencies by a factor of 1.35-1.41, and substituting 13C for 12C in CO, which also lowers vibrational energy levels.
NQR - DEFINITION - ELECTRIC FIELD GRADIENT - NUCLEAR QUADRUPOLE MOMENT - NUCLEAR QUADRUPOLE COUPLING CONSTANT - PRINCIPLE OF NQR - ENERGY OF INTERACTION - SELECTION RULE - FREQUENCY OF TRANSITION - APPLICATIONS
This presentation describes about the preparation, properties, bonding modes, classification and applications of metal Dioxygen Complexes. Also explains the MO diagram of molecular oxygen.
ELECTRICAL DOUBLE LAYER-TYPES-DYNAMICS OF ELECTRON TRANSFER-MARCUS THEORY-TUNNELING - BUTLER VOLMER EQUATIONS-TAFEL EQUATIONS-POLARIZATION AND OVERVOLTAGE-CORROSION AND PASSIVITY-POURBAIX AND EVAN DIAGRAM-POWER STORAGE-FUEL CELLS
more chemistry contents are available
1. pdf file on Termmate: https://www.termmate.com/rabia.aziz
2. YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCKxWnNdskGHnZFS0h1QRTEA
3. Facebook: https://web.facebook.com/Chemist.Rabia.Aziz/
4. Blogger: https://chemistry-academy.blogspot.com/
photo redox reactions
NQR - DEFINITION - ELECTRIC FIELD GRADIENT - NUCLEAR QUADRUPOLE MOMENT - NUCLEAR QUADRUPOLE COUPLING CONSTANT - PRINCIPLE OF NQR - ENERGY OF INTERACTION - SELECTION RULE - FREQUENCY OF TRANSITION - APPLICATIONS
This presentation describes about the preparation, properties, bonding modes, classification and applications of metal Dioxygen Complexes. Also explains the MO diagram of molecular oxygen.
ELECTRICAL DOUBLE LAYER-TYPES-DYNAMICS OF ELECTRON TRANSFER-MARCUS THEORY-TUNNELING - BUTLER VOLMER EQUATIONS-TAFEL EQUATIONS-POLARIZATION AND OVERVOLTAGE-CORROSION AND PASSIVITY-POURBAIX AND EVAN DIAGRAM-POWER STORAGE-FUEL CELLS
more chemistry contents are available
1. pdf file on Termmate: https://www.termmate.com/rabia.aziz
2. YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCKxWnNdskGHnZFS0h1QRTEA
3. Facebook: https://web.facebook.com/Chemist.Rabia.Aziz/
4. Blogger: https://chemistry-academy.blogspot.com/
photo redox reactions
Quantum yield, experimental arrangement, reasons for high and low Quantum yield, problems, photochemical reactions, kinetics of photochemical decomposition of HI, photosensitized reaction, mechanism of photosensitization,
Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) SpectroscopyHaris Saleem
Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy
Also called EPR Spectroscopy
Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Non-destructive technique
Applications
Extensively used in transition metal complexes
Deviated geometries in crystals
It contains the basic principle of Mossbauer Spectroscopy.
Recoil energy, Dopler shift.
The instrumentation of Mossbauer Spectroscopy.
Hyperfine interactions.
A ppt compiled by Yaseen Aziz Wani pursuing M.Sc Chemistry at University of Kashmir, J&K, India and Naveed Bashir Dar, a student of electrical engg. at NIT Srinagar.
Warm regards to Munnazir Bashir also for providing us with refreshing tea while we were compiling ppt.
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
CONCEPTS OF WALSH DIAGRAM
APPLICATION IN TRIATOMIC MOLECULES
[IN AH₂ TYPE OF MOLECULES(BeH₂,BH₂,H₂O)]
INTRODUCTION
Arthur Donald Walsh FRS The introducer of walsh diagram (8 August 1916-23 April 1977) was a British chemist, professor of chemistry at the University of Dundee . He was elected FRS in 1964. He was educated at Loughborough Grammar School.
Walsh diagrams were first introduced in a series of ten papers in one issue of the Journal of the Chemical Society . Here, he aimed to rationalize the shapes adopted by polyatomic molecules in the ground state as well as in excited states, by applying theoretical contributions made by Mulliken .
These are chemical shift reagents and solvent induced shifts have their application in resolving the NMR Spectra of complex structures by inducing shift with respect to reference compound. Thus useful in interpretation of structures of complex organic compounds.
Photoelectron spectroscopy
- a single photon in/ electron out process
• X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS)
- using soft x-ray (200-2000 eV) radiation to
examine core-levels.
• Ultraviolet Photoelectron Spectroscopy (UPS)
- using vacuum UV (10-45 eV) radiation to
examine valence levels.
Quantum yield, experimental arrangement, reasons for high and low Quantum yield, problems, photochemical reactions, kinetics of photochemical decomposition of HI, photosensitized reaction, mechanism of photosensitization,
Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) SpectroscopyHaris Saleem
Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy
Also called EPR Spectroscopy
Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Non-destructive technique
Applications
Extensively used in transition metal complexes
Deviated geometries in crystals
It contains the basic principle of Mossbauer Spectroscopy.
Recoil energy, Dopler shift.
The instrumentation of Mossbauer Spectroscopy.
Hyperfine interactions.
A ppt compiled by Yaseen Aziz Wani pursuing M.Sc Chemistry at University of Kashmir, J&K, India and Naveed Bashir Dar, a student of electrical engg. at NIT Srinagar.
Warm regards to Munnazir Bashir also for providing us with refreshing tea while we were compiling ppt.
