This document discusses fire detection and alarm systems as well as fixed fire suppression systems. It covers various types of fire detectors including heat, smoke, and flame detectors. It also describes different types of sprinkler systems such as wet-pipe, dry-pipe, pre-action, and deluge systems. Key components of sprinkler systems like water supplies, piping, valves, alarms and sprinkler heads are explained. Placement and spacing of sprinklers depends on occupancy hazard classification. Other fixed suppression systems like carbon dioxide, dry chemical, and foam systems are also outlined.

1. Unit 3 Fire Suppression
Section 1 Detection and Alarm Systems

2. 1. Importance of Fire Detection
and Alarm Systems
1.1. Time Element
1.2. Notification
a. Type A Manual Alarm
b. Type B Automatic Alarm
1.3. Activation
Note: Studies with children and notification!

3. 2. Types of Detectors
2.1. There are three broad classifications
of fire detection:
Heat, Smoke & Flame Detectors.
2.2. Fire Detectors are used in a variety
of fire prevention and suppression
systems.

4. 3. Classification of Heat Detectors
3.1. Heat Detectors respond to the excess heat
generated in a fire
3.2. Two subclassifications based on operation
3.2.1. Fixed Temperature which
operate at predetermined
temperature
3.2.2. Rate of Rise operate based on a
specified rate of temperature rise
(degrees/min.)

5. 4. Smoke Detectors
4.1. Smoke detectors respond to the
presence of smoke
4.2. General Information

6. 4.3. Classifications of Smoke
Detectors
4.3. Two Classifications
4.3.1. Photoelectric smoke detectors
4.3.2. Ionization smoke detectors

7. 4.3. Classifications of Smoke
Detectors
4.3.1. Photoelectric smoke detectors

8. 4.3. Classifications of Smoke
Detectors
4.3.2. Ionization smoke detectors

9. PROPER LOCATION OF
SMOKE DETECTORS
VS 19-2
Outside Sleeping
Areas
On Each Level
of House
Dining Kitchen
EntryLiving Room
Bath
BRBR
Master Bedroom
Dining
Room
Living
Room
Basement
Bedroom
No. 1
Bedroom
No. 2

10. PROPER MOUNTING OF SMOKE
DETECTORS
VS 19-3
3 Feet
(1m)
Horizontal
Distance
from Peak
Mount on Wall
at least
4 inches
(102 mm)
from ceiling
No Closer
than
4 inches
(102 mm)
From
Side Wall
Best in
Center of
Ceiling
Dead Air
Space
No more than
12 inches
(305 mm)
from ceiling
Best Location
Acceptable Location

11. 5. Flame Detectors
5.1. Flame detectors respond to the
presence of a flame
5.2. General Information
5.3. Principle of Operation

12. 6.0 Placement of Fire Detectors
6.1. In general, fire detectors are
normally placed on the ceiling or
within 12" of ceiling
6.2. Where possible the detectors
should be located throughout
entire building

13. 6.0 Placement of Fire Detectors
Cont’d
6.3. Spacing of detectors will vary
based on several factors
6.4. Connection to Remote Locations
6.5. Testing & Maintenance of fire
detectors

14. 7.0 Components to a Fire Alarm
System
7.1. Power supply
7.2. Detectors & manual pull boxes
7.3. Signal supervisors

15. 7.0 Components to a Fire Alarm
System Cont’d
7.4. Local Alarms
7.5. Indicator Boards
7.6. Reference for
Alarm Systems

16. Unit 3 Fire Suppression
Section 2 “Fixed Extinguishment Systems”

17. 1. Introduction to Sprinkler Systems
1.1. Effectiveness of Sprinkler Systems
1.2. Function of Sprinklers
1.3. Advantages of Sprinklers
1.4. Cost of Sprinklers

18. 2. Types of sprinkler systems
2.1. There are four major classifications
of sprinkler systems

19. 2. Types of sprinkler systems
2.2. Wet-pipe Systems
2.2.1. Operation of system

20. 2. Types of sprinkler systems
2.3. Dry Pipe System
2.3.1. Operation of system

21. Air
Water
Dry Pipe System
Two question to ask:
• activation / trip pressure for valve
• is air pressure greater than activation/trip
pressure (should be 10 – 15 psi greater)
Activation/Trip
pressure set by
the manufacture
70 psi
Activation/Trip
pressure = 40 psi
Air pressure should be
50 – 55 psi

22. 2. Types of sprinkler systems
2.4. Pre-action Systems
2.4.1. Operation of System
2.4.2. Advantages over dry-
pipe system
2.4.3. Disadvantage--two
systems must both
function properly

