Supplementary-Fish-Feed
•
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• Fish needs some extra feed along with available natural feeds in water for their regular growth. • This extra feed which are provided to fish is called supplementary feed of fish. Rice bran •Refined pulse and wheat roughage •Mustard or sesame cake •Fish-meal (fish powder) •Blood and innards of bird or animal •Green leaves of various vegetables •Minerals and vitamins •Kitchen leftovers, etc.
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Fish nutrition and feed technology 4th sem (full sylabus)
This document discusses fish nutrition and feed technology. It covers fundamentals of fish nutrition including the importance of proper nutrition for fish farming. Fish require proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals for healthy growth. Energy is also essential and is derived from dietary nutrients. The document outlines various forms of energy partitioning in fish and methods of energy metabolism. It discusses laws of thermodynamics and units of energy measurement. Feed formulation involves balancing protein, energy and amino acid levels. The steps in feed formulation include initial protein and energy balancing, checking indispensable amino acid levels, and consideration of additives.
Nutritional requirement of cultivable fin fish: larvae, juveniles and adults
Fish is among the healthiest foods on the planet. It is loaded with important nutrients, such as protein and vitamin D. Fish is also the world's best source of omega-3 fatty acids, which are incredibly important for human body and brain.
Manufactured feeds are an important part of modern commercial aquaculture, providing the balanced nutrition needed by farmed fish.
In the development of modern aquaculture, starting in the 1970s, fishmeal and fish oil were key components of the feeds for these species. They are combined with other ingredients such as vegetable proteins, cereal grains, vitamins and minerals and formed into feed pellets.
The global supply of fish meal and fish oil is finite and fully utilized. Alternative or nontraditional feedstuffs may differ in terms of taste, smell, texture, and color, as well as nutrient composition, from the traditional feedstuffs, which are produced largely from the natural prey of the fish being raised. Alternative feedstuffs may also contain compounds and antinutritional factors that affect digestive or sensory physiology.
Another important area of fish nutrition for the next 20 years will be larval fish nutrition. Currently, the cost and difficulty of rearing a great number of species from the first feeding to the juvenile stage are the most severe bottlenecks to the development of aquaculture production of nontraditional species.
viral disease
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Culture of air breathing fishes
This document discusses several species of fish that are important as food sources, including murrels (Channa marulius, C. punctatus, C. striatus), singhi (Heteropneustes fossilis), magur (Clarias batrachus), and climbing perch (Anabas testudineus). It provides details on their maximum sizes, habitat, breeding seasons and methods, and notes their nutritional and economic value.
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Manufactured feeds are an important part of modern commercial aquaculture, providing the balanced nutrition needed by farmed fish.
In the development of modern aquaculture, starting in the 1970s, fishmeal and fish oil were key components of the feeds for these species. They are combined with other ingredients such as vegetable proteins, cereal grains, vitamins and minerals and formed into feed pellets.
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Another important area of fish nutrition for the next 20 years will be larval fish nutrition. Currently, the cost and difficulty of rearing a great number of species from the first feeding to the juvenile stage are the most severe bottlenecks to the development of aquaculture production of nontraditional species.
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Cage culture involves confining fish or shellfish within mesh enclosures in existing water bodies like ponds, rivers, and oceans. Some key advantages are the flexibility to use different water resources with minimal initial investment. However, there are also disadvantages like the need for complete diets, high risk of disease transmission due to crowding, potential for localized water quality issues, and limitations to production yields. Cage aquaculture has rapidly expanded in recent decades and continues to adapt to growing global demand through clustering cages and developing more intensive cage farming systems.
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Sewage fed fisheries
This document discusses sewage-fed fish culture, which involves using treated sewage water to culture fish. It provides background on the history and present status of sewage-fed fish culture. The key processes involved are primary and secondary sewage treatment through sedimentation, dilution, and storage before releasing into fish ponds. Farmers culture various fish species using techniques like pond preparation, primary fertilization through sewage, stocking, feeding, and harvesting fish for market. While sewage-fed culture benefits waste recycling and low input costs, it can also pose health risks if not properly managed.
