2. E S P
SERVICE
MANUAL
Most emergencies strike suddenly without
any warning. At one moment everything
appears to be going along smoothly, the
next moment one may be involved in some
serious accident resulting in injuries.
Knowledge of rendering first-aid to injured
person is necessary until the patient is in the
hands of a doctor. First-aid accomplishes
two important things namely,
Making the patient more comfortable.
Reduces the chances of further injury either
from the loss of blood or the danger of
unnecessary movement.
Further care is the responsibility of the
doctor and the hospital.
WHAT TO DO FIRST
TAKE CHARGE OFTHE SITUATION
Be tactful but firm. If others try to interfere,
send them on useful errands such as calling
for an ambulance or informing the patient's
relatives etc.
KEEPCALM
Do what must be done as promptly as
possible and you must be in a control of
yourself.
SEE HOW BADLYTHE VICTIM IS HURT
a. Bleeding
b. Fractures
c. Burns
d. Shock
e. Breathing normally.
FIRST AID
WHAT TO DO
IF SOMEONE
GETS A CUT
WHAT TO DO
IF SOMEONE
GETS A BURN
WHAT TO DO
IF YOU WANT TO
GET FIRST AID FAST
105S A F E & S U R E
L&T SWITCHGEAR
3. E S P
SERVICE
MANUAL
106S A F E & S U R E
L&T SWITCHGEAR
Tell patient he is going to get better. Raise injured part except in the case of a
fractured limb.
Give him rest, and assurance.
Clean the wound with antiseptic solution.
Clean the wound with antiseptic solution.
Try to stop the bleeding by direct pressureApply a dressing with pad if necessary and
immediately.bandage firmly.
Apply a dressing extending beyond the
Raise injured part.
edges of the wound firmly.
Treatment of wounds with severe bleeding.
Rush the patient to medical centre/ hospital.
Lay the casualty down in a comfortable
Use tourniquet, if direct pressure on bleeding
position and lower the head if possible.
point does not stop bleeding.
Treatment for wounds with slight bleeding
BLEEDING
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS
Pain-at or near the fracture made worse by Keep support or immobilise the affected part
movements. upto joints or both ends using splints or any
other stiff material. Never attempt to bring the
Tenderness - at affected part.
bones to normal position or reduce the
Swelling of the area and discolouration. Loss fracture.
of normal movements of that part. Unnatural
Check bandages every 15 minutes (to make
movement at point of fracture. Deformity of
sure that they are not too tight).
the limb.
Transport the casualty very gently especially
if you suspect backbone injury.
Make the patient comfortable and start Rush to Medical Centre/Hospital as quickly
treating the bleeding first. as possible.
If clothes catch fire, wrap rug, blanket or coat Wash off the chemical by flooding the
around the person firmly. Do not allow him to affected part with water.
run in panic as movement fans flames.
Cut out contaminated clothing.
Lay the person on soft covering, with head
Do not touch the burnt area with bare fingers.
low and cover with blanket. Loosen clothing,
Treat as for bums.raise feet about 8" by propping up one end of
the bed. Never remove clothing unless it is In case of acid burns of the eyes thor- oughly
soaked with corrosive liquid or petrol. Place flood the eyes with water from inner corner
burned part under slow running cold water or for atleast 15 minutes continously.
immerse in cool water. Cover burns with
clean dry cloth. Do not apply any antiseptic
cream or lotion.
TREATMENT
CHEMICAL BURNS
FRACTURES
BURNS
CHEMICAL BURNS
4. E S P
SERVICE
MANUAL
107S A F E & S U R E
L&T SWITCHGEAR
Switch off current. lf this cannot be done,
remove supply from victim. Beware, use
something made of wood and not metal,
eg. walking stick, hockey stick or some dry
clothes.
If the victim is cold, clammy, breathing is
shallow and pulse is rapid and weak, then
give him reassurance. Make him
comfortable and keep him warm with
blankets.
If the victim has stopped breathing start
artificial respiration immediately.
Get medical help.
If an accident does happen Keep the person
warm and send for Doctor.
Try to identify the type of poisoning.
For corrosive poisons i.e. those that bum
the mouth or throat, do not induce vomiting
i. For acid poisons give plenty of water
mixed with "Milk of Magnesia"
ii. For caustic soda poisons, give plenty of
water mixed with vinegar, lemon or
other juices.
