This document provides guidance on managing emergency incidents and providing first aid. It discusses assessing safety, making the area safe, giving emergency help through the primary survey, and assisting emergency services. Specific emergencies covered include traffic accidents, fires, electrical incidents, and water incidents. For major incidents with mass casualties, special precautions and resources from emergency services may be required. The overall aims are to protect oneself, assess the situation, summon help if needed, assist casualties, and be aware of one's own needs when managing an emergency incident.
The document provides guidance on assessing casualties. It describes conducting a primary survey to check the airway, breathing, and circulation for any life-threatening conditions. Next, a secondary survey involves a full head-to-toe examination to identify and treat any other injuries. Key steps include taking a history of what happened and any medical conditions, examining the casualty for signs of injury, and monitoring their vital signs like breathing, pulse and response level for changes in condition. The guidelines aim to ensure first aiders can quickly identify and address emergency needs while gathering full information to facilitate ongoing care.
Chapter 2 Powerpoint - Emergency Medical ResponderJohn Campbell
The document discusses workforce safety and wellness for EMRs. It covers stress management, which involves recognizing signs of stress, preventing stress through healthy habits, and reducing stress. EMRs must understand how diseases spread and use standard precautions like gloves and masks. When responding to scenes, EMRs must carefully assess hazards such as traffic, crowds, fires, electricity, and animals before assisting patients.
The document provides training objectives and information for fire wardens. It discusses the roles and responsibilities of fire wardens which include understanding evacuation procedures, locations of muster points and fire equipment, and leading drills. Fire drills are conducted to practice evacuation routes and protect lives and property in case of an emergency. The key phases of drills involve getting approval, sounding alarms, evacuating buildings, accounting for personnel, and analyzing performance. Fire wardens are tasked with encouraging evacuation and maintaining order during drills.
This document discusses cardiovascular emergencies and the National EMS Education Standard Competencies. It covers the anatomy and physiology of the cardiovascular system, including the heart, blood vessels, blood pressure, and pulse. It then discusses several pathophysiological conditions including chest pain, myocardial infarction, dysrhythmias, cardiogenic shock, heart failure, and hypertensive emergencies. It provides details on the symptoms, signs, and management of these various cardiovascular emergencies.
1) The document discusses disaster medical operations training for CERT members, based on the assumptions that the number of victims could exceed treatment capacity and survivors will need to provide assistance.
2) It outlines the "killers" in emergency medicine - airway obstruction, bleeding, and shock. CERT training focuses on treating these life-threatening conditions through techniques like opening airways, controlling bleeding, and treating for shock.
3) It describes the triage process used to sort and prioritize victims for treatment, including the Immediate, Delayed, Minor, and Dead/Deceased categories. CERT members are trained to conduct triage under simulated disaster conditions.
9 provide frist aid fractures and soft tissue injuriesBibhod DOTEL
This document provides information about common soft tissue injuries including fractures, dislocations, bruising, sprains, and strains. It describes the signs and symptoms of each injury and outlines the steps to assist a casualty, including controlling bleeding, immobilizing injuries, treating for shock, and seeking medical help when appropriate. For fractures, dislocations, and suspected fractures, first aiders should avoid moving the injured area and call an ambulance. For bruising, sprains, and strains, first aid involves resting, applying ice, compressing the area, and elevating it above the heart.
This document outlines a fire action plan for a facility. It defines key roles and responsibilities for responding to a fire, including:
1. Procedures for evacuation, firefighting, and calling emergency services. Floor checkers will inspect areas and the fire marshal will coordinate the response.
2. Equipment that should be stopped, isolated, or left running in a fire. Contractors will be trained on evacuation procedures.
3. The fire assembly point and procedures for ensuring evacuation is complete. Quick guides are provided for staff, floor checkers, and fire marshals.
4. Key members and their duties, such as the incident commander, emergency response team, security, and engineering staff. Priority responses
The document provides information from a first aid training presentation. It defines first aid and its objectives to preserve life, prevent further injury, and promote recovery. It outlines procedures for assessing casualties including airway, breathing, circulation checks and primary and secondary surveys. First aiders are advised to control their reactions, act calmly and build trust. Personal safety and protective equipment are also emphasized. [END SUMMARY]
The document provides guidance on assessing casualties. It describes conducting a primary survey to check the airway, breathing, and circulation for any life-threatening conditions. Next, a secondary survey involves a full head-to-toe examination to identify and treat any other injuries. Key steps include taking a history of what happened and any medical conditions, examining the casualty for signs of injury, and monitoring their vital signs like breathing, pulse and response level for changes in condition. The guidelines aim to ensure first aiders can quickly identify and address emergency needs while gathering full information to facilitate ongoing care.
Chapter 2 Powerpoint - Emergency Medical ResponderJohn Campbell
The document discusses workforce safety and wellness for EMRs. It covers stress management, which involves recognizing signs of stress, preventing stress through healthy habits, and reducing stress. EMRs must understand how diseases spread and use standard precautions like gloves and masks. When responding to scenes, EMRs must carefully assess hazards such as traffic, crowds, fires, electricity, and animals before assisting patients.
The document provides training objectives and information for fire wardens. It discusses the roles and responsibilities of fire wardens which include understanding evacuation procedures, locations of muster points and fire equipment, and leading drills. Fire drills are conducted to practice evacuation routes and protect lives and property in case of an emergency. The key phases of drills involve getting approval, sounding alarms, evacuating buildings, accounting for personnel, and analyzing performance. Fire wardens are tasked with encouraging evacuation and maintaining order during drills.
This document discusses cardiovascular emergencies and the National EMS Education Standard Competencies. It covers the anatomy and physiology of the cardiovascular system, including the heart, blood vessels, blood pressure, and pulse. It then discusses several pathophysiological conditions including chest pain, myocardial infarction, dysrhythmias, cardiogenic shock, heart failure, and hypertensive emergencies. It provides details on the symptoms, signs, and management of these various cardiovascular emergencies.
1) The document discusses disaster medical operations training for CERT members, based on the assumptions that the number of victims could exceed treatment capacity and survivors will need to provide assistance.
2) It outlines the "killers" in emergency medicine - airway obstruction, bleeding, and shock. CERT training focuses on treating these life-threatening conditions through techniques like opening airways, controlling bleeding, and treating for shock.
3) It describes the triage process used to sort and prioritize victims for treatment, including the Immediate, Delayed, Minor, and Dead/Deceased categories. CERT members are trained to conduct triage under simulated disaster conditions.