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This document discusses fish feeding, including feed quality, storage, feeding correctly, selection, amount estimation, administering feed, feeding methods, frequency, response, assessing response, training fish, and managing wastes. Key points covered include the objectives of maximum growth, good health, and minimum waste; factors that influence feed quality like nutrients, processing, and storage; estimating feeding amounts based on fish size and weight; adjusting feeding based on monitoring and response; and techniques like hand feeding, demand feeders, and avoiding overfeeding.
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Natural fish seed collection
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1. Saprolegniasis is caused by Saprolegnia fungi and is characterized by cotton-like fungal growths on the skin, gills, or eyes of fish. It can spread rapidly between fish and cause death.
2. Branchiomycosis (gill rot) infects gill tissues and is caused by Branchiomyces fungi. Infected fish have difficulty breathing and their gills may appear red.
3. Ichthyophonosis causes rough skin and white lesions inside the body and is caused by Ichthyophonus fungi. More severe infections result in organ
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Natural fish seed collection
Transport of hatchlings, fry, and fingerlings is common in aquaculture. Proper techniques involve understanding fish physiology and mortality causes during transport. Seed can be collected from wild or hatcheries. Major carps are collected from flooded rivers during monsoon season. Seed from estuaries and coastal waters include milkfish, mullets, pearlspot, and seabass. Bundhs are seasonal flooded areas that stimulate breeding. Induced spawning techniques breed species that don't spawn in captivity using hormones. Transport uses open or closed oxygenated systems. Factors causing mortality are oxygen depletion, waste accumulation, temperature fluctuations, and stress. Anaesthetics and antibiotics are used to reduce stress and prevent disease.
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1. Saprolegniasis is caused by Saprolegnia fungi and is characterized by cotton-like fungal growths on the skin, gills, or eyes of fish. It can spread rapidly between fish and cause death.
2. Branchiomycosis (gill rot) infects gill tissues and is caused by Branchiomyces fungi. Infected fish have difficulty breathing and their gills may appear red.
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Govt, Degree College
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This document discusses fish nutrition and feeding practices for intensive fish production. It addresses the essential nutrients fish require, including protein, lipids, carbohydrates, minerals, and vitamins. The appropriate protein levels needed vary depending on fish size, quality of protein source, and culture method. Feeding practices, such as determining feed rates and sizes, are important to maximize growth rates while maintaining good water quality. Proper nutrition management is key to the economic success of intensive fish farming operations.
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Non infectious diseases of fish
Non-Infectious Disease
Not caused by pathogens
Cannot be transmitted to other species
Malnutrition, Avitaminoses, Heavy Metals etc. are responsible
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Genetics
Life-style
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Recessive gene disorders
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Color blindness, hemophilia, & muscular dystrophy
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FISH PRODUCTION
Fish farming is the principal form of aquaculture, while other methods may fall under mariculture. Fish farming involves raising fish commercially in tanks or enclosures, usually for food. A facility that releases juvenile fish into the wild for recreational fishing or to supplement a species' natural numbers is generally referred to as a fish hatchery. Worldwide, the most important fish species used in fish farming are carp, salmon, tilapia and catfish.
There is an increasing demand for fish and fish protein, which has resulted in widespread overfishing in wild fisheries. Fish farming offers fish marketers another source. However, farming carnivorous fish, such as salmon, does not always reduce pressure on wild fisheries, since carnivorous farmed fish are usually fed fishmeal and fish oil extracted from wild forage fish. The global returns for fish farming recorded by the FAO in 2008 totalled 33.8 million tonnes worth about $US 60 billion.
Specific types of fish farms[edit source | editbeta]
Within intensive and extensive aquaculture methods, there are numerous specific types of fish farms; each has benefits and applications unique to its design.
Cage system[edit source | editbeta]
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Fish cages are placed in lakes, bayous, ponds, rivers or oceans to contain and protect fish until they can be harvested. The method is also called "off-shore cultivation[7] " when the cages are placed in the sea. They can be constructed of a wide variety of components. Fish are stocked in cages, artificially fed, and harvested when they reach market size. A few advantages of fish farming with cages are that many types of waters can be used (rivers, lakes, filled quarries, etc.), many types of fish can be raised, and fish farming can co-exist with sport fishing and other water uses. Cage farming of fishes in open seas is also gaining popularity. Concerns of disease, poaching, poor water quality, etc., lead some to believe that in general, pond systems are easier to manage and simpler to start. Also, past occurrences of cage-failures leading to escapes, have raised concern regarding the culture of non-native fish species in open-water cages. Even though the cage-industry has made numerous technological advances in cage construction in recent years, the concern for escapes remains valid.
