This document provides information on fish health management including:
- Common bacterial, viral, parasitic, and fungal diseases affecting fish and shrimp, along with the causative pathogens. Examples include vibriosis, edwardsiellosis, saprolegniasis, and monodon baculovirus disease.
- Nutritional diseases in fish due to deficiencies of proteins, fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals.
- The nonspecific and specific immune defenses of fish, including antibodies, T cells, B cells, and memory cells.
- Methods for diagnosing diseases, including PCR, RT-PCR, and ELISA.
CAGE CULTURE OF FISH THEIR TREND,STATUS AND PRODUCTION Ashish sahu
Cage culture is an aquaculture production system where fish are held in Cage. Cage culture of fish utilizes existing water resources but encloses the fish in a cage which allows water to pass freely through the enclosures and the surrounding water body. Cages are used to culture several types of shell fish and finfish species in fresh, brackish and marine waters. Cages in freshwaters are used for food fish culture and for fry to fingerling rearing.
In 1950s modern cage culture began with the initiation of production of synthetic materials for cage construction. Fish production in cages became highly popular among the small or limited resource farmers who are looking for alternatives to traditional agricultural crops. The mesh size of the cage is kept smaller than the fish body. In India cage culture have been attempted first for Air breathing fish. Cage mesh netting made from synthetic material that can resist decomposition in water for a long period of time. Cage are used to culture several type of shell fish and fin fishes in fresh , brackish and marine water. Cage in fresh water are used for food fish culture and for fry to fingerling rearing. Cages are generally small, ranging in freshwater reservoirs from 1 square meter (m2) to 500 m2.
Definition –
Cage culture is a system in which the cultured Fish 0r animal are enclosed from all side allowing water to pass freely through the enclosures and the surrounding water body.
HISTORY-
Cage culture seem to have developed around 200 year ago in Cambodia where fisherman used to keep clarias spp. And some other fishes in bamboo made cage. Cage culture is traditional in part of Indonesia also attempted for the first time in air breathing fishes in swamp for raising major carp in running water in the river, Yamuna and Ganga at Allahabad and for raising Common carp , Catla , Silver carp, Rohu , Snakehead and Tilapia in still water body of Karnataka. In India sea cage start in 2007 for culture sea bass at Vishakhapatnam by CMFRI. anchored in streams which are practically open sewers. Common carp , where cage are in the southern USA. Around 80 species are being culture in cage. In India cage culture was initially culture in bamboo cage is practice in west java, since early 1940. Modern cage culture in open water bodies probably originated in Japan in early 1950. According to FAO cage culture is being practiced in more than 62 countries and has a become high tech business in developed countries such as floating and submerged cage culture of Salmonids in Norway, Canada and Scotland, Tuna and Yellowtails in Japan , Chinese carp in China, and catfish.
CAGE CULTURE OF FISH THEIR TREND,STATUS AND PRODUCTION Ashish sahu
Cage culture is an aquaculture production system where fish are held in Cage. Cage culture of fish utilizes existing water resources but encloses the fish in a cage which allows water to pass freely through the enclosures and the surrounding water body. Cages are used to culture several types of shell fish and finfish species in fresh, brackish and marine waters. Cages in freshwaters are used for food fish culture and for fry to fingerling rearing.
In 1950s modern cage culture began with the initiation of production of synthetic materials for cage construction. Fish production in cages became highly popular among the small or limited resource farmers who are looking for alternatives to traditional agricultural crops. The mesh size of the cage is kept smaller than the fish body. In India cage culture have been attempted first for Air breathing fish. Cage mesh netting made from synthetic material that can resist decomposition in water for a long period of time. Cage are used to culture several type of shell fish and fin fishes in fresh , brackish and marine water. Cage in fresh water are used for food fish culture and for fry to fingerling rearing. Cages are generally small, ranging in freshwater reservoirs from 1 square meter (m2) to 500 m2.