9 provide frist aid fractures and soft tissue injuriesBibhod DOTEL
This document provides information about common soft tissue injuries including fractures, dislocations, bruising, sprains, and strains. It describes the signs and symptoms of each injury and outlines the steps to assist a casualty, including controlling bleeding, immobilizing injuries, treating for shock, and seeking medical help when appropriate. For fractures, dislocations, and suspected fractures, first aiders should avoid moving the injured area and call an ambulance. For bruising, sprains, and strains, first aid involves resting, applying ice, compressing the area, and elevating it above the heart.
This document outlines a fire action plan for a facility. It defines key roles and responsibilities for responding to a fire, including:
1. Procedures for evacuation, firefighting, and calling emergency services. Floor checkers will inspect areas and the fire marshal will coordinate the response.
2. Equipment that should be stopped, isolated, or left running in a fire. Contractors will be trained on evacuation procedures.
3. The fire assembly point and procedures for ensuring evacuation is complete. Quick guides are provided for staff, floor checkers, and fire marshals.
4. Key members and their duties, such as the incident commander, emergency response team, security, and engineering staff. Priority responses
The document provides information from a first aid training presentation. It defines first aid and its objectives to preserve life, prevent further injury, and promote recovery. It outlines procedures for assessing casualties including airway, breathing, circulation checks and primary and secondary surveys. First aiders are advised to control their reactions, act calmly and build trust. Personal safety and protective equipment are also emphasized. [END SUMMARY]
The document provides information on first aid duties and procedures. It outlines how to attend an emergency scene safely, treat common injuries like burns, bleeding, fractures, and how to properly lift and move a patient. The duties of a first aider include responding to emergencies within their training limits and rendering first aid until further medical care is available. First aid procedures explained include treating minor burns, applying direct pressure to stop bleeding, immobilizing fractures, and techniques for safely lifting patients in emergency situations.
The document discusses rethinking the concept of scene safety in EMS. It presents a scenario where an EMS team responds to a call for an elderly patient not feeling well. Upon arrival, the patient's adult son appears and threatens the EMS team. This scenario highlights how scenes can change and become unsafe. The document argues that EMS providers need additional training in conflict management, self defense, and understanding violence in order to safely respond to calls and protect themselves from threats. It also suggests a culture change is needed within EMS to better support providers who experience violence.
The document discusses active shooter situations and mitigation measures. It defines an active shooter as someone actively trying to kill people in a confined area. Active shooter incidents can involve violence by strangers, customers, co-workers, or personal relationships. The document notes that such incidents are on the rise and outlines legal obligations employers have to protect workers from violence. It discusses developing emergency plans, training workers in "Run, Hide, Fight" response tactics, and using prevention, response, and prediction strategies to lower the risks of an active shooter situation.
This document discusses respiratory anatomy and breathing. It covers topics like how breathing works, signs of normal and abnormal breathing, opening the airway, performing rescue breathing, and using barrier devices. The respiratory system exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide through a cycle of inhalation and exhalation using structures like the nose, mouth, lungs and alveoli. Issues like respiratory arrest, hypoxia and respiratory compromise are also addressed.
This document outlines procedures for chemical spills, including how to respond to major and minor spills. For major spills, the key steps are to evacuate the area, attend to injuries, control the spill, and notify supervisors and emergency responders. Minor spills can be cleaned by laboratory staff with training, following safe work procedures and contacting EHSO for advice. The document also provides guidance for entering laboratory spaces safely and procedures for accidental chemical exposures.
This document provides information about a seminar on cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) for nursing students. The objectives are for students to understand concepts of CPR including related terms, principles of emergency care, goals of emergency care, criteria for initiating and discontinuing CPR, the chain of survival, and adult basic life support sequence. It defines CPR and describes the ABCs of assessment, proper hand positioning and compression techniques, and guidelines for rescue breathing and chest compressions.
Mass casualty incident program s.t.a.r.t.VASS Yukon
The document provides an overview of initial triage training for first responders responding to mass casualty incidents. It introduces the START and SMART triage methods, which sort patients into categories based on urgency of treatment needed. The goals are to increase responder readiness and introduce the Simple Triage and Rapid Treatment method and SMART Triage system. Upon completion, responders will be able to triage patients using these methods and understand roles upon arriving at multiple-patient incidents.
First aid is providing immediate care to an injured or ill person until more advanced medical assistance can be received. The goals of first aid are to preserve life, prevent worsening of conditions, and promote recovery. A first aid kit contains necessary supplies like bandages, gloves, pain relievers, and more. Basic first aid procedures include checking response, opening airways, providing CPR if needed, controlling bleeding, treating burns and fractures, and seeking emergency help.
The document provides an overview of the emergency medical services (EMS) system and the roles within it. It discusses the timeline of EMS developing from Civil War medical care, the different models of EMS systems, and levels of training including emergency medical responders. Emergency medical responders are the first to arrive on scene and provide initial care like assessing the patient, providing basic life support, and safely moving the patient. Research and new technology help improve patient care standards and guidelines within the EMS system.
This document discusses airway management and ventilation techniques according to National EMS Education Standards. It covers anatomy of the respiratory system, physiology of breathing, assessment of adequate and inadequate ventilation, opening and clearing the airway, and use of basic adjuncts. The primary goals are ensuring a patent airway to allow for oxygen delivery to the tissues and preventing complications from inadequate breathing.
1) First aid involves providing immediate assistance to an injured or ill person until emergency medical help arrives. It aims to preserve life, prevent worsening of conditions, and promote recovery.
2) When providing first aid, one should protect oneself and the victim, examine the victim to check for breathing, responsiveness, bleeding, and pulse, and alert emergency services.
3) Basic first aid treatments include controlling bleeding, opening the airway, giving CPR if needed, placing in recovery position, and monitoring the victim until help arrives. CPR involves chest compressions and artificial ventilation to keep blood circulating.
The document discusses patient assessment for emergency medical responders. It covers performing a scene size-up to ensure safety and identify hazards. The primary assessment involves evaluating a patient's level of consciousness, airway, breathing, and circulation to identify life threats. A medical history is then obtained. The secondary assessment is a more thorough examination of all body systems to locate and treat non-life threatening injuries or illnesses. Vital signs including respiration, pulse, and capillary refill are assessed. Reassessment of the patient periodically is also recommended.
