This document discusses fire fighting and fire protection systems. It outlines the four elements of fire as fuel, oxygen, heat, and the chain reaction. It then describes different types of fire protection systems including sprinkler systems, fire hoses, valves, pipes, and pumps. Finally, it covers inspection and maintenance of fire protection systems such as fire department connections, main drains, and obstruction investigations.

1. Fire Fighting
Introduction
By: Eng. Ahmed Fawzy

2. Fuel : All and any type of substance, which in the presence of oxygen and activation
energy is capable of burning.
Oxygen : It is the gas, that when present, causes fuel to burn, in its general form
oxygen is considered a typical oxidizing agent found in normal air (in an approximate
proportion of 21%).
Activation energy : It is the source of energy that when manifested in the form of
heat can provoke the ignition of combustibles

3. This representation was acceptable for a long time; meanwhile, many anomalous phenomena
produced during a fire can not be completely explained by this triangle.
A union sustained by these three elements, leads to the fourth element, the
Chain reaction, which is produced in a continuous manner
Combustion becomes easy if the combustible element has the following
characteristics: division state of the material, for example a piece of paper
burns quicker if it is torn into small pieces. In addition, if you close the doors
and windows of a room which contains a fire’s focal point, without renewing
the oxidizing agent, the velocity of the fire diminishes.

4. So there are four fire elements:
1: Fuel (Combustible Substances)
2: Air (Oxygen)
3: Heat (Sources of Ignition)
4: Chain Chemical Reaction

5. And be depended in the systems design on :
1: NFPA (National Fire Protection Association)
2: British Standard (BS)
In Saudi Arabia we Use NFPA

7. 1-Heat: is the energy released by combustion
2-Gases: result from the modification in the composition of the
combustible.
3-Smoke: appears due to incomplete combustion, in which small
particles.
4-Flames: the most visible result of combustion. It is a zone of
incandescent gases visible around the surface of the material in
combustion.

8. Cooling : It is the most common method and consists in lowering the temperature of
the combustible element and the environment, below its ignition point.
Smothering/ Extinguishing It is the method which consists in isolating the combustible element and
oxygen, or reduces their concentration within the environment.
Dilution or elimination of combustible element It is the method which consists in separating the
combustible element from the heat source or the environment of the fire.

9. There are five main types
of fire have been coded with
either a letter or a standard
pictogram shown on the
figure.

11. Fire-fighting system classification:
I. Water system
II. Agent system
1.5.1 Fire system using water divided to:
1: Sprinkler system
2: Hoses system
3: Fire hydrant system
1.5.2 Fire system using Agent divided to:
1: Fire Extinguisher
2: Automatic system using FM-200, CO2, FE-25

12. Fire Hazards
1- Light (Low) Hazard
Locations where the total amount of Class A combustible materials including
finishes, decorations and contents is of minor quantity. (Example office,
classrooms, churches, guestrooms in hotels) Class ‘A’ Extinguisher
2- Ordinary Hazard
A. Group one
Locations which have contents of low combustion capability and medium amount
of combustibles and these stored combustibles don't exceed 4.2meter high. Fires
result from it has medium temperature.
A. Group two
A location which has high combustion capability and amount of combustibles is
from medium to extra.

13. 3- Extra Hazard
Group one
Locations which have contents of very high combustion capability. Fires spreading
are very fast with high temperature rates.
Existence of flammable liquids is very low or nonexistent.
Group two
As like as Group one but more quantities of flammable liquids.

14. Safety signs and symbols

16. Sprinkler System

17. Sprinkler System Components:

18.  Branch Lines: Pipes in which the sprinklers are placed.
 Cross-mains: Pipes supplying the branch lines.
 Feed mains: Pipes supplying cross-mains.
 Risers: Vertical supply pipes.
 Spring-up: A line that rises vertically and supplies a single sprinkler.
 Supervisory Devices: To supervise the operation conditions.
 System Riser: The above ground horizontal or vertical pipe between the
water supply and the mains, which contains a control valve and water
flow alarm device.