Definition –
Cage culture is a system in which the cultured Fish 0r animal are enclosed from all side allowing water to pass freely through the enclosures and the surrounding water body.
HISTORY-
Cage culture seem to have developed around 200 year ago in Cambodia where fisherman used to keep clarias spp. And some other fishes in bamboo made cage. Cage culture is traditional in part of Indonesia also attempted for the first time in air breathing fishes in swamp for raising major carp in running water in the river, Yamuna and Ganga at Allahabad and for raising Common carp , Catla , Silver carp, Rohu , Snakehead and Tilapia in still water body of Karnataka. In India sea cage start in 2007 for culture sea bass at Vishakhapatnam by CMFRI. anchored in streams which are practically open sewers. Common carp , where cage are in the southern USA. Around 80 species are being culture in cage. In India cage culture was initially culture in bamboo cage is practice in west java, since early 1940. Modern cage culture in open water bodies probably originated in Japan in early 1950. According to FAO cage culture is being practiced in more than 62 countries and has a become high tech business in developed countries such as floating and submerged cage culture of Salmonids in Norway, Canada and Scotland, Tuna and Yellowtails in Japan , Chinese carp in China, and catfish.
Introduction
Fish Health Management GOALS
Principles of fish health management
Factors affecting fish health
Common symptoms of diseases
General preventive measures
Proper Health Management through Manipulating the disease triangle
Conclusion
References
Fishing is the art of catching fish and other aquatic animals. Many years ago man started using various type of gear used for hunting the terrestrial animals and for fishing also. It is very difficult to say which started first, but some time it is opined that fishing is younger. Reason behind it is easy to catch animals in the land than in the water. In olden days fishing was not having much importance as there was no demand for fish. Earlier fishing was restricted to a particular community but it is not so now. In order to meet the increased demand, fishing is now carried out industrially. Fishing technology not only concerns fishing gear, fishing methods and vessels but also concern Biological and Environmental factors
Present status of Fish Hatchery in BangladeshDegonto Islam
In the past decades the rivers of Bangladesh were the mentor natural source of carp seed production. Due to the destruction of natural habitats and also increase demand the natural available of carp seed has largely declined and the aquaculture venture and gradually replaced by the hatchery produced fry since early 80’s when artificial fish breeding technique and low cost hatchery design have been successful adapted in Bangladesh.
Cryptosporidium exhibits a monoxenous lifecycle and affects both humans and animals. Infected domestic animals are reservoirs for susceptible humans. in the lifecycle of the cryptosporidium, Thin-wall oocyst (used for autoinfection) and Thick wall oocyst are (thrown into the environment for infecting another host). Invaginate cell membrane and forming #bi-layered membranous vacuole (parasitophorous vacuolar membrane) creates a conducive environment for the parasite for escaping the host immune system.
Introduction
Fish Health Management GOALS
Principles of fish health management
Factors affecting fish health
Common symptoms of diseases
General preventive measures
Proper Health Management through Manipulating the disease triangle
Conclusion
References
Fishing is the art of catching fish and other aquatic animals. Many years ago man started using various type of gear used for hunting the terrestrial animals and for fishing also. It is very difficult to say which started first, but some time it is opined that fishing is younger. Reason behind it is easy to catch animals in the land than in the water. In olden days fishing was not having much importance as there was no demand for fish. Earlier fishing was restricted to a particular community but it is not so now. In order to meet the increased demand, fishing is now carried out industrially. Fishing technology not only concerns fishing gear, fishing methods and vessels but also concern Biological and Environmental factors
Present status of Fish Hatchery in BangladeshDegonto Islam
In the past decades the rivers of Bangladesh were the mentor natural source of carp seed production. Due to the destruction of natural habitats and also increase demand the natural available of carp seed has largely declined and the aquaculture venture and gradually replaced by the hatchery produced fry since early 80’s when artificial fish breeding technique and low cost hatchery design have been successful adapted in Bangladesh.