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fish culture.pdf
This document discusses fish culture, including its aims, history, classifications, and practices. Fish culture involves raising fish for domestic and commercial purposes and managing their environment to improve growth and reproduction. It originated in China over 2000 years ago. Fish are classified based on culture type (mono vs poly), density (extensive to intensive), enclosure (cage vs pen), and integration with other activities. Common carp and other carps are well-suited for culture due to feeding habits and environmental tolerances. Rotational rice-fish farming and nursery production are also outlined.
Fish Hatchert powerpoint presentationt.pptx
Fish hatcheries raise fish eggs and fry in controlled environments. They use ponds, nets called hapa, or tanks and carefully regulate water temperature, oxygen, and food to develop eggs and hatch fry. Hatcheries aim to produce fingerlings for stocking or sale, raise fish to adulthood, supplement wild populations, or produce ornamental fish. Pond and hapa systems are most common, while tank systems offer more control but at higher cost. All require balancing breeding stock, feeding, and harvesting fry on a regular schedule to maximize production.
Feed Production & Feeding strategy for farmers
The document provides recommendations for ideal fish feed production processes and feeding strategies to reduce feed costs. It suggests: 1) selecting suitable and locally available feed ingredients that meet nutrient requirements and are cost effective; 2) properly processing ingredients during manufacturing to improve nutrient utilization; and 3) using non-conventional protein sources like oil cakes to reduce costs. It also recommends: 4) following proper feeding schedules tailored to fish species and water conditions; 5) utilizing compensatory growth to reduce feeding during some periods; and 6) fertilizing ponds adequately to support plankton growth and reduce reliance on feed.
INTEGRATED FISH FARMING & MANAGEMENT
The principle of integrated fish farming involves farming of fish along with livestock or/and agricultural crops.. This type of farming offers great efficiency in resource utilization, as waste or by product from one system is
effectively recycled. It also enables effective utilization of available farming space for maximizing production.
•The rising cost of protein-rich fish food and chemical fertilizers
as well as the general concern for energy conservation have created awareness in the utilization of rice and other crop fields and livestock wastes for fish culture. Fish culture in combination with agriculture or livestock is a unique and lucrative venture and provides a higher farm income, makes available a cheap source of protein for the
rural population, increases productivity on small land-holdings
and increases the supply of feeds for the farm livestock.
Scope of Integrated Fish Farming
The scope of integrated farming is considerably
wide. Ducks and geese are raised in pond, and pond- dykes are used for horticultural and agricultural
crop products and animal rearing.
The system provides meat, milk, eggs, fruits,
vegetables, mushroom, fodder and grains, in
addition to fish.
Hence this system provides better production, provides more employment, and improves socio- economic status of farmers and betterment of rural economy.
Classification of Integrated Fish Farming
Integrated fish farming can be broadly classified into two, namely Agriculture-fish and Livestock-fish systems
Agriculture-fish systems- Agri-based systems include rice-fish integration,
horticulture-fish system, mushroom- fish system, seri-fish system.
Livestock-fish systems- Livestock-fish system includes cattle-fish system, system, pig-fish system, poultry-fish system, duck-fish system, goat-fish system, rabbit-fish system.
RECIRCULATORY AQUACULTURE SYSTEM
Recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) operate by filtering water from the fish (or shellfish) tanks so it can be reused within the tank. This dramatically reduces the amount of water and space required to intensively produce seafood products.
Fish farming
Fish farming involves raising fish commercially for food. There are three main types of fish farming: extensive, semi-intensive, and intensive. Extensive relies on natural food sources while intensive is totally dependent on supplementary feed. Common fish farming methods include ponds and cages. Major farmed species include carp, trout, milkfish, and tilapia. Starting a fish farm involves site selection, species selection, construction, ecosystem development, introduction of fish, feeding, maintenance, harvest, and breeding. Breeding can be done naturally or manually by injecting hormones and hand-spawning. Common diseases include dropsy, fin rot, and ich.