For drug poisoning i.e. sleeping tablets etc.
induce vomiting by tickling the back of throat
or by giving a glass of tepid water with two
tablespoons of salt.
ELECTRICAL SHOCK
POISONING
5. E S P
SERVICE
MANUAL
108S A F E & S U R E
L&T SWITCHGEAR
When any material starts burning, we call it
a "FIRE"
Material is known as FUEL. which starts
burning on application of HEAT in the
presence ofAIR/OXYGEN.
FIRE can be controlled by reducing FUELor
HEATorAir.
Before extinguishing any fire, it is essential
to know the classification of the Fire.
What is a class A fire ?
Basically, it is one involving ordinary
combustibles such as wood, cloth, paper
and some plastics.
ABCD SPELLS FIRE
WHAT IS FIRE ?
A
B
C
D
6. E S P
SERVICE
MANUAL
109S A F E & S U R E
L&T SWITCHGEAR
What is a class BFire ?
Such fires involve flammable or combustible
liquids like kerosene, petrol, spirit.thinner
and similar materials.
What is class CFire ?
Substance in the gaseous form like LPG,
Acetylene, Hydrogen etc.
What is a class D Fire ?
Pertains to those involving certain
combustible metals such as magnesium,
sodium, potassium etc.
Why classify a Fire ?
When material burns, it behaves in different
manners. It depends on it's physical
property. Extinguishment depends on the
physical properties of the material. Portable
extinguishers are designed in accordance
with extinguishing methods.
How many types of Portable Extinguisher
are there ?
1. SODA-ACID-WATERTYPE
2. FOAM-CHEMICAL-MECHANICALTYPE
3. CARBON DIOXIDETYPE
4. DRY CHEMICALPOWDERTYPE
What means is used to employ these
extinguishers ?
The portable fire extinguisher is often
referred to as "The first line of defense"
against fire.
On which fires is water used and why?
ClassAonly. Because it is a cooling. soaking
penetrating and quenching agent.
On which fires is Foam used and why ?
Class A and class B, because it is a
smothering and blanketing agent.
On which fires is Carbondioxide used
and why ?
Class B and class C because it cuts off air
and leaves no residue.
7. E S P
SERVICE
MANUAL
110S A F E & S U R E
L&T SWITCHGEAR
On what fires is Dry chemical powder
used?
Class D only, because it is a smothering and
coating agent.
How do you know which extinguisher to
use on fire ?
All extinguishers. are marked prominently
as to it's type and the class or classes of fire
upon which it can be used. Each
extinguisher is different in shape. It is
important to be familiar with extinguishers.
Remember, know your work place,
extinguishers and the fire upon which they
can be used. It's all on the lable, so read it
well before the fire strikes; there won't be
time later. Because fires are faster than you.
Do not use water on energised electrical
equipment and flammable liquids like
Petrol, Oil,Thinner, Paint etc.
Fire prevention and fire fighting are two aspects of fire protection. Fire can be extinguished by
early detection and prompt action with suitable fire extinguishers, but it can be prevented
earlier by adopting simple preventive measures.
The following measures are suggested for the prevention of fire:-
Know you, place of work, the fire hazards present, the location of fire fighting appliances and
the electrical switchboard.
Keep all fire fighting appliances clear of obstructions. Easy accessibility to fire fighting
appliances means saving in time and minimising damage due to fire.
PREVENTION IS BET TER THAN CURE
8. Oil soaked cotton waste rags are to be kept
in a metal bin container with a lid to avoid
spontaneous combustion. Waste should be
periodically disposed off.
Keep your place of work clean and tidy.
Good house keeping is an important factor
in preventing fire. Periodical cleaning of
trenches and surroundings, preventive
maintenance of electrical distribution
points, earthing, removing loose and worn
out flexible wiring and to rectify the leakage
or spillage of flammable materials quickly.
Do not smoke in an area where
flammable liquids are stored or handled
and signboards of No Smoking are put.
Avoid contact of oils, grease or paint with
oxygen cylinders. There may be an
explosion due to oxidisation. Check
regulator before mounting on cylinder. It
should be free from oil or grease.