Cryptosporidium exhibits a monoxenous lifecycle and affects both humans and animals. Infected domestic animals are reservoirs for susceptible humans. in the lifecycle of the cryptosporidium, Thin-wall oocyst (used for autoinfection) and Thick wall oocyst are (thrown into the environment for infecting another host). Invaginate cell membrane and forming #bi-layered membranous vacuole (parasitophorous vacuolar membrane) creates a conducive environment for the parasite for escaping the host immune system.
Bacteriophages & Its classification, cycles, therapy, and applicationsZoqiaTariq
These slides are covering multiple aspects of Bacteriophages including History
Classification
Replication
Plaque Assay
Transduction
Phage Therapy and pahge types.
Assessment of the immune status of nile tilapia (oreochromis niloticus) exper...sherein abdelgayed
Manal M. Zaki, Alaa E. Eissa, and Sherein Saeid (2011): Assessment of the Immune Status in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Experimentally Challenged with Toxogenic / Septicemic Bacteria During Treatment Trial with Florfenicol and Enrofloxacin.World Journal of Fish and Marine Sciences(WJFMS)3(1):21-36.
Defence mechanism in finfish and shellfish jassi 2Jaspreet Singh
Farming of fish and shellfish has gained significant grounds in several parts of the world .
Now a days disease is main problem in aquafarming.
In recent years ,lot of attention is being given to health management using various forms of immunoprophylactic techniques such as vaccination and immunostimulation .
To reduce immunoprophylactic application ,it is vital to have insight into specific and non specific defense mechanism of farmed animal .
Through disease process studies ,it is very well known that a pathogen can cause disease only if it can overcome the non specific and specific defense barriers of the host and successfully establish and proliferate
Bacterial virus (Bacteriophage).
Structure of bacteriophage.
Where we can find phage?
Families of bacteriophage.
Life cycle of bacteriophage.
Potential uses of bacteriophage.
Bacteriophage vs. antibiotics.
Factors affecting phage therapy.
The principle of integrated fish farming involves farming of fish along with livestock or/and agricultural crops.. This type of farming offers great efficiency in resource utilization, as waste or by product from one system is
effectively recycled. It also enables effective utilization of available farming space for maximizing production.
•The rising cost of protein-rich fish food and chemical fertilizers
as well as the general concern for energy conservation have created awareness in the utilization of rice and other crop fields and livestock wastes for fish culture. Fish culture in combination with agriculture or livestock is a unique and lucrative venture and provides a higher farm income, makes available a cheap source of protein for the
rural population, increases productivity on small land-holdings
and increases the supply of feeds for the farm livestock.
Scope of Integrated Fish Farming
The scope of integrated farming is considerably
wide. Ducks and geese are raised in pond, and pond- dykes are used for horticultural and agricultural
crop products and animal rearing.
The system provides meat, milk, eggs, fruits,
vegetables, mushroom, fodder and grains, in
addition to fish.
Hence this system provides better production, provides more employment, and improves socio- economic status of farmers and betterment of rural economy.
Classification of Integrated Fish Farming
Integrated fish farming can be broadly classified into two, namely Agriculture-fish and Livestock-fish systems
Agriculture-fish systems- Agri-based systems include rice-fish integration,
horticulture-fish system, mushroom- fish system, seri-fish system.
Livestock-fish systems- Livestock-fish system includes cattle-fish system, system, pig-fish system, poultry-fish system, duck-fish system, goat-fish system, rabbit-fish system.
Integrated fish farming systems refer to the production, integrated management and comprehensive use of aquaculture, agriculture and livestock, with an emphasis on aquaculture. Asia has a long and rich history of integrated fish farming. Written records from the first and second centuries B.C. documented the integration of aquatic plant cultivation and fish farming. From the ninth century, records showed fish farming in the paddy field. From the fourteenth to sixteenth centuries, there were records of rotation of fish and grass culture; and by the 1620s, the mulberry-dike fishpond, the integration of fish and livestock farming and complex systems of multiple enterprises integrated with fish farming were developed. Integrated fish farming is the methods by which fish is cultured along with paddy, piggery, poultry or any livestock, or flower culture.