Chapter 1 Powerpoint - Emergency Medical ResponderJohn Campbell
The summary discusses the roles and responsibilities of an Emergency Medical Responder (EMR). It describes the typical sequence of events in an EMS system, from reporting of an incident to dispatch, emergency response, EMS vehicle response, and transport to a hospital. It outlines the goals of EMR training, which are to treat patients using limited equipment, know what not to do, use an EMR life support kit, improvise when needed, and assist other EMS providers. The summary also emphasizes the importance of documentation and maintaining patient confidentiality. It concludes by noting that an EMR's primary role is to provide immediate care and assist higher level personnel until the patient can be transferred to their care.
The document provides information on conducting incident investigations. It discusses the goal of investigations as determining why an incident occurred to prevent future occurrences. Key steps in the investigation process include: securing the scene, gathering evidence such as from witness interviews, analyzing the information, reporting results, and making recommendations. The document emphasizes proper initial response, collecting both environmental and situational factors, and applying a loss causation model to identify direct and indirect root causes. Legal requirements for reporting incidents are also reviewed.
The document discusses multiple casualty incidents and incident management. It describes the National Incident Management System (NIMS) which provides a standardized approach for managing disasters through an incident command system. NIMS involves specialized training and establishes common terminology, organization and procedures. The document also discusses triage protocols for sorting patients by priority at mass casualty scenes, including the START and JumpSTART systems. EMS units have designated roles within the incident command structure to effectively treat and transport patients.
The document provides guidelines for cervical spine immobilization including:
- Proper techniques for applying cervical spine immobilization and the criteria for when to immobilize a patient.
- Spinal immobilization should be provided if there is any reasonable possibility of a spinal or head injury.
- The algorithm outlines the steps for manually stabilizing the cervical spine, logrolling a supine patient onto a backboard, and fully immobilizing standing or seated patients.
This document provides information about developing an emergency response plan, including potential emergency situations, planning elements, training requirements, and event-specific response procedures. It discusses preparing for natural disasters like hurricanes and tornados, as well as man-made events like fires, explosions, and infrastructure failures. The importance of training individuals on their roles and evacuation procedures is emphasized.
The document outlines the responsibilities and procedures for Range Safety Officers (RSOs) at an MC Base. RSOs are responsible for safety briefs and oversight of all range, facility, and training area use. Commanders are responsible for certifying RSOs on each weapon system. Special requests for alternate range or training area use require advanced approval. Detailed safety briefs and adherence to standard operating procedures are required for any live fire or training exercises.
The document outlines the National EMS Education Standard Competencies for pharmacology, including understanding medication safety, administration routes, names of emergency medications, and their effects, indications, contraindications, and dosages. It also discusses how EMTs may administer oral glucose, activated charcoal, aspirin, epinephrine, and oxygen based on state protocols. The competencies emphasize correctly identifying and safely administering medications to patients.
This document provides guidance on becoming an effective first aider. It discusses the importance of staying calm, building trust with casualties, protecting yourself from infection, and dealing with casualties in a respectful manner. The key steps identified are to remain calm, be aware of risks, build and maintain trust with casualties and bystanders, give early treatment to the most serious conditions first, call for appropriate help, and remember your own needs.
These slides were prepared for a workshop with fourth-year (Honours) students in the Bachelor of Speech-Language Therapy at Massey University, New Zealand.
The document provides information on first aid duties and procedures. It outlines how to attend an emergency scene safely, treat common injuries like burns, bleeding, fractures, and how to properly lift and move a patient. The duties of a first aider include responding to emergencies within their training limits and rendering first aid until further medical care is available. First aid procedures explained include treating minor burns, applying direct pressure to stop bleeding, immobilizing fractures, and techniques for safely lifting patients in emergency situations.
The document discusses rethinking the concept of scene safety in EMS. It presents a scenario where an EMS team responds to a call for an elderly patient not feeling well. Upon arrival, the patient's adult son appears and threatens the EMS team. This scenario highlights how scenes can change and become unsafe. The document argues that EMS providers need additional training in conflict management, self defense, and understanding violence in order to safely respond to calls and protect themselves from threats. It also suggests a culture change is needed within EMS to better support providers who experience violence.
The document discusses active shooter situations and mitigation measures. It defines an active shooter as someone actively trying to kill people in a confined area. Active shooter incidents can involve violence by strangers, customers, co-workers, or personal relationships. The document notes that such incidents are on the rise and outlines legal obligations employers have to protect workers from violence. It discusses developing emergency plans, training workers in "Run, Hide, Fight" response tactics, and using prevention, response, and prediction strategies to lower the risks of an active shooter situation.
This document discusses respiratory anatomy and breathing. It covers topics like how breathing works, signs of normal and abnormal breathing, opening the airway, performing rescue breathing, and using barrier devices. The respiratory system exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide through a cycle of inhalation and exhalation using structures like the nose, mouth, lungs and alveoli. Issues like respiratory arrest, hypoxia and respiratory compromise are also addressed.
This document outlines procedures for chemical spills, including how to respond to major and minor spills. For major spills, the key steps are to evacuate the area, attend to injuries, control the spill, and notify supervisors and emergency responders. Minor spills can be cleaned by laboratory staff with training, following safe work procedures and contacting EHSO for advice. The document also provides guidance for entering laboratory spaces safely and procedures for accidental chemical exposures.
This document provides information about a seminar on cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) for nursing students. The objectives are for students to understand concepts of CPR including related terms, principles of emergency care, goals of emergency care, criteria for initiating and discontinuing CPR, the chain of survival, and adult basic life support sequence. It defines CPR and describes the ABCs of assessment, proper hand positioning and compression techniques, and guidelines for rescue breathing and chest compressions.
Mass casualty incident program s.t.a.r.t.VASS Yukon
The document provides an overview of initial triage training for first responders responding to mass casualty incidents. It introduces the START and SMART triage methods, which sort patients into categories based on urgency of treatment needed. The goals are to increase responder readiness and introduce the Simple Triage and Rapid Treatment method and SMART Triage system. Upon completion, responders will be able to triage patients using these methods and understand roles upon arriving at multiple-patient incidents.
First aid is providing immediate care to an injured or ill person until more advanced medical assistance can be received. The goals of first aid are to preserve life, prevent worsening of conditions, and promote recovery. A first aid kit contains necessary supplies like bandages, gloves, pain relievers, and more. Basic first aid procedures include checking response, opening airways, providing CPR if needed, controlling bleeding, treating burns and fractures, and seeking emergency help.
The document provides an overview of the emergency medical services (EMS) system and the roles within it. It discusses the timeline of EMS developing from Civil War medical care, the different models of EMS systems, and levels of training including emergency medical responders. Emergency medical responders are the first to arrive on scene and provide initial care like assessing the patient, providing basic life support, and safely moving the patient. Research and new technology help improve patient care standards and guidelines within the EMS system.