Make sure that items like cotton waste,
thinner, acetone etc. are not stored on the
shop floor beyond two days requirement.
Put out lighted bidi / cigarette or any
smouldering fire before leaving the work
place.
Never check LPG/Acetylene gas leakage
with lighted match stick or naked flame.
Nevergas cut or weId drums which may
have contained explosive and flammable
materials or liquids.
All petroleum products, flammable
substances should be stored in specified
area having flame proof electrical fittings
and lightings.
Empty petrol and solvent containers should
be securely fitted with lids. Disposal of such
empty containers must be done only after
purging with water.
Work permit must be obtained and certified
by Safety Dept. Before carrying out any hot
work at hazardous locations such as
warehouses, paint storages, and LPG
storages etc. Make certain that all
personnel involved in the hot work at any
place are aware of characteristics of
hazardous chemicals and what they are
supposed to do in case of any fire.Fire
fighing appliances should be in operative
condition.
BAD WIRES CAUSE FIRES
LUCK PREVENTS
FEW FIRES,
VIGILANCE
PREVENTS ALL.
E S P
SERVICE
MANUAL
111S A F E & S U R E
L&T SWITCHGEAR
9. E S P
SERVICE
MANUAL
112S A F E & S U R E
L&T SWITCHGEAR
Never keep kerosene, acetone, lacqueror any flammable liquid near the place of grinding,
welding or any other source of heat.
Do not store unwanted materials in electrical rooms,A.C. plant rooms, air handling unit rooms etc.
Check electrical tools before using them, to avoid spark due to short circuit.
Check and switch off electrical supply when not in use. If LPG/Petrol/Acetone leakage is noticed
do not operate Electrical Switches
Avoid overloading temporary circuits.
Stacking of material on racks should not touch electrical lamps and fittings. Keep a 3 ft. safe
distance from all electrical points.
HOW FIRE STARTS
It has been said that for a fire to start it requires, fuel, an oxidizer (oxygen) and a source of ignition.
A knowledge of chemical properties of fuel enables decisions to be made as to the method, or
methods to be employed in any particular case for fire extinguishment. In a few cases it may be
even advisable to allow the fuel to burn itself out and to concentrate on preventing the fire from
spreading.
1. CARELESSNESS (80%)
Throwing of burning cigarette or bidi butt on fuel,
unsafe handling of flammable material, bad
house keeping and poor maintenance etc.
2. IGNORANCE (18%)
Fire resulting out of hot work carried out in an
explosive atmosphere, chemical reaction etc.
SOME COMMON CAUSES OF FIRE
Mechanical sparks - by tramp metal
Mechanical friction - Overheated bearings
Hot surfaces - Boiler ducts flues lamps
Combustion sparks - Rubbish burning furnaces
Overheated materials - Process temperature
Welding cutting operations - Torches, Blow lamps
Chemical reactions - HighTemperature
Electrical sparks - Motors, switches, controls
Spontaneous combustion - oil soaked rags
Static spark - liquid pouring
Lightning - By act of God
Smoking - Cigarette/bidi butts
Burner flames - Gas oil
FUEL
FIRE
HEAT
OXGEN
Y
10. 3. ACCIDENTAL(2%)
The falling of lightning on fuel resulting
in a fire.
SIMPLE EXTINGUISHING METHODS
1. COOLING
Reducing the temperature of fuel when
it is burning (by using water) so that it
falls below the ignition point.
2. SMOTHERING
Excluding all or part of the supporter of
combustion (i.e. cutting down the
supply of oxygen).
3. STARVATION
Removing the limiting fuel itself.
GENERAL HINTS FOR FIRE
FIGHTING AT INCIPIENT STAGE.
As fire spreads quickly, a speedy attack is
essential to extinguish it.
If any one is nearby, tell him to report the
outbreak of fire to safety and security dept.
Fire extinguishers are only to deal with
small fire. Do not use water from fire hydrant
unnecessarily.
Use correct fire extinguishers on fires and
one at a time.
Do not use water on fires of electrical
equipment. Do arrange to put off the supply
in case of electrical fire. Use only Carbon
Dioxide or DCP (Dry chemical powder)
extinguishers.
After using carbon dioxide or DCP
extinguisher in a confined room, come out
immediately for fresh air.
