First Aid and Safety

1. First Aid and Safety
NOT including CPR
Prepared for Health Education class
at the Arts Academy at Benjamin Rush
School District of Philadelphia
Teacher: Todd Corabi

2. Personal Safety and Injury Prevention
There are numerous areas that people need
to stay safe and protect themselves.
This powerpoint will help to make people
safety conscious AND give tips for basic first
aid for many potential accidents and
situations

3. Safety First
In the United States, more than 90,000 deaths occur each year
due to accidents. Some of these accidents could be prevented if
a person was safety conscious. That means “to be aware that
safety is important and to be careful to act in a safe manner”
Prevention is the best way to avoid and reduce
risks.
 Prevention includes thinking ahead (preparation)
 trying to spot possible hazards before accidents occur
(observation)
 Doing safe acts to prevent accidents (prevention)

4. How Accidental Injuries Occur
Many, but not all, accidental injuries happen
because people become careless.
They are often the result of an “accident
chain,” a sequence of events that leads to an
unintentional injury.

5. The Accident Chain
The situation: Nicole has
overslept. She is rushing to put
her jacket on and eat breakfast
so that she doesn’t miss the
bus.
The unsafe habit: When
Nicole takes off her skates, she
usually leaves them on the front
steps.
The unsafe action: Nicole is
thinking only of getting to the
bus stop. She races out of the
door without looking where she
is going.
The accident: Nicole trips over
her skates and falls forward
onto the sidewalk.
The result: When she falls,
Nicole sprains her wrist and
scrapes both hands. She also
misses her bus.

6. Breaking the Accident Chain
By breaking just one link, you can disable the
accident chain and prevent accidental injuries.
To break the accident chain:
 Change the situation.
 Change the unsafe action.
 Change the unsafe habit.

7. Breaking the Accident Chain (cont’d.)
What actions could
Nicole have taken to
break a link in the
accident chain?
(notes version of
slide has possible
answers)

8. Steps to Take in an Emergency
People can get injured or ill at any time and in
any place.
If a person has a serious or life-threatening
problem, he or she will need emergency care.
Always have a basic first aid kit ready with
AT LEAST various band aids, bandages,
non-latex gloves, alcohol swabs, tweezers,
scissors, and gauze pads.

9. Steps to Take in an Emergency
Check the Scene for safety:
If you get hurt, you can’t help
someone else
Check the Person:
Unconscious vs Conscious
see next slide(s)
CALL for help:
Yell out loud for help from people
around you, CALL 911, notify
someone in charge (if applicable),
Call/send for AED
Care for person
Using basic first aid/safety/CPR skills

10. CHECK THE PERSON
Unconscious vs Conscious people
Conscious =
Adults and older teens:
Approach calmly, get permission, do a head to toe assessment
looking for obvious signs of trauma
(broken bones, cuts, bleeding, etc) and asking questions
Younger teens and children ESPECIALLY little kids
Approach calmly, get their parent’s permission if possible, do a
toe to head assessment at their level (kneeling or sitting)

11. When to call 911????..EMERGENCIES
Examples include but are not limited to:
No signs of life, Unconsciousness, Deep burns,,
trouble breathing (with no response from Asthma
inhalers if Asthmatic), persistent chest pain,
vomiting blood, seizures, head injuries, broken
bones through skin, perceived neck/back injury

12. Prevention and First Aid
It is obviously better to prevent and avoid accidents
by being safe and being safety conscious. However,
even if we do everything we can to prevent accidents,
sometimes, they still occur.
The following slides will take SEVERAL situations and
Present to you basic prevention and first aid treatment

13. VARIOUS SITUATIONS
with their BASIC first aid
BLEEDING and CUTS

14. Stopping Severe Bleeding
To stop or slow blood loss, use the following
methods:
 Cover the wound with a clean cloth and press
firmly against the wound with your hand. If it
becomes soaked…use an additional clean cloth
 If possible, elevate the wound above the level of
the heart to slow blood flow.
 Remember to always use gloves when treating
someone else to avoid contact with blood that
may be infected with HIV