This document discusses airway management and ventilation techniques according to National EMS Education Standards. It covers anatomy of the respiratory system, physiology of breathing, assessment of adequate and inadequate ventilation, opening and clearing the airway, and use of basic adjuncts. The primary goals are ensuring a patent airway to allow for oxygen delivery to the tissues and preventing complications from inadequate breathing.
1) First aid involves providing immediate assistance to an injured or ill person until emergency medical help arrives. It aims to preserve life, prevent worsening of conditions, and promote recovery.
2) When providing first aid, one should protect oneself and the victim, examine the victim to check for breathing, responsiveness, bleeding, and pulse, and alert emergency services.
3) Basic first aid treatments include controlling bleeding, opening the airway, giving CPR if needed, placing in recovery position, and monitoring the victim until help arrives. CPR involves chest compressions and artificial ventilation to keep blood circulating.
The document discusses patient assessment for emergency medical responders. It covers performing a scene size-up to ensure safety and identify hazards. The primary assessment involves evaluating a patient's level of consciousness, airway, breathing, and circulation to identify life threats. A medical history is then obtained. The secondary assessment is a more thorough examination of all body systems to locate and treat non-life threatening injuries or illnesses. Vital signs including respiration, pulse, and capillary refill are assessed. Reassessment of the patient periodically is also recommended.
Chapter 1 Powerpoint - Emergency Medical ResponderJohn Campbell
The summary discusses the roles and responsibilities of an Emergency Medical Responder (EMR). It describes the typical sequence of events in an EMS system, from reporting of an incident to dispatch, emergency response, EMS vehicle response, and transport to a hospital. It outlines the goals of EMR training, which are to treat patients using limited equipment, know what not to do, use an EMR life support kit, improvise when needed, and assist other EMS providers. The summary also emphasizes the importance of documentation and maintaining patient confidentiality. It concludes by noting that an EMR's primary role is to provide immediate care and assist higher level personnel until the patient can be transferred to their care.
The document provides information on conducting incident investigations. It discusses the goal of investigations as determining why an incident occurred to prevent future occurrences. Key steps in the investigation process include: securing the scene, gathering evidence such as from witness interviews, analyzing the information, reporting results, and making recommendations. The document emphasizes proper initial response, collecting both environmental and situational factors, and applying a loss causation model to identify direct and indirect root causes. Legal requirements for reporting incidents are also reviewed.
The document discusses multiple casualty incidents and incident management. It describes the National Incident Management System (NIMS) which provides a standardized approach for managing disasters through an incident command system. NIMS involves specialized training and establishes common terminology, organization and procedures. The document also discusses triage protocols for sorting patients by priority at mass casualty scenes, including the START and JumpSTART systems. EMS units have designated roles within the incident command structure to effectively treat and transport patients.
The document provides guidelines for cervical spine immobilization including:
- Proper techniques for applying cervical spine immobilization and the criteria for when to immobilize a patient.
- Spinal immobilization should be provided if there is any reasonable possibility of a spinal or head injury.
- The algorithm outlines the steps for manually stabilizing the cervical spine, logrolling a supine patient onto a backboard, and fully immobilizing standing or seated patients.
This document provides information about developing an emergency response plan, including potential emergency situations, planning elements, training requirements, and event-specific response procedures. It discusses preparing for natural disasters like hurricanes and tornados, as well as man-made events like fires, explosions, and infrastructure failures. The importance of training individuals on their roles and evacuation procedures is emphasized.
The document outlines the responsibilities and procedures for Range Safety Officers (RSOs) at an MC Base. RSOs are responsible for safety briefs and oversight of all range, facility, and training area use. Commanders are responsible for certifying RSOs on each weapon system. Special requests for alternate range or training area use require advanced approval. Detailed safety briefs and adherence to standard operating procedures are required for any live fire or training exercises.
The document outlines the National EMS Education Standard Competencies for pharmacology, including understanding medication safety, administration routes, names of emergency medications, and their effects, indications, contraindications, and dosages. It also discusses how EMTs may administer oral glucose, activated charcoal, aspirin, epinephrine, and oxygen based on state protocols. The competencies emphasize correctly identifying and safely administering medications to patients.
This document provides guidance on becoming an effective first aider. It discusses the importance of staying calm, building trust with casualties, protecting yourself from infection, and dealing with casualties in a respectful manner. The key steps identified are to remain calm, be aware of risks, build and maintain trust with casualties and bystanders, give early treatment to the most serious conditions first, call for appropriate help, and remember your own needs.
These slides were prepared for a workshop with fourth-year (Honours) students in the Bachelor of Speech-Language Therapy at Massey University, New Zealand.
This document contains information about various yoga poses (asanas) submitted by Lovely Kumari for her B.P.Ed course. It includes descriptions and step-by-step procedures for poses like Hastpadasana, Utkatasana, Trikonasana, Tadasana, Pashimottanasana, Eka Pada Rajakapotasana, Parivritta Janu Sirsasana, Toe Stand, Halasana, and Setu Bandha Sarvangasana. It also provides the benefits and contraindications of some poses.
Kecerdasan Buatan atau kecerdasan yang ditambahkan kepada suatu sistem yang bisa diatur dalam konteks ilmiah atau Intelegensi Artifisial (bahasa Inggris: Artificial Intelligence atau hanya disingkat AI) didefinisikan sebagai kecerdasan entitas ilmiah. Sistem seperti ini umumnya dianggap komputer. Kecerdasan diciptakan dan dimasukkan ke dalam suatu mesin (komputer) agar dapat melakukan pekerjaan seperti yang dapat dilakukan manusia. (Wikipedia,19 Maret 2017)
Seperti yang telah disebutkan di atas bahwa AI merupakan salah satu cabang Ilmu Komputer. Tapi karena kompleksitas area AI maka dibuat sub-sub bagian yang dapat berdiri sendiri dan dapat saling bekerja sama dengan sub bagian lain atau dengan disiplin ilmu lain.
Density functional theory (DFT) provides an alternative approach to calculate properties of molecules by working with electron density rather than wave functions. DFT relies on two theorems linking the ground state energy and electron density. Approximations must be made for the exchange-correlation functional, with popular approximations including LDA, GGA, and hybrid functionals. DFT calculations can determine properties like molecular geometries, energies, vibrational frequencies, and more using software packages. While computationally efficient, DFT has limitations such as its reliance on approximate exchange-correlation functionals.