FUEL
NO FIRE
T
HEA
OXYGEN
FUEL
NO FIRE
HEAT
OXGEY
N
FUEL
NO FIRE
HEAT
XYEN
O
G
E S P
SERVICE
MANUAL
113S A F E & S U R E
L&T SWITCHGEAR
11. E S P
SERVICE
MANUAL
114S A F E & S U R E
L&T SWITCHGEAR
EH
AT
OX
GE
Y
N
FUEL
COO
NG
LI
MOTH
R
N
S
E
I
G
STARVATION
CombustionExtinction
NOZZLE
PLUNGER
SODAACID
EXTINGUISHER
KNOB
NOZZLE
FOAMEXTINGUISUER
CARBONDIOXIDEDRYCHEMICALPOWDER
HORN
PLUNGER
DISCHARGE
TUBE
CO2
CARTRIDGE
VALVE
SUITABLEFIREEXTINGUISHERSFORVARIOUSTYPESOFFIRES
YES
NO
YES
NO
YES
YES
YES
NO
YES
YES
YES
NO
YES
YES
YES
YES
A
B
C
D
DISCRETIONOFFIRE
ORDINARYCOMBUSTIBLES
Wood.Paper,Cotton.Jute,Grassetc.
FLAMMABLELIQUIDS
Petrol.Oil,Lubricants,Paints,Greaseetc.
GASES
Acetylene,Hydrogen,Methane,Butane-LPGetc.
METALS&REACTIVECHEMICALS
Aluminium,Magnesium,Zinc,Calcium,Sodiumetc.
CLASS
DISCHARGE
PERFORMANCE
OPERATING
PROCEDURE
DRIVEINPLUNGER
BTSTRIKING
AGAINSTFLOOR
RELEASETHEKNOB
BYTURNINGRIGHT
TURNITUPSIDEDOWN
REMOVELOCKINGPIN.
TURNVALVE
ANTICLOCKWISE.
DIRECTHORNONSEAT
OFFIRE
REMOVESAFETYCLIP,
PRESSKNOBBYHAND,
SQUEEZECONTROL
NOZZLE
DISTANCE
TIME
EFFECT
20-30Feet
60-90Seconds
COOLING
20-30Feet
60-90Seconds
SMOTHERING
3-8Feet
60-90Seconds
COOLING&
SMOTHERING
5-20Feet
60-90Seconds
SMOTHERING
12. E S P
SERVICE
MANUAL
115S A F E & S U R E
L&T SWITCHGEAR
Avoid contact of oils, grease or paints with oxygen cylinders. There may be an explosion due to
oxidisation.
Compressed gas cylinders must be stored in a separate shed having protection from sun and
heat. Full and empty cylinders must be stored vertically and separately.
Make sure that items like cotton waste, thinner, acetone etc. are not stored on the shop floor
beyond a requirement of two days. Leakage or spillage of flammable materials must be promptly
dealt with and such items must be stored and handled in a proper container with lid.
Put out lighted bidi/cigarette or any smouldering fire before leaving work place. Never check
LPG /Acetylene / Gas leakage with a lighted match or other flame.
Use only non ferrous tools while opening the cans/drums containing flammable liquids or other
explosive substance.
Use flame proof torch in places where highly flammable solvents, dangerous petroleum -
products and volatile liquids are present.All flammable materials should be stored in an isolated
place with flame proof electrical fittings.
Empty petrol and solvent containers should be securely fitted with proper lids. Disposal of such
empties must be carefully planned.
Work permit must be obtained and certified by Safety Department for carrying out hot jobs in
workshop / hazardous area / flammable and dangerous petroleum products storage area before
starting work. Make sure that the operator thoroughly understands about fire hazards in the
workplace and that he knows what to do in case of fire. Cool all hot jobs before leaving the
workplace.
Never keep kerosene, acetone or any flammable liquid near or during grinding, welding
operations or any source of heat.
Do not store unwanted materials in electrical cabin,A.C. plant room or air handling unit room.
Check all electrical tools before using them.
Do not stack materials upto the ceiling, material should be stored belowthree feet from electrical
points
Check before and after using blow lamps, welding and cutting equipment. Switch off the mains
when any electrical equipment is not in use.
TREATMENT
