The document provides information on fish health management including: 1. Common bacterial, viral, parasitic, and fungal diseases that affect fish and crustaceans such as vibriosis, monodon baculovirus disease, white spot syndrome, and saprolegniasis. 2. The causative agents and symptoms of important infectious bacterial diseases in fish including hemorrhagic septicemia caused by Aeromonas hydrophila, furunculosis caused by A. salmonicida, and saddleback disease caused by Flexibacter columnaris. 3. Nutritional diseases in fish that result from deficiencies of proteins, fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals and the signs associated with each. 4

1. Fish Health Management (Part-I AKJ)
1 pH of fishblood 7.0-8.0
2 FluidDrag Resistance of waterfacedbyfishduringswimming
3 Typesof musclesinfishes White Muscels:Producesenergythroughaerobicprocessand
builduplacticacid
Dark Muscles:Producesenergythroughanaerobicprocess
4 No.of gill pairsinteleosts 4 pairs
5 Choloride cells Cellslocatedatthe base of the gill filamenttoregulate osmosis.
6 SwimBladder Organ formaintainingbuoyancyof fishes
7 Typesof swimbladder 1. Physostomous:Havingconnectionwithoesophagous
2. Physoclistous:NoconnectionwithOesophagous
8 Typesof digestive tractin
fishes
1. TubularSuckingType
2. Grindinggaspingtype
9 SensoryOrganinfishes Olfactorysac barbels
10 Cupula An organin eachchamberof lateral line thatacts as a sensorof
neuromastorgan
11 Ductlessendocrine glands:
Pituitary,Inter-renal,
Corpusclesof stannius,
Chromaffinbodyand
Urophysis
Name ofGland Secretion
Pituitary Prolactin, Adrenocorticotropin,
Thyroidstimulatinghormone,
Gonadotropins, Somatotrophic
Hormones,Melanocyte stimulating
Hormone,Corticotropin
Corpusclesof
stannius,
Calcitonin
Inter-renal (Adrenal) Corticosteroids:Cortisol andcorticone
Urophysis Urotonsins:Arginine andVasotocin
12 InfectiousDiseases
13 Fishdiseasescausedby
Protozoans
Ichthyophthiriasis,Trichodiniasis,Costiasis,Myxosporean
disease
14 Ichthyophthiriasis
or white spotdiseases
Causative Agent:Ichthyophthiriusmultifilis
Thereont,Trophont(Adultstage),Tomont:Different
developmental stagesof causative organism
15 Trichodiniasis Causative Agent:Ureoclariidciliatespeciesof genus Trichodina,
Tripartiella and Trichodinella
16 Costiasis Causative Agent:Costia(Ichthyoboda)
Myxosporeandisease
(White spotsongillsor
scales)
Causative agents (Infectinggills):Myxobolusbengalensis,M.
catlae,M. hosadurgensis,Thelohanelluscatlae.
Causative agents (Scalesand body surface):
Myxobolusmrigalae,M.sphericumand M.rohitae
Amoebula,Trophozoit:Developmental stagesof causative
agent
Fishdiseasescausedby
Helminthes
Dactylogyrosisandgyrodactylosis,BlackSpotdisease,Ligulosis,
Acanthocephalandisease
Snails(Molluscs) actsasintermediaryhostinthe life cycle of Trematodes(A groupof
Helminthes)