Fish Hatchery Management for Maintaining the Genetic Quality
Artificial propagation of fish species in hatcheries has been conducted on a large scale for several decades
In recent years, conservation hatcheries aims not only to produce fish for supplementing wild populations but also to preserve the genetic diversity and integrity of threatened or endangered species
Important considerations are maximizing genetic diversity and effective
population size while minimizing inbreeding and adaptation to captivity
Objective
To maintain the genetic diversity, effective population size and to minimize inbreeding
Groupers belongs to the family Serranidae.
⚫ Groupers are classified in 14 genera of the subfamily Epinephelinae, which comprises at least half the approximately 449 species in the family Serranidae.
⚫ Several grouper species have been raised on a commercial scale, but mostly by growing out captured wild juveniles.
cage-culture
Culture of fishes in meshed boxes placed in water is called cage culture.
It is an intensive method of aquaculture.
Cage culture is practiced in areas where there is sufficient water movement.
It is done in river, lakes, estuaries & seas.
Wetlands are... areas where a water table is at, near, or just above the surface
and where soils are water-saturated for a sufficient length of time such that excess
water and resulting low soil oxygen levels are principal determinants of vegetation
and soil development. wetlands will have a relative abundance of obligate
hydrophytes in the vegetation community and soils featuring “hydric” characteristics.
• Fish needs some extra feed
along
with
available
natural feeds in water for
their regular growth.
• This extra feed which are
provided to fish is called
supplementary feed of fish.
Rice bran
•Refined pulse and wheat roughage
•Mustard or sesame cake
•Fish-meal (fish powder)
•Blood and innards of bird or animal
•Green leaves of various vegetables
•Minerals and vitamins
•Kitchen leftovers, etc.
The term 'Biofertilizer' itself means 'Live
Fertilizer'.
contain live or latent beneficial microbes
which help to fix atmospheric nitrogen,
solubilize
and
mobilize
phosphorus,
translocate minor elements (Zinc, Copper,
etc.,) to the plants, produce plant growth
promoting hormones, vitamins, amino acids
and control plant pathogenic fungi
Management of ornamental fish farm.
Pond fish keeping
Pond Construction
Sitting a pond
Site of a pond
Equipment
Stockings of pond with fish
Invertebrates and amphibians
Pond maintenance feeding
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
1. Fish Health Management (Part-I AKJ)
1 pH of fish blood 7.0-8.0
2 Fluid Drag Resistance of water faced by fish during swimming
3 Types of muscles in fishes White Muscels: Produces energy through aerobic process and
build up lactic acid
Dark Muscles: Produces energy through anaerobic process
4 No. of gill pairs in teleosts 4 pairs
5 Choloride cells Cells located at the base of the gill filament to regulate osmosis.
6 Swim Bladder Organ for maintaining buoyancy of fishes
7 Types of swim bladder 1. Physostomous: Having connection with oesophagous
2. Physoclistous: No connection with Oesophagous
8 Types of digestive tract in
fishes
1. Tubular Sucking Type
2. Grinding gasping type
9 Sensory Organ in fishes Olfactory sac barbels
10 Cupula An organ in each chamber of lateral line that acts as a sensor of
neuromast organ
11 Ductless endocrine glands:
Pituitary, Inter-renal,
Corpuscles of stannius,
Chromaffin body and
Urophysis
Name of Gland Secretion
Pituitary Prolactin, Adrenocorticotropin,
Thyroid stimulating hormone,
Gonadotropins, Somatotrophic
Hormones, Melanocyte stimulating
Hormone, Corticotropin
Corpuscles of
stannius,
Calcitonin
Inter-renal (Adrenal) Corticosteroids: Cortisol and corticone
Urophysis Urotonsins: Arginine and Vasotocin
12 Infectious Diseases
13 Fish diseases caused by
Protozoans
Ichthyophthiriasis, Trichodiniasis, Costiasis, Myxosporean
disease
14 Ichthyophthiriasis
or white spot diseases
Causative Agent: Ichthyophthiriusmultifilis
Thereont, Trophont (Adult stage), Tomont : Different
developmental stages of causative organism
15 Trichodiniasis Causative Agent: Ureoclariid ciliate species of genus Trichodina,
Tripartiella and Trichodinella
16 Costiasis Causative Agent: Costia (Ichthyoboda)
Myxosporean disease
(White spots on gills or
scales)
Causative agents (Infecting gills):Myxobolusbengalensis, M.