15. VARIOUS SITUATIONS
with their BASIC first aid
Poisoning

16. Poisoning:
PREVENTION:
Don’t drink ANYTHING if you don’t know what
it is.
Keep cleaning fluids locked and away from
children
Teach children to never drink anything unless
given to them by an adult

17. Preventing Poisonings continued
To prevent accidental poisonings:
 Never refer to a child’s medicine or vitamins
as “candy.”
 Make sure that all medicines have child-
resistant caps.
 Put all medicines and poisonous substances
away immediately after using them.
 Keep all cleaning products in their original,
labeled containers.
 Store all potentially poisonous substances in
high cabinets, out of children’s reach. If
possible, keep the cabinets locked.

18. Poisoning:
TREATMENT:
 Poisoning: Call 911 or local poison control center
(number in front of phone book) and follow the
instructions you receive.
 Save the container of the substance responsible for
the poisoning for hospital and medical care
 Do not induce vomiting unless told to do so by 911
or local poison control center

19. VARIOUS SITUATIONS
with their BASIC first aid
Burns

20. Treating Burns
There are three main types of burns:
 First-degree burn: A burn in which only the outer layer
of skin is burned and turns red (example = sun burn)
 Second-degree burn: A moderately serious burn in
which the burned area blisters
(curling iron, hot pot handle, hot water, hot steam)
 Third-degree burn: A very serious burn in which all
layers of the skin are damaged
(call 911, usually from fire, electricity or chemicals but
possible from scolding hot water)

21. Treating Burns (cont)
Prevention:
 First-degree burn: Use sun block, avoid contact with
hot objects (duh)
 Second-degree burn: Keep pot handles turned IN so
they can’t be knocked into or grabbed for example.
 Third-degree burn: Use protective gloves, eye wear,
clothes and/or tools (such as when dealing with
chemicals, fireplaces, grills, wires, etc)

22. Treating Burns (cont’d.)
Here is how each type of burn should be
treated:
 First-degree burn: Flush the burned area with cold water
(not ice) for at least 15 minutes then wrap loosely in clean
dressing. You may then use ice if desired
 Second-degree burn: Minor second-degree burns can be
treated by flushing the affected area with cold water (not
ice) and elevating the burned area. Wrap in clean
dressing..do not pop blisters
 Third-degree burn: Call 911 or an ambulance at once. Do
not attempt to remove burned clothing. While waiting for
medical help, keep the victim still and have him or her sip
fluids.
 NOTE: If a burn is from electric or chemicals DO NOT
use water or ice!!!!!!!

23. VARIOUS SITUATIONS
with their BASIC first aid
FIRE Safety

24. Fire Safety
Here are some of the leading causes of
fires in the home:
 Careless cooking habits
 Careless cigarette smoking
 Improper storage of flammable materials
 Electrical overload or damaged electrical
circuits and wiring

25. Preventing Fires
You can prevent fires by taking the following
safety measures:
 Keep stoves and ovens clean.
 Store matches and cigarette lighters in safe places,
out of the reach of children.
 Check electrical appliances for loose or damaged
cords. Repair or replace damaged appliances and
broken outlets.
 If you smoke..never smoke in bed and make sure all
cigarettes and ashes are “out” before throwing
away

26. Being Prepared for a Fire
Smoke alarms can provide a strong defense
against injuries or death from fires.
Keep the following points in mind when using
smoke alarms:
 Install a smoke alarm on every level of the house,
preferably outside a sleeping area and in every
room.
 Check smoke alarms once a month by pushing the
test button. Also, change their batteries at least once
a year.

27. Being Prepared for a Fire (cont’d.)
Water will put out fires in which paper, wood, or
cloth is burning. However, water must not be used
on oil, grease, or electrical fires.
If a small grease fire starts in the kitchen, turn off
heat, cover to “smother” flames.
However, small fires get big FAST!!!
For this reason, every home needs at least one fire
extinguisher.

28. Being Prepared for a Fire (cont’d.)
Own a fire extinguisher and take the
following precautions when using a fire
extinguisher:
 Make sure that you read and understand the
instructions so that you can operate it in an
emergency.
 Check the pressure gauge periodically to
make sure that the fire extinguisher is ready
to use.
 Replace or recharge it as necessary.