Integrated farming
This document discusses integrated fish farming systems which involve raising fish along with crops and livestock. There are two main types - aquaculture-agriculture integration and aquaculture-livestock integration. For aquaculture-agriculture integration, common approaches include fish-rice, fish-azolla, fish-horticulture, and fish-sericulture systems. For aquaculture-livestock integration, integrating fish with ducks, cattle, poultry, pigs, goats, and rabbits is discussed. The document provides details on stocking densities and production levels for different integrated fish farming approaches.
Biology and Aquaculture Pearl spot E. suratensis
This document provides information on the biology, aquaculture, and culture of Pearl spot fish. Some key points:
- Pearl spot is an indigenous fish found along India's coasts that is important for aquaculture. It is cultured in brackishwater and freshwater environments.
- Details are provided on its classification, life cycle, breeding/spawning behavior, hatchery seed production techniques, and pond preparation for culturing.
- For grow-out culture, Pearl spot can attain market size within 8-10 months under monoculture or polyculture. Yields of 1,000 kg/ha/year are possible at stocking densities of 20,000-30,000 fish/ha. Pro
Duck cum fish farming .ppt presentation
This document discusses integrated duck-cum-fish farming. It outlines the problems with the current agricultural scenario and proposes integrated farming systems as a solution. Specifically, it describes the advantages of integrating duck and fish farming, where duck waste fertilizes fish ponds. The key steps of integrated duck-cum-fish farming are discussed, including fish culture management practices like stocking and harvesting, and duck farming practices such as housing, feeding, and health management. When done properly, integrated duck-cum-fish farming can provide benefits like increased fish and egg yields while reducing costs.
AQUAPONICS FISH CULTURE
This document provides information on designing and setting up an aquaponics system. It discusses the components of an aquaponics system including fish tanks, grow beds, pumps, and pipes. It also covers suitable fish species like tilapia and perch, as well as vegetables and herbs that can be grown. Guidelines are provided for calculating system volumes, stocking fish densities, and maintaining water quality.
Aquaponics
Presentation on aquaponics by Md. Nazmus Sakib.
Student of Fisheries & Aquaculture,
Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, (SAU) Dhaka.
Contact :
+8801680017163
+8801790777163
+8801970017163
email : mdnsanik@gmail.com
Feed resources of farm animal
Livestock play an important role in most small-scale farming systems throughout the world.
They provide traction to cultivate fields, manure to maintain crop productivity, and nutritious food products for human consumption and income-generation.
Despite the importance of livestock, inadequate livestock nutrition is a common problem in the developing world, and a major factor affecting the development of viable livestock industries in poor countries.
Thus the feed resources plays a major role in farm animals.
SEED PRODUCTION OF COBIA
This document provides information on the historical development and current practices for seed production of cobia. Some key points:
- Cobia aquaculture research began in the 1970s, with successful captive spawning first achieved in the 1990s in the US and Taiwan. By the 2000s, several US states had developed cobia hatcheries.
- In India, the Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute has led efforts to develop cobia broodstock and seed production. The first captive spawning in India was achieved in 2010.
- The production cycle involves broodstock development, induced spawning using hormones, hatchery rearing of eggs and larvae, nursery culture, and offshore cage grow-out.
Aquaculture
This document provides an overview of aquaculture and fish farming techniques. It discusses fish seed production, including natural resources like rivers and hatchery production. It describes the collection of spawn and fry from rivers and induced breeding methods. It also outlines management of nursery and rearing ponds, including stocking practices and artificial feeding. The goal of aquaculture is to farm fish, shellfish, and plants under controlled conditions for commercial production.
Aqua farming
Aquaculture, also known as aquafarming, involves cultivating freshwater and saltwater populations under controlled conditions for human use and consumption. There are several types of aquafarming including fish farming, mariculture, algaeculture, and integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) systems. Aquaculture provides economic benefits such as being an alternative food and fuel source, increasing jobs, and reducing seafood trade deficits. It also has environmental benefits like creating pollution barriers and reducing fishing pressure on wild stocks.