catlae, M. hosadurgensis, Thelohanelluscatlae.
Causative agents (Scales and body surface):
Myxobolusmrigalae, M.sphericum and M.rohitae
Amoebula, Trophozoit : Developmental stages of causative
agent
Fish diseases caused by
Helminthes
Dactylogyrosis and gyrodactylosis, Black Spot disease, Ligulosis,
Acanthocephalan disease
Snails (Molluscs) acts as intermediary host in the life cycle of Trematodes (A group of
Helminthes)
2. Dactylogyrosis and
gyrodactylosis
Causative Agent: Dactylogyrussps. andGyrodactylussps. (Also
known as Monogeneans)
Haptor: Attachment organ of the causative agent through which
it attaches to host.
Dactylogyrussps. : Ovoviviparous
Gyrodactylussps : Viviparous
Black Spot disease Causative Agent: Diplostomumpigmentata and other
Diplostomumsps.
Mirtacidium : Ciliated larvae of causative agent
First Host: Mollusc
Second Host: fish
Final Host: Aquatic Bird
Ligulosis Causative Agent: Ligula intestinalis
Caracidia, Procercoid : Larval stages of causative agent
Host : Anhinga melanogaster (Bird)
Acanthocephalan disease Causative agent: Acanthogyrusacanthogyrus,
Acanthosentisantespinusand Pallisentis
Infects Alimentary tract
Proboscis: Attachment organ of causative agent
Acanthor, Cystacanth : Larval stages of causative agent
Intermediate Host: An arthropod
Fish diseases caused by
Crustaceans
Argulosis, Ergasilosis and Lernaeosis
Argulosis Causative Agent: Branchiuran parasites: Argulusfoliaceus, A.
bengalensisand A. Siamensis (Completes life cycle in 3-6 weeks)
Ergasilosis Causative Agent : Copepod-Ergasilussps.
Lernaeosis Causative Agent:Lernaeachackoensis, L. bengalensis
Non-Infectious Diseases
Gas bubble disease Infects mainly at spawn, fry and fingerling stages.
Fish looses balance
Due to high organic fertilizers at pond bottom under anaerobic
conditions
Algal toxicosis Clogging of the gills by the algae causing respiratory distress
Species of Algae: Microcystis and Anabaena
Scoliosis/Lordosis Irregular development of skeleton cartilage occurs resulting in
spinal deformities. The vertebral column may exhibit horizontal
or vertical deformities.
Bacterial diseases in fishes
Fin rot and tail rot Mixed infection by A. hydrophila and Pseudomonas fluorscens.
Dropsy The epidermis and body cavities get filled with and scales
protrude out from their pockets leading to severe anaemic
conditions.
Causative agent: Mixed infection of A. hydrophila and
Myxozoan parasite or malnutrition
Eye disease Epidemic form of disease, Cornea of the eyes gets vascularized
leading to opacity and complete necrosis (Necrosis: Cell injury
that causes premature death of cells in living tissues)
3. Causative organism :A. liquifaciens.
Affected eyes are also infected by Staphylococcus aureus.