23. 2. Types of sprinkler systems
2.5. Deluge sprinkler system
2.5.1. Operation of system
2.5.2. Uses of Deluge System

24. 3. Basic Sprinkler System Components
3.1. Water Supplies
3.1.1. Types of water supplies
 Public Water
 Pressure Tanks

25. Basic Sprinkler System Components
3.1.1. Types of water supplies
• Gravity feed from tank
Easier for
water to flow
down than up

26. 3. Basic Sprinkler System Components
3.1.1. Types of water supplies
 Fire pumps
 Fire Department
Connections

27. 3. Basic Sprinkler System Components
3.1.2. Amount of water supply
a. Hazard of Occupancy—most important
 Light hazard class
 Ordinary hazard class
Group 1
Group 2
 Extra hazard class
Group 1
Group 2

28. Basic Sprinkler System Components
a. Hazard of occupancy
Hazard Class
Combustibility
of Content
Amount of
Combustibles
Heat
Liberation
Heads Open
Light Low Low Low Few
Ordinary
Group 1
Low Moderate Moderate Moderate
Ordinary
Group 2
Moderate
Moderate -
High
Moderate -
High
Moderate
Extra Hazard
Group 1
Very High Very High Very High Many
Extra Hazard
Group 2
Very High Very High Very High Many

29. 3. Basic Sprinkler System Components
3.1.2. Amount of water supply
b. Obstructions to water delivery
c. High ceilings
d. Unprotected vertical openings
between floors
e. Division of spaces

30. 3. Basic Sprinkler System Components
3.1.3. Calculating water supply
Q = k √P
Where:
Q = supply (GPM)
k = coefficient of orifice (inside pipe size)
P = pressure (PSI)

31. 3. Basic Sprinkler System Components
3.2. Sprinkler Piping
3.2.1. The piping and type of valve
will vary depending on type of
system
3.2.2. Types of piping
3.2.3. Hydraulic design
of systems

32. SPRINKLER PIPING
tank
(or natural water supply
public water supply - 8” – 12”
yard main
6” – 8”
always below freeze line
cross main
branch lines feed mainsprinkler head
post indicator valve
“open” or
“closed”
should be
“open”
pad lock
unlock to
close valve
riser
(alarms, water flow
valve, sprinkler valve)

33. 3. Basic Sprinkler System Components
3.3. Sprinkler Valves
3.3.1. The purpose of a sprinkler
valve is to retain & control
flow of water and to isolate
individual risers.

34. CONTROL VALVE LOCATION
VS 15-4
Main Control
Valve
(OS&Y)
Every system will have two
valves: a main water
control valve and a
sprinkler valve.
The main control valve
should always be in the
OPEN position.

35. TYPES OF CONTROL VALVES
VS 15-5
OS&Y (Outside
Screw and
Yoke)
PIV (Post
Indicator Valve)
WPIV (Wall Post
Indicator Valve)

36. 3. Basic Sprinkler System Components
3.4. Alarms on Sprinkler Systems
3.4.1. Every sprinkler system should
have an alarm that sounds
when water flows through the
system.
3.4.2. Types of Alarms
3.4.3. Supervisory signals

37. 3. Basic Sprinkler System Components
3.5. Test Connections
3.5.1. Two Inch Drain Test
3.5.2. Inspectors Test Connection

38. 3.6. Sprinkler Heads
3.6.1. Operating Principle
Frame
Arms
Lever
Arms
Valve
Cap
Deflector
Release
Mechanism
(Fusible Link)

39. 3. Basic Sprinkler System Components
3.6. Sprinkler Heads
3.6.2. Type based on position

40. SPRINKLER DESIGNS
VS 15-3
Pendant
Sidewall
Upright

41. 3. Basic Sprinkler System Components
3.6. Sprinkler Heads
3.6.3. Type based on activation
a. Solder-link
b. Frangible bulb
c. Fusible pellet

42. RELEASING MECHANISMS
VS 15-2
Fusible
Link
(Standard)
Chemical
Pellet
Frangible
Bulb
Fusible Link
(Quick
Response)

43. 3. Basic Sprinkler System Components
3.6. Sprinkler Heads
3.6.4. Deflectors
3.6.5. Flow rates

44. SPRINKLER DESIGNS
VS 15-3
Pendant
Sidewall
Upright

45. 3. Basic Sprinkler System Components
3.6. Sprinkler Heads
3.6.6. Temperature rating of sprinkler
heads
Non-Colored  Ordinary  135-1700F
White  Intermediate  175-2250F
Blue  High  250-3000F
Red  Extra High  325-3750F
Green  Very High  400-4750F
Orange  Ultra High  500-6500F