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
CONCEPTS OF WALSH DIAGRAM
APPLICATION IN TRIATOMIC MOLECULES
[IN AH₂ TYPE OF MOLECULES(BeH₂,BH₂,H₂O)]
INTRODUCTION
Arthur Donald Walsh FRS The introducer of walsh diagram (8 August 1916-23 April 1977) was a British chemist, professor of chemistry at the University of Dundee . He was elected FRS in 1964. He was educated at Loughborough Grammar School.
Walsh diagrams were first introduced in a series of ten papers in one issue of the Journal of the Chemical Society . Here, he aimed to rationalize the shapes adopted by polyatomic molecules in the ground state as well as in excited states, by applying theoretical contributions made by Mulliken .
These are chemical shift reagents and solvent induced shifts have their application in resolving the NMR Spectra of complex structures by inducing shift with respect to reference compound. Thus useful in interpretation of structures of complex organic compounds.
Photoelectron spectroscopy
- a single photon in/ electron out process
• X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS)
- using soft x-ray (200-2000 eV) radiation to
examine core-levels.
• Ultraviolet Photoelectron Spectroscopy (UPS)
- using vacuum UV (10-45 eV) radiation to
examine valence levels.
ir spectroscopy: introduction modes of vibration, selection rule, factor, influcing of vibration, scaning of ir spectroscopy(instrumentation) vibration frequency of organic and inorganic compound
Nmr nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopyJoel Cornelio
Basics of NMR. Suitable for UG and PG courses.
Includes principle, instrumentation, solvents. chemical shift and factors affecting it. Some problems. resolving agents, coupling constant and much more
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Effect of isotopic subsitution on the transition frequencies
1. SUBMITTED TO : SUBMITTED BY :
DR.AKHIL SAXENA APURVA
19MSC1144
SECTION :1
2. CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION
2. BASIC NEED OF ISOTOPIC SUBSITUTION
3. EFFECT OF ISOTOPIC SUBSITUTION
4. APPLICATION OF ISOTOPIC SUBSITUTION
5. EXAMPLES OF ISOTOPIC SUBSITUTION
6. REFRENCES
3. INTODUCTION
WHAT IS AN ISOTOPE
Isotopes are the atoms that share the same number
of protons but differ in the number of neutrons
contained in the nucleus, thus giving these atoms
different mass numbers
4. BASIC NEED OF ISOTOPIC
SUBSITUTION
Isotopic substitution is a useful technique due to the fact that
the normal modes of an isotopically substituted molecule are
different than the normal modes of an unsubstituted molecule,
leading to different corresponding vibrational frequencies for
the substituted atoms.
Vibrational spectroscopy is done in the infrared region of the
electromagnetic spectrum, which ranges from around 10-
6 to 10-3 meters. IR and Raman spectroscopy observe the
vibrations of molecules, displaying the normal and local
modes of the molecule in the spectra.
The specific mass of each atom will affect the reduced mass
of the overall molecule, therefore changing the vibrational
frequencies of that molecule.
5. EFFECT OF ISOTOPIC SUBSITUTION
When an atom is replaced by an isotope of larger mass, µ
increases, leading to a smaller νeνe and a downshift (smaller
wavenumber) in the spectrum of the molecule.
And the reason is explained below :
Molecular vibrations are often thought of as masses attached by
a spring
(shown in figure)
6. and Hook’s law can be applied
F=−kx
where,
F is the resulting force,
x is the displacement of the mass from equilibrium and
k is the force constant, defined as
in which V(r)=12k(r−req)V(r)=12k(r−req), which
comes from incorporating Hook’s law to the harmonic oscillator. The diatomic
molecule is thought of as two masses (m1 and m2) on a spring, they will have a
reduced mass, µ, so their vibrations can be mathematically analyzed.
μ=m1m2/m1+m2
When an atom in a molecule is changed to an isotope, the mass number will be
changed, so µµ will be affected, but k will not (mostly). This change in reduced
mass will affect the vibrational modes of the molecule, which will affect the
vibrational spectrum.
Vibrational energy levels, νe, are affected by both k and µ, and is given b
7. APPLICATION OF ISOTOPIC EFFECT
Substituting atoms with isotopes has been shown to be very
useful in determining normal mode vibrations of organic
molecules. When analyzing the spectrum of a molecule,
isotopic substitution can help determine the vibrational modes
specific atoms contribute to. Those normal modes can be
assigned to the peaks observed in the spectrum of the
molecule.
Isotopic substitution can also be used to determine the force
constants of the molecule. Calculations can be done using the
frequencies of the normal modes in determining these values,
based on both calculated frequencies and experimental
frequencies.
8. EXAMPLES OF ISOTOPIC EFFECT
Taking the diatomic molecule HCl, if the hydrogen is replaced
by its isotope deuterium, µ is doubled and therefore νe will be
decreased by 2–√2. Deuterium substitution leads to an
isotopic ratio of 1.35-1.41 for the frequencies corresponding to
the hydrogen/deuterium vibrations. There will also be a
decrease by 2–√2 in the band width and integrated band width
for the vibrational spectra of the substituted molecule. Isotopic
substitution will affect the entire molecule (to a certain extent),
so it is not only the vibrational modes for the substituted atom
that will change, but rather the vibrational modes of all the
atoms of the molecule. The change in frequency for the atoms
not directly invovled in the substitution will not display as large
a change, but a downshift can still occur.
9.
10. On changing from 12C16O to13C16O, atomic mass
increases, B decreases, so the energy of levels becomes
lower.