Control: Chloromycetin bath @ 8-10 mg/l
Columnaris disease External lesions over the surface of body
Causative agent: Flexibactercolumnaris
Edwardsiellosis A septicaemis disease
Septicimia: it is the presence of pathogenic organisms in the bloodstream, leading to
sepsis ie.whole body inflammation
Causative agent: Edwardsiellatarda
Sysmptoms: Cutaneous lesions and gas filled abscesses in the
muscles
Bacterial gill disease Agent: Flavobacteriumbranchiophilum
EUS Epizootic Ulcerative Syndrome
Bacterial Diseases in Shrimps
Vibriosis All infections causes by Vibrio sps. (An opportunistic bacteria)
Black spot disease Black lesions visible in the muscle, the abdomen, gill and other
organs. Black spot is due to deposition of melanin pigment
Causative agent: poor water quality with proliferation of Vibrio.
Septic Hepatopancreatic
necrosis
Certain portions in P. monodonhepatopancreas turns black are
degenerated.
Causative agent: poor water quality with proliferation of Vibrio.
Fungal Diseases
Saprolegniasis White to brown cotton like growth on eggs and wounds of fish.
Causative organism: Saprolegniaparasitica.
Branchiomyces Gill rot in fishes, pathogen invade the blood vessels of gills
causing necrosis of the surrounding tissue.
Causative organism: Aspergillusflavus, A. ochraceous and
Fusiformismomiliforme.
Viral diseases in shrimps
Yellow head disease Mostly affects adult P. monodon.
The affected parawn exhibit yellow to pinkish cephalothorax
Causative Agent: Yellow Head Disease Virus (RNA virus of
rhabdovirus group)
White spot disease Affects P. monodon.
White spot of variable size are visible on carapace.
Causative agents: White spot baculovirus/Systematic
ectodermal mesodermal baculovirus
Carrier of virus: Crabs
Prawn nodavirus disease Reported in M. rosenbergii.
White tail or milky white muscles in post larvae and juveniles
Causative agent: M. rosenbergiinodavirus
Fish Immunology
Lysozyme A secretion of leukocytes. Toxic against both gram negative and
gram positive bacteria.
Promotes phagocytosis and activates phagocytic cells
C-reactive protein (CRP) Acute phase protein appears in plasma in response to tissue
damage infection. Fish CRP can recognize phosphorylcholine in
cell walls/surface structures of bacteria, fungi or parasite and
4. activates complement system
Transferrin An Iron binding glycoprotein. It limits the amount of
endogenous iron available to the pathogen.
lecithin Proteins of non-immune origin that binds sugar moieties. Fish
egg lecithin inhibits the growth of pathogenic bacteria and
fungi.
Interferons Proteins or glycoproteins that are secreted by virus infected
cells and inhibits the growth of pathogenic bacteria and fungus.
Phagocytic cells A variety of leukocytes involved in non-specific cellular defense
of fish.
Macrophages and granulocytes: Mobile phagocytic cells found
in blood and secondary lymphoid tissue.
Agglutination test A type of immunodiagnostic method based on the visible
clumping (agglutination) of a particulate antigen with antibody
when the two test reagent are mixed together on a galss slide.
Precipitation Test A type of immunodiagnostic method similar to agglutination
method except that here the antigen is in soluble form and the
reaction with antibody results in precipitation.
Immunoelectrophoresis The diffusion of antibody and antigen is enhanced by applying
an electric field across the slide.
ELISA Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay
Recognition of Antigen by antibody-enzyme conjugate.
CIFA has developed a Dot-ELISA kit for diagnosis of several
bacterial diseases in freshwater fishes.
Immunoprophylaxis A method of enhancing immunity for pathogens
Active Immunization
(Inoculation, Vaccination)
The pathogen or their toxins are administered in a harmless
form offering immunity to the host.
More practical method
Passive Immunization
(Passive inoculation,
antisera injection and
Immunotherapy)
Antibodies are formed in a foreign homologous or heterologous
animal and the antibodies formed, after extraction are
administered along with the serum to the host to be protected.