This document provides information about purchasing a 3Com 3C16793ME 5-port Ethernet switch from Launch 3 Telecom. It describes Launch 3 Telecom as a supplier of telecom hardware and 3Com replacement parts. It outlines payment and shipping options and notes that the product comes with a warranty. Additional services offered by Launch 3 Telecom like repairs, de-installation, and logistics are also mentioned.
Este documento compara las teorías del signo de Saussure y Peirce. Explica que Saussure ve el signo como una relación binaria entre significante y significado, mientras que Peirce propone una relación triádica entre representamen, objeto e interpretante. También describe las diferencias en cómo clasificaron los tipos de signos y la naturaleza del signo lingüístico. Finalmente, resume las similitudes clave entre sus enfoques, como que los signos adquieren validez socialmente y forman sistemas.
El dueño de la obra, o en su caso, el representante del dueño, debe elegir al contratista de la obra; quien por su parte, le presentará la oferta, condiciones y beneficios que vayan a favor del dueño de la obra.
Ringkasan dokumen ini adalah:
Dokumen ini membahas tentang amalan terbaik pembangunan sosial dalam Islam yaitu sedekah dan infak. Ia menjelaskan definisi dan maksud kedua istilah tersebut serta dalil-dalil Al-Quran dan hadis yang mendukung. Juga disebutkan beberapa kelebihan memberikan sedekah dan infak.
This document discusses the 3D internet, which combines 3D graphics with the internet to allow for interactive, real-time 3D graphics delivered over the web. It has become possible now due to increased bandwidth and processor speeds. The 3D internet will evolve from basic graphical UIs to fully immersive virtual experiences. It enables applications in e-commerce, education, entertainment, collaboration and data visualization. Examples include virtual shopping malls and Google Cardboard. However, the 3D internet faces obstacles such as complexity, slow acceptance rates, and limited bandwidth. In the future, the 3D internet may make controlling and accessing information much easier.
The document provides information on various first aid procedures. It discusses the objectives of first aid as preserving life, preventing worsening of conditions, and promoting recovery. It describes how to assess victims using DRABC (Danger, Response, Airway, Breathing, Circulation). Various first aid kits, treatments for burns, bleeding, fractures, snake bites, and more are outlined. The document emphasizes the importance of seeking immediate medical help when needed.
This document discusses education for sustainable development (ESD) as presented by UNESCO. It defines ESD as empowering citizens to enact positive environmental and social change through participatory education. ESD aims to balance environmental, societal, and economic concerns to improve quality of life for current and future generations. Key aspects of ESD include respect, critical thinking, partnership-building, and participation in decision-making. UNESCO's role in the UN Decade of ESD from 2005-2014 was to facilitate ESD efforts among stakeholders and support countries in achieving development goals through education reform.
Este documento describe las levaduras del género Malassezia sp., que se encuentran comúnmente en la piel humana y animal. Estas levaduras pueden causar varias infecciones cutáneas, como la pitiriasis versicolor, y también están relacionadas con afecciones como la dermatitis seborreica. El documento resume la taxonomía y epidemiología de las diferentes especies de Malassezia, destacando que la pitiriasis versicolor es causada principalmente por M. globosa y M. sympodialis.
SI - PI, Yohana Premavari, Hapzi Ali, Sistem Informasi, Organisasi dan Stra...yohana premavari
SISTEM INFROMASI & PENGENDALIAN INTERNAL (SI - PI)
TENTANG
SISTEM INFORMASI, ORGANISASI DAN STRATEGI
BERKIATAN DENGAN IMPLEMENTASI SISTEM INFORMASI PERUSAHAAN, SISTEM INFORMASI STRATEGIS DAN TANTANGAN SISTEM INFORMASI
This document provides a summary of basic first aid procedures. It outlines the qualities of a first aider, including being calm, confident, willing to help, and patient. It describes how to preserve life by controlling bleeding, treating shock, and performing CPR if needed. It also explains how to prevent a condition from worsening by dressing wounds, providing comfort, and positioning the casualty. Finally, it discusses promoting recovery by relieving anxiety, encouraging trust, and handling the casualty gently.
QNBFS Daily Technical Trader - Qatar March 19, 2017QNB Group
We keep the support level at 10,365, even
though the Index closed just below that
level. We expect the Index to possibly
bounce off the lower part of the
downtrend channel seen on the intraday
chart.
This document provides guidance on managing emergency situations and providing first aid at accident scenes. It outlines how to safely assess the situation, make the area secure, and treat any casualties. The primary steps are to quickly evaluate safety hazards, summon help if needed, and prioritize treating life-threatening injuries like airway obstructions or severe bleeding. Specific protocols are described for traffic accidents, which often require setting up road signs, stabilizing vehicles, and supporting casualties' heads and necks due to risk of spinal injury. First aiders are advised to get as much information as possible and then assist responding emergency services by following their instructions.
Ultimate Guide to Personal Emergency Evacuation Plan (PEEP)A
When an emergency strikes, do you deem yourself fully prepared for the evacuation? Or, should you act based on your instincts? Whether it’s a natural disaster or man-made disaster, having a personal emergency evacuation plan ready in advance for any emergency is the smartest thing to do to ensure your safety.
What is PEEP?
A personal emergency evacuation plan or PEEP refers to measures that you can take to prepare for and reduce the effects of disasters whether they are natural or man-made.
1. Falls are a major risk for the elderly and those with disabilities. Removing clutter, loose rugs, and ensuring adequate lighting can help prevent falls.
2. If a consumer falls, the direct care worker should gently lower them if possible and have them lie still while checking for injuries. Unless the consumer complains of pain, the worker can then assist them in getting up.
3. All consumers, especially those living alone, should have an emergency plan posted with their medications and contact information in case of an emergency.
The document provides emergency procedures and contact information for farm staff. It outlines priorities of safety for people and contacting emergency services. Phone numbers are listed for fire, police, ambulance and other contacts. Procedures are given for fires, spills, injuries and civil defense emergencies. First aid instructions are provided for bleeding, burns, eye and minor wounds, and CPR. Details of emergency equipment and responsible people are to be filled in. Records of plan testing are to be kept to ensure preparedness.
If an emergency occurs on campus, find the nearest Emergency Evaluation sign for assistance. These signs provide information on exit routes, tornado shelters, first aid kits, fire extinguishers, and accessible exits. Remain calm and do not put yourself in danger. Know your building's evacuation plan and the locations of emergency equipment and personnel. Be aware of potential hazards like cluttered exits, chemicals, or electrical issues, and report them. Understand the different warning sirens and take shelter accordingly. Provide help to those who need assistance evacuating. Knowing emergency procedures can save lives.
