Fire is a chemical reaction that requires heat, fuel, and oxygen. There are four main classes of fire based on the type of fuel involved - Class A involves ordinary combustibles like wood and paper, Class B involves flammable liquids, Class C involves flammable gases, and Class D involves flammable metals. A fire alarm system uses detection devices like heat detectors and smoke detectors to detect fires, and alarm devices like sounders to alert people. It also requires control panels to receive signals and activate notifications. Common fire extinguishers are rated based on the types of materials they can extinguish. Buildings also use sprinkler systems, which activate individual sprinkler heads as they heat up from a fire. Regular maintenance

1. 
Presented By:
MUKUL TRIVEDI
(MT15CTM010)
SHUBHAM CHAUHAN
(MT15CTM016)

2. WHAT IS FIRE ?
 Fire is a chemical reaction, in which
substance (fuel) combines with
oxygen.
 The reaction is exothermic and usually
associated with emission of heat, light,
various reaction products and smoke.

4. WHAT ELEMENTS ARE NEEDED TO START A
FIRE?
The fire triangle is a simple model for
understanding the necessary ingredients for most
fires.
The triangle illustrates the three elements a fire
needs to ignite: heat, fuel, and an oxidizing agent
(usually oxygen).

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6. CLASS “A” FIRES - Ordinary combustibles such as
wood, paper, cloth.

7. CLASS “B” FIRES - Flammable liquids such as oil, grease

8. CLASS “C” FIRES - FLAMABLE GASES

9. CLASS “D” FIRES - Flammable Metals

10.  Any fire involving an electrical equipment is in fact
be a fire of class A, B or C. The normal procedure in
such fires is to cut off the electricity and use an
extinguishing method appropriate to the burning
material. Special extinguishing agents which are
non-conductor of electricity and non-damaging to
the electrical equipment such as dry chemical
powders and carbon di-oxide should be used.
 According to latest concepts, the electrical fires do
not constitute a particular class.
ELECTRICAL FIRES

12. Major causes of fire
1.Kitchen fires from unattended cooking, such as frying,
boiling
2. Electrical systems that are overloaded, resulting in
hot wiring or connections, or failed components
3. Combustible storage areas with insufficient protection
Combustibles near equipment that generates heat,
flame, or sparks
4. Candles and other open flames
5.Smoking (Cigarettes, cigars, pipes, lighters, etc.)
6. Careless handling of naked fire

13. 7.Equipment that generates heat and utilizes combustible
materials
8. Flammable liquids
9.Flammable solvents (and rags soaked with solvent)
placed in enclosed trash cans
10.Fireplace chimneys not properly or regularly cleaned
Cooking appliances - stoves, ovens
11.Heating appliances - fireplaces, wood burning stoves,
furnaces, boilers, portable heaters
12.Electrical wiring in poor condition
13.Leaking Batteries

14. 14.Household appliances - clothes dryers, irons, hair
dryers, refrigerators, freezers
15.Careless handling of paint and thinner
when carrying out decoration work
16.Personal ignition sources - like
lighter, electronic and electrical
Equipment
17.Exterior cooking equipment – barbecue
The best way to fight fire is to prevent it or to
extinguish it in its preliminary stage.

15. • A LIFE SAFETY principle that provides
Early Warning to building occupants when
the fire is in its early stage.

16. FIRE ALARM SYSTEM
 Fire Detection Devices: (Input / Initiation Devices)
 Devices which detect fire/smoke.
eg. Heat detectors, smoke detectors, flame detectors,
manual call points.
 Fire Alarm Devices: (Output / Notification Devices)
 Devices which alert people of the fire condition.
eg. Sounders, voice alams.
 Fire Circuit Devices: (Line Units)
 Devices with electrical functions related directly to the
detection / alarm circuit.
eg. Input output line units

17. DETECTION CATEGORIES
 Heat detection
 Fixed temperature
 Rate of rise
 Linear heat detection
 Smoke detection
 Aspiration detectors
 Ionization
 Video smoke detection
 Optical-light scatter
 Other types of detection
 Flame
 Gas or CO detection
 Multi sensor fire detectors i.e. combination of optical, heat and
CO sensor

18. HEAT DETECTION
 Temperature measurement principle
 May be FIXED temperature type – 57°C
 May be RATE OF RISE type – 10°C per minute
 Combination of heat detectors (ROR + FIXED)
 Used in high steam and dusty environment – Garages ,
Kitchens

19. SMOKE DETECTION-IONIZATION PRINCIPLE
 Small amount of radioactive material ionizes chamber
(Americium 241)
 Current flows in chamber due to ionized air particles
 Smoke decreases conductivity, causing ALARM

20. SMOKE DETECTION-
 Works with light scattering principle
 Contains light transmitter and photosensitive receiver
 During normal operation- light does not fall on receiver
 Smoke ingress causes light reflection onto receiver, causing
ALARM

21. WORKING OF SMOKE DETECTOR

22. SMOKE DETECTION- BEAM SENSOR
 Requires transmitter and receiver
 Whenever beam is obstructed by smoke, causes ALARM
 Avoid direct sunlight on receiver
 Useful in Logistics, Warehouses, Library

23. SMOKE DETECTION- HIGH SENSITIVITY ASPIRATING SMOKE
DETECTOR
 Pipes with aspirating holes
 Each hole is considered as point detector (equivalent to single smoke
detector)
 Used in very clean environments (computer labs, conference hall)
 Can be up to 100 times more sensitive than a standard smoke
detector

24. AIR ASPIRATING SYSTEMS

25. OTHER TYPE OF DETECTORS
 IR (infra-red)/ UV(ultra-violet) flame sensors
 CO gas detectors (odorless detector)
 Duct smoke detectors
 Video detection

26. CONTROL PANEL
 Receives signals from initiation devices (contacts, smoke
detectors, etc.)
 Activates appropriate notification devices (horns/bells,
strobes, etc.)
 Monitors system wiring and power (AC /DC)
 Process programmed instructions (shutdown A/C , recall
elevators, etc.)

27. FIRE EXTINGUISHERS
EXTINGUISHER RATING SYSTEM

28. FIRE EXTINGUISHERS
SIZES:
Minimum size is 2A:10BC. The number indicates the number
of square feet & the letter indicates the type of fire.

29. OTHER FEATURES OF FIRE PROTECTION
These type of arrengements are
provided in each Shopping malls
SPRINKLERS

30. WORKING OF SPRINKLER

31. FIRE SUPPRESSION SYSTEM

32. FIRE CONTROL ARRANGEMENT AT
ETERNITY MALL, NAGPUR
{ PLACED IN A CORNER SIDE OF THE STAIRCASE.}

33. FIRE CONTROL ARRANGEMENT AT
EMPRESS MALL, NAGPUR
{ OUTSIDE BUILDING NEAR PARKING AREA.}

34. FIRE EVACUATION PLAN
WHAT TO DO IN CASE OF FIRE
FOLLOW YOUR
AGENCY’S FIRE
EVACUATION
PLAN

35. EVACUATION PLAN CONTD…
FIRE DRILLS…
A fire drill is a method of practicing the
evacuation of a building for a fire or
other emergency. Usually, the emergency system
sounds and the building is evacuated as though a
real fire had occurred.

36. MAINTENANCE
 Test each detector’s sensitivity periodically
 If the detector’s sensitivity is outside specifications,
clean the detector and retest
 To maintain the integrity of any fire alarm system, it
is important to have a qualified person periodically
test the system
 Blockage in the pipes of sprinklers are tested
regularly

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43. THE END!
THANK YOU FOR ATTENDING!