Passive immunization offers immediate protection.
Obtained for relatively shorter period, cost and labour oriented.
Polyvalent vaccines
e.g. Vibrichthyn (A product
from Germany)
Immunity for many types of pathogens
Lyophilisate A vaccine concentrate added to fish feed for oral vaccination.
PCR:Polymerase Chain
Reaction
It is a rapid way of preparing specific DNA segments by cyclic
amplification which can be used in characterizing the pathogen
and disease condition.
RT-PCR Reverse transcriptase PCR to amplify RNA targets. RT enzyme is
used so that RNA is converted into DNA which will be then
amplified as in normal PCR.
Nested PCR Two sets of primer are used in sequence to amplify the DNA
Multiple PCR More than one pair of specific primer is used to simultaneously
detect several pathogens.
Real time PCR Advanced and quick method of PCR
5. TaqMan: Fluorogenic 5’-Nuclease assay associated with real
time PCR.
ANAA (Advanced Nucleic
Acid Analyzer)
Silicone chip-based spectrofluorometric Thermal Cycler
CIBA has developed PCR based diagnostic kit for WSSV
SUMMARY
Name of Disease Name of Pathogen
IN FISHES
Furunculosis Aeromonassalmonicida
Carp erythrodermatitis A. salmonicida
Haemorrhagicsepticaemia, Dropsy,
Skin Lesions, Fin rot and tail rot
A. Hydrophila
Vibriosis Vibrio anguillarum, Vibrio sps.
Enteric Red mouth disease Yersinia ruckeri
Bacterial kidney disease Renibacteriumsalmoninarum
Eye Disease Staphylococcus aureus
Botulism Clostridium botulinum
IN SHRIMPS
Bacterial Shell Disease Vibrio alginolyticus, V. parahaemolyticus,
Aeromonassps., Pseudomonas sps.
SepticaemicVibriosis Vibrio alginolyticus, V. parahaemolyticus, Vibrio
anguillarum
MonodonBaculovirus Disease (MBD) MonodonBaculovirus
White spot syndrome White spot syndrome virus
Yellow head disease Yellow head disease virus
IN PRAWNS
Black spot Disease Vibrio sps. , Aeromonassps., Pseudomonas sps.
Vibriosis Vibrio alginolyticus, Vibrio anguillarum
6. Fish Health Management (Part-II Kavinder)
S.no Questions Answers
Nutritional disease
1. Body deformities and reduce growth rate Deficiency of protein
2. Sikoki disease in carp Carbohydrate deficiency
3. Discolouration and hypersensitivity Omega-3 fatty acid (linoleic
acid) deficiency
4. Visceral granuloma Due to auto oxidation of
diet
5. Thyroid hyperplasia or goiter Iodine deficiency
6. Tryptophan deficiency causes Scoliocis
7. Diacalcium phosphate deficiency cause Lordosis in carp
8. Thiamine (vit. B1) deficiency causes Odema, mascular dystrophy
9. Riboflavin (vit.B2) deficiency causes Corneal vascularization,
heamorrhagic eye, dnemia
10. Pyridoxine (vit. B6) deficiency causes Nervous disorders, rapid
gasping are breathing
11. Panstathionic acid deficiency causes Necrosis, cubbed gills
12. Inositol deficiency causes Fish necrosis anemia
13. Biotin deficiency causes Blue fish patch on body
14. Folic acid deficiency causes Leothargy and fragility of
caudalfin
15. Choline deficiency causes Anemia, heameorrahic
kidney
16. Nicotinic acid deficiency causes Photophobia, swollen gills
17. Vitamin B12 (cynocabalanine) deficiency causes Erratic haemoglobin level
18. Ascorbic acid deficiency causes Lordosis and scoliosis
19. Hyper vitaminosis of vit A cause Nerotic caudal fin
20. Vit. D deficiency causes necrotic appearance in
kidney
21. Vit. K deficiency causes cause Mil;d cutaneous haemorrage
22. Vit. E deficiency causes Exopthalmia, reduced no. of
RBC
23. Fungal diseases Due to fungus
24. Bacterial diseases Due to bacteria
25. Infectious diseases : Spread from one fish to other fish
a. Pre-acute- mortality without gross lesions
b. Acute- occur suddenly and short time no symptoms
c. Sub-acute- disease remains for 2-6 weeks and symptoms are chronic seen longer. ng
Infactious bacterial diseases
27. Haemorrhagic septicemia Caused by retrovirus,
Pseudomonas fluorescens,
Aeromonas liquefaciens
28. Furunculosisaeromonas Symptoms- darkening of
body, anorexia
7. 30. Saddle back disease (Columanaris)
Causative agent : Flexibacter columnaris
Symptoms: grey brown patch on body
31. Enteritis –
Causative agent : Aeromonas sps.