46. 3. Basic Sprinkler System Components
3.6. Sprinkler Heads
3.6.7. Special service sprinkler
heads

47. 4. Location and Spacing of Sprinklers
4.1. Fundamental rule
4.2. Reference on location and
spacing: NFPA code 13, Sprinkler
Standards

48. 4. Location and spacing of sprinklers
4.3. Spacing depends on the class of
hazard of occupancy and the type of
ceiling construction
4.3.1. Light hazard - 15' maximum
between sprinklers
4.3.2. Ordinary hazard - 12-15' ft.
depending on use of area
4.3.3. Extra hazard - 12' maximum

49. 4. Location and spacing of sprinklers
4.4. Sprinklers must also be spaced so that each
sprinkler does not protect more than a specified
area:
4.4.1. Light hazard occupancy—floor area/sprinkler maximum
of 130-200 square feet, depending on type of ceiling
4.4.2. Ordinary hazard occupancy--max. area per sprinkler
100-130 square feet, depending on use of space
4.4.3. Extra hazard occupancy--90 square
feet sprinkler maximum
Extra High
Hazard
90 ft2

50. 4. Location and spacing of sprinklers
4.5. Determine protection area for sprinkler
heads using the following formula:
As = S X L
Where “S” is the distance between heads on
the lines and “L” is the distance between branch
lines.

51. 4. Location and spacing of sprinklers
4.5. Protection area of sprinklers along “walls”
As = S X L
S is the larger of either twice the distance to the wall or the distance to the
next sprinkler head
L is the larger of either twice the distance to the wall or the distance to the
next branch line.
10 ft
3 ft
9 ft
4 ft
AS = S x L
S = 3 x 2 = 6 or 10
L = 4 x 2 = 8 or 9
AS = S x L
AS = 90 ft

52. 4. Location and spacing of sprinklers
4.6. Other location specifications that
may influence spacing

53. 5. Carbon Dioxide Extinguishing Systems
5.1. Application
5.2. Advantages
5.3. Disadvantage

54. 5. Carbon Dioxide Extinguishing Systems
5.4. Storage of CO2
5.5. Delivery Mechanism

55. 5. Carbon Dioxide Extinguishing Systems
5.6. Types of fixed systems
5.6.1. Total flooding
5.6.2. Local application
5.7. Inspection of Systems

56. 6. Dry Chemical Fire Extinguishing Systems
6.1. Application
6.2. Operation of system

57. Carbon Dioxide Extinguishing Systems
6.3. Types of fixed systems
– Total flooding
• apply to an entire room or confined area
– Local application
• applying CO2 over the surface of the tank
local application
Acid Pickling Tank

58. 6. Dry Chemical Fire Extinguishing Systems
6.4. Quantity and rate of application is
determined by a qualified professional
6.5. Inspection and maintenance must be
completed at least once each year
(NFPA Code #17)

59. 7. Foam Fire Extinguishing System
7.1. Application
7.2. Inspection and maintenance
7.3. Fire code for foam systems is NFPA #11
and NFPA #16 for foam-H2 combination
systems

60. Foam Fire Extinguishing System
7.4. Types of systems
– fixed
• activate with detector head
• high hazard areas
– portable
• fire departments
7.5 Video on Foam
liquid
air
mechanical
agitation

61. Unit 3 Fire Extinguishment
Section 3 “Explosion Prevention”

62. 1. Introduction
1.1. Principles of Explosion Prevention
a) Venting to relieve the pressure
b) Suppression to extinguish or retard the
deflagration
c) Purging to eliminate the combustible
mixture

63. 2. Fundamentals of explosion venting
2.1. Location of hazardous operations
2.2. Design of the vent
2.2.1. Location of vent is important
2.2.2. Size of vent
2.2.3. Design variables for vents

64. 2. Fundamentals of explosion venting
2.3. Design of vent closures
2.3.1. Most effective vent for release of
explosion pressure is an unobstructed
vent opening
2.3.2. Several small vents may be as
effective as one large opening as long
as total area is the same

65. 2. Fundamentals of explosion venting
2.3. Design of vent closures
2.3.3. The nearer a vent is located to the
point of explosion the more effective it
will be
2.3.4. If diaphragms (of the same size and
thickness) are made thicker then more
pressure will be required to rupture
them

66. 2. Fundamentals of explosion venting
2.4. Maintenance of vents

67. 3. Explosion Suppression
3.1. Elements in the system
3.1.1. Pressure Detector
3.1.2. Suppressors
3.1.3. Suppressant Material