Asian sea bass (Lates calcarifer) is an important species for aquaculture in Southeast Asia. It can be cultured in both freshwater and saltwater. Major issues in sea bass culture include cannibalism in young stages, dependence on high protein feed sources, and unpredictable wild fry availability. Sea bass nursery rearing is typically done in earthen ponds, concrete tanks, or net cages with fry stocked at high densities. Grow-out is usually done in ponds or cages at lower stocking densities, feeding on trash fish. Sea bass polyculture with tilapia is also common, with sea bass reaching market size of 600g within 4-5 months.

1. Asian sea bass Lates calcarifer culture
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
:
:
:
:
:
:
Chordata
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Latidae
Lates
Lates calcarifer
(Bloch, 1970)

2. INTRODUCTION
• Asian seabass is also called as giant perch (centropomidae) and in India it is
called as “Bhetki”.
• Highly euryhaline habit enables culture in F W & S W condition & living in
estuaries.
• Distribution: found in the littoral water of Indo-West Pacific region extending
from Iran to Australia, its profitable culture carried out in SEA countries
especially in Thailand & Taiwan.

3. CONTINUE…
Major problems during Bhetki culture are,
1. Predominant cannibalistic during young stages (1-20 g).
2. Its depends on high protein rate or on trash fish which is staple diet of poor in
developing countries.
3. Unpredictable wild fry availability, in India fry availability abundant in East
coast than West coast.
Importance: In shrimp farmers turning to next most lucrative finfish sp. Lates
calcarifer & other sp.

4. ASIAN SEA BASS CULTURECYCLE

5. Nursery rearing of Bhetki fry
• Rearing carried out in earthen ponds, concrete tanks or cages.
• Earthen ponds: range 500-2000 m2. water depth 50-80 cm and 1 mm screen
mesh fitted to inlet & outlet gates to protect fry.
• Concrete nursery: usually 300 m2 with muddy bottom & water column of 1
m. Aeration by bubbling air through a blower.
• Floating or stationary net cages: with 1 mm mesh (size rise with fish). Nursery
size range 3 to 10 m3 easily installed and maintained in rivers, coastal areas or
in large ponds in calm water areas free from pollution & menace of biofoulers.

7. BHETKI NURSERY IN INDOOR TANKS INDIA
• NURSERY REARING IN INDOOR CEMENT TANKS:
• 4 cement tanks 10x6x5 with 700LS.W
• Stock @ 10000 & 100% survival.
• Feeding: 4% of BW & 4 times/day.
• Initial avg wt bhetki fry 2.5g after 45 days 91.03g
• FCR 1.15 & PER 1.07
• temperature - 29.2 to 29.8 °C, pH - 7.2 to 7.4, salinity - 31.2
• to 32.6 ‰, DO - 5.5 to 6 mg l-l, ammonia -0.02 to 0.03 mg l-l,and nitrite 0.01 to 0.02
mg l-l

8. CONTINUE…
• In Thailand, nursery ponds reared size from 1-2.5 cm to fingerling 5-10 cm.
• Prior to 2 or 3 weeks stocking newly hatched Artemia nauplii inoculated in to
pond @ 0.1g/m2. Artemia nauplii grow to adult within 2 weeks.
• Bhetki fry stocked @20-50/m2 best alternative feed to fry finally chopped or
ground trash fish @ 100% of fish biomass, twice/day in 1st week & gradually
reduced to 60% in 2nd and to 40% in 3rd week.

9. CONTINUE...
• Water exchange is @ 30% per day prevent deterioration of water.
• In Thailand, nursery rearing in cages fry stocked @ 80-100 no/m3.
• Nursery rearing of fry in concrete tanks: in Taiwan: filled with SW
early fry of 0.5-1.3 cm reared to 5-6 cm fingerlings.
• Fry stocked @ 250-300/m2. Zooplankton of productive shrimp pond of
4 ha area enough for estimated 1 million Bhetki fry. At 5-6cm sold to
grow out pond operator.

10. Rearing of bhetki to marketable size
• Grow out culture phase varies from 3-4months attain 300-400g to 8-12months
attaining 700-1200g.
• Size of grow out ponds ranges 0.1 to several ha
• Taiwan: Pond concrete walls with soft substrate bottom, water column of 2m in
culture period; 1 HP, 8 paddle wheel aerators per ha, 5% daily water drainable.
• Grow out cages are floating or stationary, square or rectangle: size range 20-
100m3, mesh size range 2-8 cm based on fish size.

11. Stationary cages for Asian sea bass culture
(Kangvankii et al 1986)

12. BHETKIGROW OUT IN PONDS
• Has vague for > 80 years in south east Asia & Australia carried out in mono or poly culture.
Monoculture of Bhetki in ponds: Prior to stocking ponds prepared by sun drying bottom, applying
quick lime @ 800-2000 kg/ha and OM @ 300-400 kg/ha.
• Rice bran will apply @ 300-350 kg/ha, dilute night soil @ 15 tonnes/ha then pond will filled with
brackish water (5-10 ppt), 2m depth.
• Secchi disc reading 30 cm in pond water.
• Fingerlings 5-6 cm stocked @ 10000-40000/ha fed with fresh trash fish or tilapia <200g size @ 10%
biomass in grow out pond.
• Yield 10mt/ha. Avg. market size 600g within 4-5 months and 6-7 months in winter in Taiwan with
80% survival.

13. • Bhetki with tilapia is best choice as primary crop in poly culture common in
Thailand &SEAcountries.
• Tilapia brood Stock 5000-10000/ha introduced ratio of 1:3 ( M:F) breed after
1or 2 months. bhetki juveniles (5-10cm) 3000-5000 no/ha.
• Bhetkiculture in cages: well developed in Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia,
Hongkong and Singapore. Fingerlings stocked 40-50/m3.
Stocking Bhetki
size(cm)
mesh size of cages
(cm)
1-2 0.5
5-10 1
20-30 2
>25 4
Bhetki poly culture in ponds

14. • Conti…
• Fingerlings stocked when attained 50-200g wt then by transferring next cage
reduced to 10-20fish/m3
• Feeding in cagesn2times/day chopped fish @ 10% Bw for 1st 2-3 months of
stocking then 5%BW once/day.

16. conclusion
• Sea bass near surface swimming has been expected to as it hungerness it may
be due to some other impairment may lead to over feed wastage and higher
feed cost.
• it is one of major best suited candidate species and few reports from fish
farmers from India successfully cultured earned higher profits.
• Asian seabass & tilapia best suited in combination with size stage diff erent
stocking its early stage require highly animal flesh freshly.

17. References
• Rajalakshmi T. 1980 : manual brackish water aquculture India ICAR, CIFRI,
Barrackpore P125.
• Susheela jose, Mathew P.M., jose M.M. And Mrithunjayan P.S. 1988(b):
zooplankton and macrobenthos in a brackish water fish farm in the southwest
coast of India proc. First Ind Fish forum Asian fish soc: 147-149.
• Susheela jose, Mathew P.M., and Bright Singh I.S ., 1988(a) : effect of
fetilizers on the growth and production of milk fish in brackish water ponds J.
Aquatic Bio. Vii 131-139.
• FAO aquaculture species.

18. THANKS YOU FOR YOUR TIME