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This document provides information on first aid and safety. It discusses personal safety, accident prevention, common causes of accidental injuries, and breaking the accident chain. It describes steps to take in an emergency situation and when to call 911. It then covers first aid treatments for bleeding, poisoning, burns, and fire safety. It emphasizes prevention strategies and basic first aid treatments for various situations like stopping bleeding, treating poisoning or different degree burns, preventing fires, using a fire extinguisher, and escaping a fire. The overall document aims to make people aware of safety and provide tips for dealing with potential accidents and medical emergencies.
This document provides an overview of chemistry safety training at Kyambogo University. It outlines the required training, which includes online training modules and an in-person departmental assessment. It discusses key safety principles like conducting risk assessments, required practices, and proper use of personal protective equipment and safety equipment like eyewashes, showers, and fire extinguishers. Procedures for responding to emergencies like fires, chemical spills, and medical emergencies are also covered. The training covers safe handling and storage of chemicals, hazards associated with chemicals and equipment, and compliance with regulations.
05 emergency preparedness training power pointGarenBarnett
This document provides training information for employees at Sundown M Ranch on emergency preparedness. It discusses various emergency situations like bomb threats, earthquakes, fires, evacuations, and first aid. It emphasizes the importance of having emergency plans and participating in drills. Employees are responsible for knowing emergency procedures and responding appropriately in any threatening situation to help ensure safety.
This document provides procedures and safety tips for high-rise buildings and home fire safety. It outlines key actions to take in different fire emergency situations including discovering a fire, deciding to evacuate or shelter in place, and tips for home fire prevention. The main actions are to familiarize yourself with building exits and alarms, have an evacuation plan, pull the fire alarm and call for help if a fire is discovered, and evacuate by walking or crawling low under smoke to the nearest exit. It also provides 10 fire safety tips such as installing smoke detectors, having an escape plan, safe cooking practices, and stopping, dropping, and rolling if clothes catch fire.
This document provides guidance on emergency preparedness for various types of disasters including earthquakes, tornadoes, hurricanes, and general tips that apply to any disaster. Some of the key recommendations include making an emergency plan and go-bag, securing your home before a disaster, knowing shelter locations and evacuation routes, and monitoring emergency communications during and after a disaster occurs. Being prepared is stressed as the best way to stay safe during and after an emergency situation.
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The document outlines safety training requirements and procedures for working with chemicals at UNL Chemistry. It discusses required online training courses and assessments. Key safety topics covered include personal protective equipment, risk assessment, emergency response, chemical handling and storage, fire safety, hazardous materials, and safety equipment like eyewashes and showers. The document provides guidance on protecting laboratory workers from potential chemical, electrical, fire, and other hazards.
This document provides safety information and guidelines for dealing with fire emergencies. It discusses common causes of fires and the importance of fire prevention. It outlines key steps to take in case of a fire, which include rescuing anyone in danger, activating alarms, containing or extinguishing small fires if possible, and immediately exiting the building without using elevators. Specific guidance is given for what to do if clothes or a person is on fire, if trapped in smoke or a room, or forced to advance through flames. Contact information for emergency services is also listed.
This document provides guidance on manual handling and safe lifting techniques. It discusses planning lifts based on the load, individual, task, and environment. Proper lifting involves bending the knees, keeping the back straight, avoiding twisting motions, and moving smoothly. Safety is emphasized at all times to prevent injuries from manual handling.
The document provides information on preparing for disasters through proper planning, supplies, and awareness. It emphasizes the importance of being informed about potential hazards, making an emergency plan and kit, and reviewing them regularly. During a disaster, it advises following emergency instructions and contacting authorities. After an event, one should use caution returning home and get first aid if needed. Overall, the document stresses the critical nature of disaster preparedness.
The document discusses the emerging threat of chemical-assisted suicides using readily available household chemicals and provides guidance for first responders. It notes that mixing certain chemicals can produce toxic gases like hydrogen sulfide or cyanide. It provides warnings signs to look for and recommendations for safely assessing a scene where this method may have been used without exposing responders to harmful gases. Responders are advised to consider all scenes as potential crime scenes and follow local response guidelines which may include evacuation or ventilation of an area.
1) The document provides emergency preparedness and safety tips for Georgia Southern University, including instructions for responding to fires, severe weather, bomb threats, active shooter situations and evacuations.
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3) Students, faculty and staff are encouraged to be prepared by making emergency plans, signing up for alerts, knowing emergency exits and contact information for police and emergency services.
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2. MANAGING AN INCIDENT
The scene of any incident can present many potential dangers,
whether someone has become ill or has been injured, whether
in the home or outside at the scene of an incident.
Before any first aid is provided you must make sure that
approaching the scene of the incident does not present
unacceptable danger to the casualty, or to you or anyone else
who is helping.
2
3. This chapter provides advice for first aiders on how to ensure
safety in an emergency situation.
There are specific guidelines for emergencies that pose a
particular risk.
These include fires, traffic accidents, and incidents involving
electricity and drowning.
The procedures that are used by the emergency services for
major incidents, where particular precautions are necessary and
where first aiders may be called on to help, are also described
here.
3
4. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
■ To protect yourself from danger and make the area safe.
■ To assess the situation quickly and calmly and summon help if
necessary.
■ To assist any casualties and provide necessary treatment with
the help of bystanders.
■ To call 911 for emergency help if you suspect serious injury or
illness.
■ To be aware of your own needs.
4
5. ACTION AT AN EMERGENCY
In any emergency it is important that you follow a clear plan
of action.
This will enable you to prioritize the demands that may be made
upon you, and help you decide on your best response.
5
6. The principle steps are:
to assess the situation,
to make the area safe (if possible)
to give first aid.
Use the primary survey
identify the most seriously injured casualties
treat them in the order of priority.
6
7. ASSESSING THE SITUATION
Evaluating the scene accurately is one of the most
important factors in the management of an incident.
You should stay calm.
State that you have first aid training and, if there are no
medical personnel in attendance, calmly take charge.
All incidents should be managed in a similar
manner.
7
8. Consider the following:
■ Safety
What are the dangers and do they still exist? Are you wearing
protective equipment?
Is it safe for you to approach?
■ Scene
What factors are involved at the incident? What are the
mechanisms of the injuries? How many casualties are there? What
are the potential injuries?
■ Situation
What happened? How many people are involved and what ages
are they? Are any of them children or elderly?
8
9. MAKING AN AREA SAFE
The conditions that give rise to an incident may still present a
danger and must be eliminated if possible.
When approaching a casualty, make sure you protect yourself:
wear high-visibility clothing, gloves, and head protection if you
have them.