2. Dactylogyrosisand
gyrodactylosis
Causative Agent:Dactylogyrussps.andGyrodactylussps.(Also
knownas Monogeneans)
Haptor: Attachmentorganof the causative agentthroughwhich
it attachesto host.
Dactylogyrussps.:Ovoviviparous
Gyrodactylussps:Viviparous
Black Spotdisease Causative Agent:Diplostomumpigmentata andother
Diplostomumsps.
Mirtacidium: Ciliatedlarvae of causativeagent
FirstHost: Mollusc
Second Host: fish
Final Host:AquaticBird
Ligulosis Causative Agent:Ligula intestinalis
Caracidia,Procercoid:Larval stagesof causative agent
Host : Anhinga melanogaster (Bird)
Acanthocephalandisease Causative agent:Acanthogyrusacanthogyrus,
AcanthosentisantespinusandPallisentis
InfectsAlimentarytract
Proboscis:Attachmentorganof causative agent
Acanthor,Cystacanth: Larval stagesof causative agent
Intermediate Host: Anarthropod
Fishdiseasescausedby
Crustaceans
Argulosis,Ergasilosisand Lernaeosis
Argulosis Causative Agent:Branchiuranparasites: Argulusfoliaceus,A.
bengalensisandA.Siamensis (Completeslifecycle in3-6weeks)
Ergasilosis Causative Agent:Copepod-Ergasilussps.
Lernaeosis Causative Agent:Lernaeachackoensis, L.bengalensis
Non-InfectiousDiseases
Gas bubble disease Infectsmainlyatspawn,fryand fingerlingstages.
Fishloosesbalance
Due to highorganic fertilizersatpondbottomunderanaerobic
conditions
Algal toxicosis Cloggingof the gillsbythe algae causingrespiratorydistress
Speciesof Algae: Microcystis andAnabaena
Scoliosis/Lordosis Irregulardevelopmentof skeletoncartilage occursresultingin
spinal deformities.The vertebral columnmayexhibithorizontal
or vertical deformities.
Bacterial diseasesinfishes
Finrot and tail rot Mixedinfectionby A.hydrophila andPseudomonasfluorscens.
Dropsy The epidermisandbodycavitiesgetfilledwithandscales
protrude outfrom theirpocketsleadingtosevere anaemic
conditions.
Causative agent:Mixedinfectionof A.hydrophilaand
Myxozoanparasite or malnutrition
Eye disease Epidemicformof disease,Corneaof the eyesgetsvascularized
leadingtoopacityandcomplete necrosis(Necrosis:Cell injury
that causespremature deathof cellsinlivingtissues)

3. Causative organism:A.liquifaciens.
Affectedeyesare alsoinfectedby Staphylococcusaureus.
Control:Chloromycetinbath@8-10 mg/l
Columnarisdisease External lesionsoverthe surface of body
Causative agent:Flexibactercolumnaris
Edwardsiellosis A septicaemisdisease
Septicimia: it isthe presence of pathogenic organismsin the bloodstream, leading to
sepsis ie.whole body inflammation
Causative agent:Edwardsiellatarda
Sysmptoms:Cutaneouslesionsandgasfilledabscessesinthe
muscles
Bacterial gill disease Agent: Flavobacteriumbranchiophilum
EUS EpizooticUlcerative Syndrome
Bacterial Diseasesin Shrimps
Vibriosis All infectionscausesbyVibriosps.(Anopportunisticbacteria)
Black spotdisease Black lesionsvisible inthe muscle,the abdomen,gill andother
organs.Black spotis due to depositionof melaninpigment
Causative agent: poorwaterqualitywithproliferationof Vibrio.
SepticHepatopancreatic
necrosis
CertainportionsinP.monodonhepatopancreasturnsblackare
degenerated.
Causative agent: poorwaterqualitywithproliferationof Vibrio.
Fungal Diseases
Saprolegniasis White to browncottonlike growthoneggsand woundsof fish.
Causative organism: Saprolegniaparasitica.
Branchiomyces Gill rot infishes,pathogeninvade the bloodvesselsof gills
causingnecrosisof the surroundingtissue.
Causative organism: Aspergillusflavus,A.ochraceous and
Fusiformismomiliforme.
Viral diseasesinshrimps
Yellowheaddisease MostlyaffectsadultP.monodon.
The affectedparawnexhibityellow topinkishcephalothorax
Causative Agent:Yellow HeadDiseaseVirus(RNA virus of
rhabdovirusgroup)
White spotdisease Affects P.monodon.
White spotof variable size are visible oncarapace.
Causative agents:White spotbaculovirus/Systematic
ectodermal mesodermal baculovirus
Carrier of virus: Crabs
Prawnnodavirusdisease ReportedinM. rosenbergii.
White tail or milkywhite musclesinpostlarvae andjuveniles
Causative agent:M. rosenbergiinodavirus
FishImmunology
Lysozyme A secretionof leukocytes.Toxicagainstbothgramnegative and
gram positive bacteria.
Promotesphagocytosisandactivatesphagocyticcells
C-reactive protein(CRP) Acute phase proteinappearsinplasmainresponse totissue
damage infection.FishCRPcanrecognize phosphorylcholinein
cell walls/surface structuresof bacteria,fungi orparasite and