GROWER & LAYER MANAGMENT.pptx
This document discusses grower and layer management. It outlines the importance of restricted feeding during the growing period to prevent early sexual maturity and improve egg production. Proper cleaning, vaccination schedules, and production indices are important for both growing and laying periods. Restricted feeding, including quantitative and qualitative restrictions, results in feed cost savings and healthier birds that produce more eggs during the laying period. Uniformity among growers is also important and can be achieved through measures like receiving uniform chicks, proper feeding and spacing, and regular weight sampling.
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INTEGRATED FISH FARMING
Integrated fish farming systems refer to the production, integrated management and comprehensive use of aquaculture, agriculture and livestock, with an emphasis on aquaculture. Asia has a long and rich history of integrated fish farming. Written records from the first and second centuries B.C. documented the integration of aquatic plant cultivation and fish farming. From the ninth century, records showed fish farming in the paddy field. From the fourteenth to sixteenth centuries, there were records of rotation of fish and grass culture; and by the 1620s, the mulberry-dike fishpond, the integration of fish and livestock farming and complex systems of multiple enterprises integrated with fish farming were developed. Integrated fish farming is the methods by which fish is cultured along with paddy, piggery, poultry or any livestock, or flower culture.
Fish Hatchery Management for Maintaining the Genetic Quality
Fish Hatchery Management for Maintaining the Genetic Quality
Artificial propagation of fish species in hatcheries has been conducted on a large scale for several decades
In recent years, conservation hatcheries aims not only to produce fish for supplementing wild populations but also to preserve the genetic diversity and integrity of threatened or endangered species
Important considerations are maximizing genetic diversity and effective
population size while minimizing inbreeding and adaptation to captivity
Objective
To maintain the genetic diversity, effective population size and to minimize inbreeding
CRAB AND LOBSTER CULTURE
This document discusses mud crab and lobster culture in India. It provides information on the four main species of mud crabs found in the Indo-Pacific region - Scylla serrata, S. olivacea, S. tranquebarica, and S. paramamosain. Mud crab farming is done commercially using grow-out and fattening methods in ponds. Three commercially important lobster species for India are also described - Panulirus polyphagus, P. homarus, and P. ornatus. Their life cycles and biology are summarized. Lobster farming can be done by growing juveniles in ponds to market size or fattening medium sized lobsters. Optimal water
Cage Culture of Grouper and Cobia
Groupers belongs to the family Serranidae.
⚫ Groupers are classified in 14 genera of the subfamily Epinephelinae, which comprises at least half the approximately 449 species in the family Serranidae.
⚫ Several grouper species have been raised on a commercial scale, but mostly by growing out captured wild juveniles.
CAGE CULTURE
cage-culture
Culture of fishes in meshed boxes placed in water is called cage culture.
It is an intensive method of aquaculture.
Cage culture is practiced in areas where there is sufficient water movement.
It is done in river, lakes, estuaries & seas.
ASIAN SEABASS CULTURE
Asian sea bass (Lates calcarifer) is an important species for aquaculture in Southeast Asia. It can be cultured in both freshwater and saltwater. Major issues in sea bass culture include cannibalism in young stages, dependence on high protein feed sources, and unpredictable wild fry availability. Sea bass nursery rearing is typically done in earthen ponds, concrete tanks, or net cages with fry stocked at high densities. Grow-out is usually done in ponds or cages at lower stocking densities, feeding on trash fish. Sea bass polyculture with tilapia is also common, with sea bass reaching market size of 600g within 4-5 months.
BREEDING AND SEED PRODUCTION OF CATFISH
This document provides information on the breeding and seed production of various catfish and trout species that have potential for aquaculture in India. For most species, captive broodstock are raised and induced to breed using hormones. Eggs are hatched and larvae reared with live feeds before weaning onto formulated feeds. Breeding technologies have been adopted to produce seed for farming of species such as magur, singi, pabdah catfish and rainbow trout. Overall, the document outlines best practices for induced breeding, hatchery and nursery rearing of important fish species.
WETLANDS
Wetlands are... areas where a water table is at, near, or just above the surface
and where soils are water-saturated for a sufficient length of time such that excess
water and resulting low soil oxygen levels are principal determinants of vegetation
and soil development. wetlands will have a relative abundance of obligate
hydrophytes in the vegetation community and soils featuring “hydric” characteristics.