29. Being Prepared for a Fire (cont’d.)
Here are some important points when escaping from fire:
 Plan escape routes with your family in case of fire.
 Most fatal fires occur during the night, so every escape
route should begin in a bedroom.
 A window with a fire escape or a ladder may save a life if
flames, heat, or smoke block a bedroom door.
 Decide on a meeting point outside so that everybody knows
whether people are safe.
 Practice the escape plan by holding a family fire drill every six
months.

30. Escaping a Fire
1. If possible, leave quickly.
Get out of the building before
calling 911 or the fire department.
2. Before opening a closed door,
feel it to see if it is hot.
If it is, do not open it. There may be
flames just outside the door.

31. Escaping a Fire (cont’d.)
3. If you must exit through smoke,
crawl along the floor.
4. If you can't get out, stay in the
room with the door closed.
Roll up a blanket or towel and put it
across the bottom of the door to keep
out smoke.

32. Escaping a Fire (cont’d.)
5. If your clothing catches
fire, stop, drop, and roll.
6. Once outside, go to the
prearranged meeting
place. Let everyone know
that you are safe. Then
someone should call 911 or
the fire department.

33. VARIOUS SITUATIONS
with their BASIC first aid
Falls, bruises,
sprains, strains,
broken bones

34. Preventing Falls
These safety rules can help you prevent
falls:
 In the kitchen: Clean up spills right away.
 In the bathroom: Put a nonskid mat on the
bottom of the tub or shower.
 On the stairs: Keep all staircases well lit.
 At school: Follow school rules related to
safety.

35. Sprains and Bruises
 Sprains and bruises:
Tell the victim not to use the injured body part.
Then use the R.I.C.E. formula:
Rest
Ice
Compression
Elevation

36. BROKEN BONES
 Broken bones: Because moving broken bones can
cause further injury, have the person remain still until
medical assistance arrives.
 If a person needs to be moved, create a splint:
 Anatomical splint
 Soft splint
 Hard splint
 See local Red Cross guide for details on these
types of splints. It is better if they don’t move

37. VARIOUS SITUATIONS
with their BASIC first aid
Electrical safety

38. Preventing Electric Shocks
Electricity can be extremely dangerous.
Improper use or maintenance of electrical
appliances, wiring, and outlets can cause
severe electric shock.
There is also the danger of electrocution, or
death resulting from electric shock.

39. Preventing Electric Shocks (cont’d.)
To avoid electric shock, follow these rules:
 Never use an electrical appliance near water,
such as in a bathtub, or if you are wet.
 Unplug small appliances, such as hair dryers
and toasters, when they are not in use. Repair
or replace broken appliances.
 Pull out an electrical plug by the plug itself,
not by the cord.
 Repair or replace loose or damaged cords.

40. VARIOUS SITUATIONS
with their BASIC first aid
Guns

41. Gun Safety
Observe the following basic gun safety
rules if someone in your family, or
someone you know, keeps guns at home:
 Guns should be stored unloaded, in a locked
cabinet.
 Bullets should be stored in a different locked
cabinet.
 A gun should never be pointed at anyone, and
its barrel should aim downward when
someone is carrying it.

42. Gun Safety (cont’d.)
To protect yourself against weapons at
school:
 Cooperate with your school’s efforts to keep
them off school grounds.
 Know and follow school rules prohibiting the
possession of weapons.
 If you suspect that another student is carrying
a gun or any other weapon, inform a teacher
or school administrator. You can request that
your name not be revealed.