If you cannot make an area safe, call 911 for
emergency help before performing first aid.
Stand clear until the emergency services have secured
the scene.
9
10. GIVING EMERGENCY HELP
Once an area has been made safe, use the primary survey to
quickly carry out an initial assessment of the casualty or
casualties to establish treatment priorities.
If there is more than one casualty, attend to those with life-
threatening conditions first.
If possible, treat casualties in the position in which you find
them; move them only if they are in immediate danger or if it is
necessary in order to provide life-saving treatment.
10
11. Begin treatment
Start life-saving first aid as soon as possible.
Ask others to call for help and retrieve equipment such as an
AED (automated external defibrillator).
11
12. ASSISTING THE EMERGENCY
SERVICES
Hand over any notes you have made to the emergency
services when they arrive.
Answer any questions they may have and follow any
instructions.
As a first aider you may be asked to help, for example, to
move a casualty using specialist equipment.
If so, you should always follow their instructions.
12
13. TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS
The severity of traffic accidents can range from a fall
from a bicycle to a major vehicle crash involving many
casualties.
Often, the accident site will present serious risks to safety,
largely because of passing traffic.
It is essential to make the accident area safe before
attending any casualties.
This protects you, the casualties, and other road users.
13
14. Once the area is safe, quickly assess the casualties and prioritize
treatment.
Give first aid to those with life-threatening injuries before treating
anyone else.
Call 911 for emergency help, giving as much detail as you
can about the accident, indicating number and age of the
casualties, and types of injury.
14
15. MAKING THE ACCIDENT AREA SAFE
Do not put yourself or others in further danger.
Take the following precautions:
1) ■ Park safely
2) ■ Set up warning triangles or flares
3) ■ Make vehicles safe.
4) ■ Watch out for physical dangers
5) ■ Alert the emergency services
15
16. Warn other road users Ask a
bystander to set up warning
triangles in both directions.
Advise the person to watch
for other vehicles while she is
doing this.
16
18. ASSESSING THE CASUALTIES
Quickly assess any casualties by carrying out a primary
survey.
Deal first with those who have life-threatening injuries.
Assume that any casualty who has been involved in a traffic
accident may have a neck or spinal injury.
If possible, treat casualties in the position in which you find
them, supporting the head and neck at all times, and wait for
the emergency services.
18
19. CAUTION
■ Do not cross a highway to attend to an accident or casualty.
■ At night, wear or carry something light or reflective, such as a
high-visibility jacket, and use a flashlight.
■ Do not move the casualty unless it is absolutely necessary.
If you do have to move her, the method will depend on the
casualty’s condition and available help.
19
20. ■ Find out as much as you can about the accident and relay
this information to the emergency services when they arrive.
■ Be aware that road surfaces may be slippery because of
fuel, oil, or even ice.
■ Be aware that undeployed air bags and unactivated seat-
belt tensioners may be a hazard.
20
21. Casualty in a vehicle
Assume that any injured
casualty in a vehicle has a
neck injury.
Support the head while
you await help.
Reassure her and keep
her ears uncovered so that
she can hear you.
21
23. FIRES
Fire spreads very quickly, so your first priority is to warn any
people at risk.
If in a building, activate the nearest fire alarm, call 911 for
emergency help, then leave the building.
However, if doing this delays your escape, make the call when you
are out of the building.
23
24. As a first aider, try to keep everyone calm.
Encourage and assist people to evacuate the area.
When arriving at an incident involving fire, stop, observe,
think: do not enter the area.
A minor fire can escalate in minutes to a serious blaze.
Call 911 for emergency help and wait for it to arrive.
24
25. THE ELEMENTS OF FIRE
A fire needs three components to start and maintain it:
ignition (a spark or flame); a source of fuel (gasoline, wood, or
fabric); and oxygen (air).
Removing one of these elements can break this “triangle of fire.”
■ Remove combustible materials
■ Cut off a fire’s oxygen supply
■ Turn off a car’s ignition
25
26. LEAVING A BURNING BUILDING
If you see or suspect a fire in a building, activate the first fire
alarm you see.
Try to help people out of the building without putting yourself at
risk.
Close doors behind you to help prevent the fire from
spreading.
26
27. If you are in a public building, use the fire exits and look for
assembly points outside.
You should already know the evacuation procedure at your
workplace.
follow the signs for escape routes and obey any
instructions given by the fire marshals.
27
28. Evacuating other people
Encourage people to leave
the building calmly but
quickly via the nearest
exit.
If they have to use the
stairs, make sure they do
not rush and risk falling
down.
28
29. CAUTION
When escaping from a fire:
■ Do not reenter a burning building to collect personal
possessions
■ Do not use elevators
■ Do not go back to a building unless cleared to do so by a
fire officer
29
30. Fire precautions:
■ Do not move anything that is on fire
■ Do not smother flames with flammable materials
■ Do not fight a fire if it could endanger your own safety
■ If your clothes catch fire and help is not available, you can
extinguish the flames yourself by stopping, dropping to the
ground, and rolling
■ Do not put water on an electrical fire: pull the plug out or
switch the power off
■ Smother a grease fire with a fire blanket or pot lid; never use
water
30
31. CLOTHING ON FIRE
Always follow this procedure:
1. Stop,
2. Drop
3. Roll.
31
32. ■ Stop the casualty from panicking, running around, or
going outside; any movement or breeze will fan the flames.
■ Drop the casualty to the ground. If possible, wrap him
tightly in a fire blanket, or heavy fabric such as a coat,
curtain, blanket.
■ Roll the casualty along the ground until the flames have
been smothered.
32
33. Putting out flames
Help the casualty onto the
ground to stop flames from
rising to his face.
Wrap him in a fire blanket
to starve flames of
oxygen, and roll him on
the ground until the flames
are extinguished.
33
34. SMOKE AND FUMES
Any fire in a confined space creates a highly dangerous
atmosphere that is low in oxygen and may also be polluted by
carbon monoxide and other toxic fumes.
Never enter a smoke- or fume-filled building or open a door
leading to a fire.
Let the emergency services do this.
34
35. ■ If you are trapped in a burning building, if possible go into
a room at the front of the building with a window and shut
the door.
Block gaps under the door by placing a rug or similar heavy
fabric across the bottom of the door to minimize smoke.
Open the window and shout for help.
35
36. ■ Stay low if you have to cross a smoke-filled room: air is
clearest at floor level.
■ If escaping through a high window, climb out backward
feet first and lower yourself to the full length of your arms
before dropping down.