4. activatescomplementsystem
Transferrin An Ironbindingglycoprotein.Itlimitsthe amountof
endogenousironavailabletothe pathogen.
lecithin Proteinsof non-immune originthatbindssugarmoieties.Fish
egglecithininhibitsthe growthof pathogenicbacteriaand
fungi.
Interferons Proteinsorglycoproteinsthatare secretedbyvirusinfected
cellsandinhibitsthe growthof pathogenicbacteriaandfungus.
Phagocyticcells A varietyof leukocytesinvolvedinnon-specificcellulardefense
of fish.
Macrophages and granulocytes: Mobile phagocyticcellsfound
inbloodand secondarylymphoidtissue.
Agglutinationtest A type of immunodiagnosticmethodbasedonthe visible
clumping(agglutination) of aparticulate antigenwithantibody
whenthe twotestreagentare mixedtogetherona galssslide.
PrecipitationTest A type of immunodiagnosticmethodsimilartoagglutination
methodexceptthathere the antigenisinsoluble formandthe
reactionwithantibodyresultsinprecipitation.
Immunoelectrophoresis The diffusionof antibodyandantigenisenhancedbyapplying
an electricfieldacrossthe slide.
ELISA Enzyme LinkedImmunosorbentAssay
Recognitionof Antigenbyantibody-enzymeconjugate.
CIFA has developedaDot-ELISA kitfordiagnosisof several
bacterial diseasesinfreshwaterfishes.
Immunoprophylaxis A methodof enhancingimmunityforpathogens
Active Immunization
(Inoculation,Vaccination)
The pathogenor theirtoxinsare administeredinaharmless
formofferingimmunitytothe host.
More practical method
Passive Immunization
(Passive inoculation,
antiserainjectionand
Immunotherapy)
Antibodiesare formedinaforeignhomologousorheterologous
animal andthe antibodiesformed,afterextractionare
administeredalongwiththe serumtothe hostto be protected.
Passive immunizationoffersimmediate protection.
Obtainedforrelativelyshorterperiod,costandlabouroriented.
Polyvalentvaccines
e.g.Vibrichthyn(A product
fromGermany)
Immunityformanytypesof pathogens
Lyophilisate A vaccine concentrate addedtofishfeedfororal vaccination.
PCR:PolymeraseChain
Reaction
It isa rapidwayof preparingspecificDNA segmentsbycyclic
amplificationwhichcanbe usedincharacterizingthe pathogen
and disease condition.
RT-PCR Reverse transcriptase PCRtoamplifyRNA targets.RTenzyme is
usedso thatRNA isconvertedinto DNA whichwill be then
amplifiedasinnormal PCR.
NestedPCR Two setsof primerare usedinsequence toamplifythe DNA
Multiple PCR More than one pairof specificprimerisusedtosimultaneously
detectseveral pathogens.
Real time PCR Advanced andquickmethodof PCR

5. TaqMan: Fluorogenic5’-Nuclease assayassociatedwithreal
time PCR.
ANAA (AdvancedNucleic
AcidAnalyzer)
Silicone chip-basedspectrofluorometricThermal Cycler
CIBA has developedPCRbaseddiagnostickitforWSSV
SUMMARY
Name ofDisease Name ofPathogen
IN FISHES
Furunculosis Aeromonassalmonicida
Carp erythrodermatitis A. salmonicida
Haemorrhagicsepticaemia,Dropsy,
SkinLesions,Finrotand tail rot
A. Hydrophila
Vibriosis Vibrioanguillarum, Vibriosps.
EntericRedmouth disease Yersiniaruckeri
Bacterial kidneydisease Renibacteriumsalmoninarum
Eye Disease Staphylococcusaureus
Botulism Clostridiumbotulinum
IN SHRIMPS
Bacterial Shell Disease Vibrioalginolyticus,V.parahaemolyticus,
Aeromonassps., Pseudomonassps.
SepticaemicVibriosis Vibrioalginolyticus,V.parahaemolyticus,Vibrio
anguillarum
MonodonBaculovirusDisease (MBD) MonodonBaculovirus
White spotsyndrome White spotsyndrome virus
Yellowheaddisease Yellow headdiseasevirus
IN PRAWNS
Black spotDisease Vibriosps.,Aeromonassps.,Pseudomonassps.
Vibriosis Vibrioalginolyticus, Vibrioanguillarum