43. VARIOUS SITUATIONS
with their BASIC first aid
Driving, Pedestrian
Non-motorized
“wheels”

44. Driving Safety
In every area of the United States, traffic
laws are enforced to ensure order and
safety.
 In Philadelphia all passengers and the driver
should wear a seat belt and children should be
in the proper type of car or booster seat.
 All drivers of motor vehicles are required to
obey traffic regulations.
 Never text while driving
 Use cell phones only with hands free devices

45. Safety on Wheels (bikes, scooters,
skates, skateboards)
You can have fun on wheels and be safe by
following some important guidelines:
 Check the equipment you use.
 Always wear a helmet (law under 13)
 When in-line skating, skateboarding, or riding a
scooter, wear wrist guards, elbow and knee pads,
and light gloves.
 Wear athletic shoes for bicycling, skateboarding,
or riding a scooter.
 Obey local traffic rules

46. Safety on Foot
Obey traffic signals when crossing the
street, and cross only at intersections or
crosswalks.
Look left, right, and left again before
stepping into the street.
Do not walk or run into the street from
between parked cars.
Do not wear headphones while walking
(one okay, 2 is distracting)

47. VARIOUS SITUATIONS
with their BASIC first aid
Neighborhood, personal
protection, parks and
recreation areas

48. Safety in Your Neighborhood
To reduce your chances of becoming a victim
of deliberate injury:
 Avoid potential trouble. Do not go out alone at
night. Tell a parent about where you are going and
when you will return home. Stay in well-lit areas.
 Be smart and aware. Move away from anyone who
makes you feel uncomfortable.
 Get help when you need it. If anyone tries to touch
you or says anything that frightens you, scream
and run to the nearest public or safe place. Tell
your parent or another trusted adult immediately.

49. Safety in Your Neighborhood
Stages of self defense:
 Aware: be aware of everything and everyone around you
 Avoidance: Don’t go near potentially bad situations if
possible, play it safe when dealing with money, jewerly
 Prevention: If possible, find a way to get away from a
fight
 Physical Contact: If you have no choice, FIGHT
 Follow up: create a police report, tell your
parents/school

50. Outdoor Recreational Safety
You can stay safe outdoors by following
these commonsense rules:
 Take a buddy.
 Stay aware.
 Know your limits.
 Use good judgment.
 Be sure to warm up and cool down.

51. Water Safety
Follow these rules to stay safe in and
around water:
 Learn how to swim well.
 Always swim with a buddy and only when a
lifeguard or adult is present.
 Do not swim when you are tired.
 Check the water depth before you dive—it
should be at least 9 feet.
 Do not try diving unless you have been
taught the proper technique.

52. Water Safety (cont’d.)
Get ready.
Raise your
arms gently
and cross
them. At the
same time,
place one
left forward
and the
other one
back.
Stay calm. Allow
your arms, legs,
and neck to go
limp. Take a deep
breath and hold
it as you sink
vertically into
the water. Only the
top part of your
head should
remain above the
surface.
Raise your head.
Keeping your
arms and legs in
the same position
as in step 2, raise
your head
quickly but
smoothly
above
the water.
Exhale through
your nose.
Go below the
surface. While
holding your breath,
put your head down.
As you
drop below the
surface, press
downward
with your
arms and
hands to keep
yourself from going
too far.
Rest. Stay
under water and
rest for six to
ten seconds.
Then repeat
steps 2
through 5.
Continue this
technique until
help arrives.
Take a breath. To
keep your head
above your surface,
gently sweep your
arms down and out
while you step
downward
with both
the feet.
Take a fresh
breath through
your mouth.
Get ready.
Raise your
arms gently
and cross
them. At the
same time,
place one
leg forward
and the
other one
back.
Stay calm. Allow
your arms, legs,
and neck to go
limp. Take a
deep breath
and hold it as
you sink
vertically into
the water. Only
the top part of
your head should
remain above the
surface.
Raise your head.
Keeping your arms
and legs in the
same position as in
step 2, raise your
head quickly
but smoothly
above the
water.
Exhale
through your
nose.
Go below the
surface. While
holding your
breath, put your
head down. As
you drop
below the
surface,
press
downward
with your arms
and hands to keep
yourself from
going too far.
Rest. Stay
under water
and rest for six
to ten seconds.
Then repeat
steps 2
through 5.
Continue
this technique
until help
arrives.
Take a breath. To
keep your head
above the
surface, gently sweep
your arms down and
out
while you
step
downward
with both
feet. Take a
fresh breath
through your
mouth.