BIOFERTILIZERS (AZOLLA FARMING)
The term 'Biofertilizer' itself means 'Live
Fertilizer'.
contain live or latent beneficial microbes
which help to fix atmospheric nitrogen,
solubilize
and
mobilize
phosphorus,
translocate minor elements (Zinc, Copper,
etc.,) to the plants, produce plant growth
promoting hormones, vitamins, amino acids
and control plant pathogenic fungi
FISH HEALTH MANAGEMENT (ALL FISH DISEASE)
This document provides information on fish health management including:
- Common bacterial, viral, parasitic, and fungal diseases affecting fish and shrimp, along with the causative pathogens. Examples include vibriosis, edwardsiellosis, saprolegniasis, and monodon baculovirus disease.
- Nutritional diseases in fish due to deficiencies of proteins, fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals.
- The nonspecific and specific immune defenses of fish, including antibodies, T cells, B cells, and memory cells.
- Methods for diagnosing diseases, including PCR, RT-PCR, and ELISA.
AQUACULTURE FEED BY Dr. R.PAULRAJ
This document summarizes an aquaculture feed manual published in 1993. It discusses the importance of feed in aquaculture and factors that affect feed design, production, and feeding. Key nutrients like energy, protein, amino acids, lipids, fatty acids, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals are explained in terms of their roles and requirements in fish and prawn nutrition. Ingredients of animal and plant origin used in feed formulation are described along with processing methods. Feeding strategies like rate, frequency, particle size are also covered.
SUSTAINABLE FISHERIES AND RESPONSIBLE AQUACULTURE
This document provides a guide for USAID staff and partners on designing programs to reform capture fisheries and aquaculture sectors. It aims to ensure environmental sustainability, economic profitability, and social responsibility. The guide emphasizes reducing threats to biodiversity and ecosystem productivity through improved governance and more integrated management practices. Well-designed programs can reform fisheries and aquaculture to reduce environmental and social impacts while increasing productivity, incomes, and livelihoods. The guide addresses key questions on how to design, implement, and evaluate responsible fisheries and aquaculture programs.
ORNAMENTAL FISH TRADING, OPPORTUNITIES, ACCESSORIES,WATER PARAMETERS
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
ORNAMENTAL FISHERIES A TO Z INFORMATION.
This document provides information about ornamental fish culture and the ornamental fish industry. It discusses how ornamental fish keeping began as a hobby and has grown into a large international business. Key points include:
- Ornamental fish production is an important part of the aquaculture industry and global ornamental fish trade is estimated at over $14 billion.
- Over 1,800 species of ornamental fish are in the market, with over 1,000 from freshwater origins. Major suppliers include Singapore, Thailand, and Hong Kong.
- India's ornamental fish industry is small at 1% of global trade but is growing at 14% annually. Tamilnadu, Kerala and West Bengal are major producers.
ORNAMENTAL FISH DISEASE AND AERATOR, FILTERS, HEATERS.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already suffer from conditions like depression and anxiety.
ORNAMENTAL FISH BREEDING
This document discusses ornamental fish breeding in India. It notes that India's share of the global ornamental fish trade is very small at only 0.008%, and that 95% of exports are currently based on wild collection rather than breeding. To sustain growth, it argues that the focus needs to shift to culture-based development and mass breeding of the many species that can be successfully bred in India. The document provides details on the technology, species, management practices, and financial requirements for starting an ornamental fish breeding project.
ORNAMENTAL FISH FARM MANAGEMENT
Management of ornamental fish farm.
Pond fish keeping
Pond Construction
Sitting a pond
Site of a pond
Equipment
Stockings of pond with fish
Invertebrates and amphibians
Pond maintenance feeding
ORNAMENTAL FISH BREEDING OF EGG LAYING
Ornamental fish breeding Egg-scatterers Laying Non-adhesive Eggs:
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Fish Hatchery Management for Maintaining the Genetic Quality
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ORNAMENTAL FISH TRADING, OPPORTUNITIES, ACCESSORIES,WATER PARAMETERS
ORNAMENTAL FISH TRADING, OPPORTUNITIES, ACCESSORIES,WATER PARAMETERS
ORNAMENTAL FISH DISEASE AND AERATOR, FILTERS, HEATERS.