6. Fish Health Management (Part-II Kavinder)
S.no Questions Answers
Nutritional disease
1. Body deformities and reduce growth rate Deficiency of protein
2. Sikoki disease in carp Carbohydrate deficiency
3. Discolouration and hypersensitivity Omega-3 fatty acid (linoleic
acid) deficiency
4. Visceral granuloma Due to auto oxidation of
diet
5. Thyroid hyperplasia or goiter Iodine deficiency
6. Tryptophan deficiency causes Scoliocis
7. Diacalcium phosphate deficiency cause Lordosis in carp
8. Thiamine (vit. B1) deficiency causes Odema, mascular dystrophy
9. Riboflavin (vit.B2) deficiency causes Corneal vascularization,
heamorrhagic eye, dnemia
10. Pyridoxine (vit. B6) deficiency causes Nervous disorders, rapid
gasping are breathing
11. Panstathionic acid deficiency causes Necrosis, cubbed gills
12. Inositol deficiency causes Fish necrosis anemia
13. Biotin deficiency causes Blue fish patch on body
14. Folic acid deficiency causes Leothargy and fragility of
caudalfin
15. Choline deficiency causes Anemia, heameorrahic
kidney
16. Nicotinic acid deficiency causes Photophobia, swollen gills
17. Vitamin B12 (cynocabalanine) deficiency causes Erratic haemoglobin level
18. Ascorbic acid deficiency causes Lordosis and scoliosis
19. Hyper vitaminosis of vit A cause Nerotic caudal fin
20. Vit. D deficiency causes necrotic appearance in
kidney
21. Vit. K deficiency causes cause Mil;d cutaneous haemorrage
22. Vit. E deficiency causes Exopthalmia, reduced no. of
RBC
23. Fungal diseases Due to fungus
24. Bacterial diseases Due to bacteria
25. Infectious diseases : Spread from one fish to other fish
a. Pre-acute- mortality without gross lesions
b. Acute- occur suddenly and short time no symptoms
c. Sub-acute- disease remains for 2-6 weeks and symptoms are chronic seen longer. ng
Infactious bacterial diseases
27. Haemorrhagic septicemia Caused by retrovirus,
Pseudomonas fluorescens,
Aeromonas liquefaciens
28. Furunculosisaeromonas Symptoms- darkening of
body, anorexia

7. 30. Saddle back disease (Columanaris)
Causative agent : Flexibacter columnaris
Symptoms: grey brown patch on body
31. Enteritis –
Causative agent : Aeromonas sps.
Symptoms: Anus red, swollen
32. Gill hyperplasia syndrome (Myxobacterial complex) cubbing of gills
33. Edward sillosis
Causative agent : Edwardesilla tarda
Symptoms: Emaciation, anaemia
34. Gill rot
Causative agent : Myxococcus
Symptoms: Fish is black in appearance
35. Dropsy
Causative agent: Pseudomonas punctada, A. lequifeciens, A. hydrophilla
36. Tropical ulcerative disease
Causative agent: A. hydrophilla
37. Vibrosis
Causative agent : (vibrio spp)
Symptoms: Anorexia, ulceration
Fungal disease
38. Water mould disease or Saprolegniasis
Causative agent : Aphanomyces saprolegnia
39. Gill mould disease
Causative agent: Tcthyosporidium, bramchiomyces
60. Defense system (immune system) Specific, non specific
61. Nonspecific defense Skin, mucus, scales,
epidermis
62. Specific defense system Due to antigen and antibody
formation
63. Specific immune system comprises two parts Haemoral ,
cellular immunity
64. Humoral immunity is carried out by B-lympocytes
65. Cellular immunity is carried out by T- lympocytyes
66. A protein molecules that bind the foreign substance (antibody)
in the blood serum
Antibody
67. ---------- do not produce antibody but recognize antigen and
sound a type of molecules to on the surface of foreign cell by
receptor
T cells
68. Memory cells T-cells
70. Diagnosis of disease is termed as: Epidemiology
71. Abnormal cell division is termed as : Hyperplasia
72. Monoclonal antibody Produced by the fusion of
antibody
73. Acriflavin (chemoprophylatic) 3-10 ppm for protozoan
75. Malachite green – dip treatment 66 ppm Fungus prevention

8. 77. KMnO4 5 ppm Ulcerative disease
78. Tri-chlorophon Mild dose to control
ectoparasite: Argulus
80. CIFAX ( 0.1 ppm) Control of EUS
81. EUS reported first in 1988 in Assam
82. EUS reported first in world in Australia
83. WSSV reported first in Andhra Pradesh in 1949
84. WSSV reported first in world in Japan
85. WSSV is a double stranded DNA virus
86. Biotoxin produced by gonyaulox (dianoflagellates) cause Shellfish poisioning
87. ------- contain a genome surrounded by protein coat Virion
88. Protein cell of virin called Capsid
89. Obligate parasite Cause disease because of
mere presence of culture
system
90. Opportunitics parasite Not cause disease and not
harm to organism
91. General adaption syndrome (GAS) change in fish body which
occur in response to
environment stress
92. Involved in glucose metabolism Cortisole
93. Involved with retention of Na+ and Cl- and excreation if K+ Adeno Cortico Trophic
Hormone (ACTH)
94. Necrosis Death of cell
95. Neoplasia Uncontrolled production of
WBC
96. Velvet/ rust disease Oodinium sp. (protozoa)