53. VARIOUS SITUATIONS
with their BASIC first aid
Weather related
emergencies
And natural disasters

54. What Are Weather Emergencies?
Certain emergency situations that no one
can prevent include weather emergencies,
or dangerous situations brought on by
changes in the atmosphere.
Common weather emergencies include
storms, such as tornadoes, hurricanes,
blizzards, and thunderstorms.

55. What Are Weather Emergencies?
(cont’d.)
The National Weather Service (NWS) issues
two types of advisories, or reports:
 Storm watches: These are issued when current
weather conditions indicate that a storm is
likely to develop.
 Storm warnings: These are issued when an
actual weather emergency is occurring and
people in the affected area are in immediate
danger.

56. Emergency Supplies Kit
Keep these supplies ready in the event of a
weather emergency or natural disaster.

57. Tornadoes
If a tornado watch is issued, use a battery-
powered radio to listen to updates and
prepare to take shelter.
 Move underground into a cellar or basement or
go to a windowless interior room or hallway. If
you are outdoors, lie in a ditch or flat on the
ground.
 Cover yourself with whatever protection you
can find, such as a mattress or heavy blanket.

58. Hurricanes
A hurricane is a strong windstorm with
driving rain that originates at sea.
Each hurricane has a center, called its eye,
where weather conditions are calm.
A circular cloud mass whirls around the
eye, giving the storm its fiercest strength.

59. Follow these guidelines in the event of a
hurricane:
 Board up windows and doors. Bring items
such as outdoor furniture and bicycles
inside.
 Evacuate immediately if the NWS or local
officials advise you to do so.
 If no evacuation is advised, stay indoors. Be
prepared for power loss by keeping a
working flashlight and battery-powered
radio on hand, along with extra batteries for
both items.
Hurricanes

60. Blizzards and Thunderstorms
A blizzard is a very heavy snowstorm with
winds of up to 45 miles per hour.
During a blizzard, stay inside if possible.
If you are caught outside, keep moving and
find shelter as soon as possible.
 While looking for shelter, keep your head,
nose, mouth, and ears covered to prevent
hypothermia.

61. Blizzards and Thunderstorms (cont’d.)
Thunderstorms can occur almost
anywhere, but they usually cause only
minor damage.
In the event of a thunderstorm, especially
one that includes lightning:
 If possible, stay inside or seek shelter during
the storm.
 Be prepared for power loss. Unplug electrical
appliances, and avoid using the telephone or
running water until the storm has passed.

62. Natural Disasters
A natural disaster is an event caused by
nature that results in widespread damage,
destruction, and loss. Floods and
earthquakes are examples of natural
disasters.
To prepare for such events, put together an
emergency supplies kit as shown
previously.

63. Floods
If the NWS issues a flood watch for your
area, move valuable items to higher levels
of your home, and keep your emergency kit
handy.
Listen to radio bulletins while you watch
for signs of rising water.

64. Floods (cont’d.)
A flood warning means that you should
evacuate your home, if so advised, and
move to higher ground away from rivers,
streams, and creeks.
 Warning of a flash flood, one that can rise
suddenly and violently, requires immediate
evacuation.

65. Floods (cont’d.)
In any flood situation, stay tuned to the
radio and follow these safety rules:
 Never walk, swim, ride a bike, or drive a car
through the water. Drowning is a risk. So is
electrocution from downed power lines.
 Drink only bottled water. Floods can pollute the
water supply.
 If an evacuation is ordered, return home only
after being advised that it is safe to do so.
 On returning home after the floods, throw
away contaminated food. Disinfect anything
that has come in contact with floodwaters.

66. Earthquakes
An earthquake, a violent shaking of the
earth’s surface, can be a fearsome natural
disaster.
It is usually not a single event; after the
initial shaking, several aftershocks, or
secondary earthquakes, often occur.

67. Earthquakes (cont’d.)
Follow these guidelines to protect yourself
during an earthquake.

68.  Even this LONG slide show which is comprehensive can not
be ALL inclusive. In general:
 use common sense to try to prevent accidents from
occurring
 When needed, use safety devices and follow rules
 Provide basic first aid to the best of your ability and call
911 if an emergency