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Supplementary-Fish-Feed
- 1. Dr. V.P.Saini Dean College of Fisheries Kishanganj
- 2. Supplementary Fish Feed? • Fish needs some extra feed along with available natural feeds in water for their regular growth. • This extra feed which are provided to fish is called supplementary feed of fish.
- 3. The ingredients of supplementary feed for fish are below. •Rice bran •Refined pulse and wheat roughage •Mustard or sesame cake •Fish-meal (fish powder) •Blood and innards of bird or animal •Green leaves of various vegetables •Minerals and vitamins •Kitchen leftovers, etc.
- 4. Common Fish Feeds Fish feeds widely used in Asia include traditional vegetarian feed and trash fish. In recent years pellet feed is also becoming popular. – Vegetarian feed- Wheat bran, rice bran, weed, soy dregs, flour and peanut cakes are suitable for freshwater fish and especially for carps. – Trash fish-Trash fish are suitable for marine fish and also for freshwater carnivorous fishes.
- 5. Cont....... • Pellet feed- There are dry and moist pellets. –Dry Pellet: More popular and the major ingredients are fishmeal ， fish oil, vitamins and binder. They are extruded. – Moist pellet: Is made up of fishmeal， trash fish, vitamins and binder. The pellets are extruded by a pellet machine. Pellet feed is suitable for both freshwater and marine species.
- 6. How to Choose Feed? With so many varieties of fish feed, how can fish farmers choose one that suits the cultured fish best? One simple way is to compare the nutritional requirement of the species, availability, price, storage method, hygiene and environmental impacts of different feeds and see which one suits the needs of your fish farm best.
- 7. Feeding Rate • For good aquaculture, the knowledge of feeding rate is vitally important. • Feed:-High input cost 50-60 % Optimum level of Feed Below Optimu m level Above optimum level Loss of Production Wastage of Feed Water Pollution
- 8. Calculation for Optimum Level • The quantity of feed to be given to a pond or cage each day should normally be based on a percentage of the biomass present. • Thus, if a pond contains 10 000 fish weighing 10 g on average and the recommended feeding rate is stated to be 3% per day, the amount of feed to be given daily is: (10000×10×3)/100=3000g per day
- 9. Fish Feeding Method • The most effective method of feeding with respect to location, time of day and frequency varies from species to species. • Its cost effectiveness depends also on other factors such as the availability of feeding Labour or automatic feeders, size of pond or tank, cost of Labour, and the personal preference of the farm manager, based on observations and results. Though the methods of feeding fish keep changing, the basic methods of feeding fish are as below: – Hand Feeding – Feed Tray – Demand Feeder
- 10. Feeding is done by hand for approximately 20 minutes. In this method the feed can be distributed equally and even the person can check if the fish is getting overfed. As it involves manpower, cost of Labour will increase. Hand Feeding
- 11. • This method is very cheap and at the same time very simple to use. • Feed tray is a ration which is placed on a fine- meshed net. • This net is situated below the surface of the water. • In this feeding method, the feed would be distributed in a limited way. Feed Tray
- 12. Demand Feeder • This is a mechanism of releasing feed that too on demand by fish. • This is a cost-effective method. • But the feeder to fish ratio has to be maintained to make sure that the fish are not overfed.
- 13. Automatic Feed Blower • In this method of feeding the feed is broadcasted by feed blower which is an electrically powered one. • One feed blower is sufficient to feed 5000 fishes. • This is a high cost machinery which does not take the appetite of fish in mind.
- 14. Whatever feed you choose, take note of the following • Do not feed too quickly or too much. This wastes money and pollutes fish farms. • Observe how fish respond to feeding and portion the feed appropriately. • Low consumption may be a sign of disease or deteriorating water quality. • It is best to give frequent feeds in small quantities.
- 15. Cont.... • If using dry pellet feed, consider having an automatic feeding machine installed to save manpower. • Record the daily feed amount to detect any drop in consumption. It also helps the calculation of feeding cost and FCR. • Keeping farm management record helps fish farmers to control cost and select the right feed and management approach. It helps to detect potential disease outbreaks at an early stage.