36
37. Avoiding smoke and fumes
Shut the door of the room
you are in and put a rug or
blanket against the door to
keep smoke out.
Open the window and shout
for help. Keep as low as
possible to avoid fumes in
the room.
37
38. ELECTRICAL INCIDENTS
When a person is electrocuted, the passage of electrical
current through the body may stun him, causing his breathing
and heartbeat to stop.
The electrical current can also cause burns both where it enters
and where it exits the body to go to “earth.”
An electrical burn may appear very small or not be
visible on the skin, but the damage can extend deep into
the tissues
38
39. Factors that affect the severity of the injury are: the voltage; the
type of current; and the path of the current.
A low voltage of 110–120 volts is found in most outlets of a
home or workplace, but large appliances require 220– 240-volt
outlets.
Industrial outlets may be up to 440 volts.
The type of current will either be alternating (AC) or direct
(DC), and the path of the current can be hand-to-hand, hand-
to-foot, or foot-to-foot.
39
40. CAUTION
■ Do not touch the casualty if he is in contact with the
electrical current.
■ Do not use anything metallic to break the electrical contact.
■ Do not approach high-voltage wires until the power is turned
off.
■ Do not move a person with an electrical injury unless
he is in immediate danger and is no longer in contact
with the electricity.
■ If it is safe to touch the casualty and he is
unconscious and not breathing, start CPR with chest
compressions.
40
41. BREAKING CONTACT WITH THE
ELECTRICITY
1. Before beginning any treatment, look first, do not touch.
If the casualty is still in contact with the electrical source, he
will be “live” and you risk electrocution.
2. Turn off the source of electricity, to break the contact
between the casualty and the electrical supply.
Switch off the current at the circuit box if possible. Otherwise,
turn off the electricity at the wall switch, if there is one.
41
42. 3. After the power is turned off, move the source away from
both you and the casualty.
4. Once you are sure that the power is off and contact
between the casualty and the electricity has been
broken, perform a primary survey and treat any
condition found.
Call 911 for emergency help.
42
43. WATER INCIDENTS
Incidents around water may involve people of any age.
However, drowning is one of the most common causes of
accidental death among young people under the age of 16.
Young children can drown in fish ponds, paddling pools,
bathtubs, and even in buckets or the toilet if they fall in head
first, as well as in swimming pools, in the sea, and in open
water.
43
44. Many cases of drowning involve people who have been
swimming in strong currents or very cold water, or who
have been swimming or boating after drinking alcohol.
There are particular dangers connected with incidents
involving swimmers in cold water.
The sudden immersion in cold water can result in an
overstimulation of nerves, causing the heart to stop
(cardiac arrest).
44
45. Cold water may cause hypothermia and exacerbate shock.
Spasm in the throat and inhalation of water can block the
airway (hypoxia, and drowning).
Inhaled or swallowed water may be absorbed into the
circulatory system, causing water overload to the brain, heart,
or lungs.
The exertion of swimming can also strain the heart.
45
46. CAUTION
■ If the casualty is unconscious, lift him out of the water,
support his head and neck, and carry him, his head lower
than his chest to keep him from inhaling water and protect
the airway if he vomits.
■ If removal from the water cannot be immediate, begin
rescue breaths while still in the water.
■ When you reach land, check for normal breathing and, if
not, begin CPR with compressions
46
47. WATER RESCUE
1. Your first priority is to get the casualty onto dry land with
the minimum of danger to yourself.
Stay on dry land, hold out a stick, a branch or a rope for
him to grab, then pull him from the water.
Alternatively, throw him a float.
47
48. 2. If you are a trained lifesaver, there is no danger to yourself,
and the casualty is unconscious, wade or swim to the
casualty and tow him ashore.
If you cannot do this safely, call 911 for emergency help.
48
49. 3. Once the casualty is out of the water, shield him from the
wind, if possible. Treat him for drowning and the effects of
severe cold.
If possible, replace any wet clothing with dry clothing.
49
51. 4. Arrange to take or send the casualty to the hospital, even
if he seems to have recovered completely.
If you are at all concerned, call 911 for emergency help.
51
52. MAJOR INCIDENT/MASS CASUALTIES
A major incident, or mass casualty incident, is one that
presents a serious threat to the safety of a community, or
may cause so many casualties that it requires special
arrangements from the emergency services.
Events of this kind can overwhelm the resources of the
emergency services because there may be more casualties
to treat than there are personnel available.
52
53. It is the responsibility of the emergency services to declare
a situation to be a mass casualty, and certain procedures
will be activated by them if necessary.
The area around the incident will be sealed off and
hospitals and emergency response personnel notified.
Organizing this is not a first aider’s responsibility, but you
may be asked to help.
53
54. If you are the first person on the scene of what may be a mass
casualty, do not approach it.
Call 911 for emergency help immediately.
The dispatcher will need to know the type of incident that has
occurred (for example, a fire, a traffic accident, or an
explosion), the location, the access, any particular hazards
and the approximate number of casualties.
54
55. EMERGENCY SERVICE SCENE
ORGANIZATION
First, the area immediately around the incident will be
cordoned off—the inner perimeter.
Around this an outer perimeter, the minimum safe area for
emergency personnel (fire, ambulance and police), will be
established.
No one without the correct identification and safety
equipment will be allowed inside the area.
55
56. The on-scene commander, typically the fire chief, will lead
the response.
Triage of casualties will occur and if the scene is safe and
conditions permit, casualties in need of medical treatment
will be moved to a casualty collection point.
56
57. TRIAGE
The emergency services use a system called triage to assess
casualties.
All casualties undergo a primary survey at the scene to
establish treatment priorities.
This will be followed by a secondary survey in the casualty
collection point.
This check will be repeated and any change monitored until a
casualty recovers or is transferred into the care of a medical
team.
57
58. ■ Casualties who cannot walk will undergo further
assessment.
They will be assigned to Red / Priority One (immediate) or
Yellow / Priority Two (urgent) areas for treatment, and
transferred to a hospital by ambulance as soon as possible.
58
59. ■ Walking casualties with minor injuries will be assigned to
the Green /Priority Three area for treatment and transferred
to a hospital if necessary.
■ Uninjured people may be taken to a survivor reception
center.
■ Dead or critically injured casualties will be assigned
to the Gray or Black categories.
59
60. FIRST AIDER’S ROLE
You will not be allowed to enter the perimeter area without
adequate personal safety equipment or approval from
emergency services personnel.
You may be asked to assist the emergency services by,
for example, helping identify casualties that have minor
injuries, supporting injured limbs, making a note of
casualties’ names, and/or helping contact their
relatives.
60