Symptoms: Anus red, swollen
32. Gill hyperplasia syndrome (Myxobacterial complex) cubbing of gills
33. Edward sillosis
Causative agent : Edwardesilla tarda
Symptoms: Emaciation, anaemia
34. Gill rot
Causative agent : Myxococcus
Symptoms: Fish is black in appearance
35. Dropsy
Causative agent: Pseudomonas punctada, A. lequifeciens, A. hydrophilla
36. Tropical ulcerative disease
Causative agent: A. hydrophilla
37. Vibrosis
Causative agent : (vibrio spp)
Symptoms: Anorexia, ulceration
Fungal disease
38. Water mould disease or Saprolegniasis
Causative agent : Aphanomyces saprolegnia
39. Gill mould disease
Causative agent: Tcthyosporidium, bramchiomyces
60. Defense system (immune system) Specific, non specific
61. Nonspecific defense Skin, mucus, scales,
epidermis
62. Specific defense system Due to antigen and antibody
formation
63. Specific immune system comprises two parts Haemoral ,
cellular immunity
64. Humoral immunity is carried out by B-lympocytes
65. Cellular immunity is carried out by T- lympocytyes
66. A protein molecules that bind the foreign substance (antibody)
in the blood serum
Antibody
67. ---------- do not produce antibody but recognize antigen and
sound a type of molecules to on the surface of foreign cell by
receptor
T cells
68. Memory cells T-cells
70. Diagnosis of disease is termed as: Epidemiology
71. Abnormal cell division is termed as : Hyperplasia
72. Monoclonal antibody Produced by the fusion of
antibody
73. Acriflavin (chemoprophylatic) 3-10 ppm for protozoan
75. Malachite green – dip treatment 66 ppm Fungus prevention
8. 77. KMnO4 5 ppm Ulcerative disease
78. Tri-chlorophon Mild dose to control
ectoparasite: Argulus
80. CIFAX ( 0.1 ppm) Control of EUS
81. EUS reported first in 1988 in Assam
82. EUS reported first in world in Australia
83. WSSV reported first in Andhra Pradesh in 1949
84. WSSV reported first in world in Japan
85. WSSV is a double stranded DNA virus
86. Biotoxin produced by gonyaulox (dianoflagellates) cause Shellfish poisioning
87. ------- contain a genome surrounded by protein coat Virion
88. Protein cell of virin called Capsid
89. Obligate parasite Cause disease because of
mere presence of culture
system
90. Opportunitics parasite Not cause disease and not
harm to organism
91. General adaption syndrome (GAS) change in fish body which
occur in response to
environment stress
92. Involved in glucose metabolism Cortisole
93. Involved with retention of Na+
and Cl-
and excreation if K+
Adeno Cortico Trophic
Hormone (ACTH)
94. Necrosis Death of cell
95. Neoplasia Uncontrolled production of
WBC
96. Velvet/ rust disease Oodinium sp. (protozoa)