19. Types of Sprinkler Systems:
1
•wet pipe system
2
•Dry pipe system
3
•Preaction system
4
•Deluge system
5
•Foam system

20. 1: wet pipe system:

21. 2: Dry pipe system:

22. In a dry-pipe system, sprinklers are attached to pipes that
contain pressurized air. When heat activates the sprinklers, the
air pressure is reduced, allowing the dry-pipe valve to open (or
trip) and water to flow to the sprinklers.
Dry-pipe systems are usually used only when temperatures are
not high enough to prevent freezing (Below 40 deg. F).
Since dry systems have a slower response time, they should be
converted to wet-pipe systems as soon as sufficient heat
becomes available.
In situations where only a few sections lack heat, it is
recommended to use a combination of dry and wet-pipe
systems.

23. • Operation Sequence of the System:

32. 3: Pre action system:

33. 4- Deluge system:

40. 5- Foam system:
A foam fire protection system should be used to protect
buildings that contain combustible materials and other hazards
that a normal water-based fire protection system could not
suppress in the event of a fire.
The foam system suppresses the fire by separating the fuel from
the air.
These systems typically inject a concentrated foam mixture into
a water-based deluge system.

41. Sprinklers Components

42. a. frame
b. orifice (10-20mm): Due to dangerous
c. bulb: Contain a liquid which affected by temp
d. deflector: To make sure that water is distributed well in fire area

43. Types of sprinklers
1- GLASS TYPE:
 This bulb contains a gas which extends due to fire and breaks the
bulb and opens the flow.
 It is classified according to temperature.

44. 2- Fusible link type:
•It is a joint contain a welding point fused in standard temperature and open the flow.
•Disadvantages :
Due to impurities we need a high temperature to fuse the welding point.

45. Types of sprinklers due to deflector
1: Pendant sprinkler head: The direction of flow to down

46. 2: Upright sprinkler head: the direction of flow to top, used in
cooling ceilings and also down protection

47. 3: Side wall sprinkler head:
• the direction of flow to the walls
• Is to prevent spread fire between floors

48. Fire Hoses system

49. Fire Hoses Types:
1- Hose Reel:
It is a rubber hose coiled on a pulley has an arm and it is located
inside the building whatever; anybody can use it as a first
firefighter in the building in the beginning of the fire. It can lead
to control the fire and blowing it out.

50. 2 Hose Rack:
- Same as hose reel but with usage of strength cloths type hose
mounted on rack instead of rubber hose type.
- It is used by Civil Defense not normal persons in building.

51. 3- Hose Cabinet:

52. It is a box that contains all manual fire-fighting devices such as fire
extinguishers or fire hoses.
It is MOUNTED:
•Next to escape stairs
•In entrance and exits of cars parking's
•Near to main door of building
•Max. High of cabinet (0.9:1.5m) from the floor.
Hose cabinet types:
1-Exposed
2- Semi-predated
3- Recessed

53. Valves

54. Type Of Valves
1-Ball Valves.
2-Gate Valves.
3-Globe Valves.
4-Check Valves.
5-Plug Valves.
6-Butterfly Valves.
7-Relief Valves.

55. 1-Ball Valves:
Quick (on /off) valve.
Works as well with flow from either direction.
Advantage: low pressure drop and fast operating.
Disadvantage: expensive and heavy.

56. 2-Gate Valves:
(on|off) valve.
Works as well with flow from either direction.
Advantage: small pressure drop.
Disadvantage: poor throttling.

57. 3-Globe Valves:

58. Most economic for (throttling flow)
Too costly for (on|off) operation.
Works best with flow from on direction.
Advantage: excellent throttling.
Disadvantage: large pressure drop.

59. 4-Check Valves:
Function of check valve:
Prevent flow reversal.
Available in all size and materials.

60. 5-Plug Valves:
(on|off) valve.
Works as well with
flow from either
direction.

61. 6-Butterfly Valves:

62. • Used as cut isolation valve.
• Works as well with flow from either direction.
• Advantage: quick acting and small pressure
drop.
• Disadvantage: only used for low pressure And
low temp systems.

63. 7-Relief Valves:
Relief valve is designed to
relieve excess pressure in a fire
protection system, while
eliminating the damaging effects
of cavitation.

64. Pipes Network

65.  Material:
Steel, PVC, HDPE, Copper, UPNC, Fibers
 Fittings:
According to the material
 Supports (Hangers):
According to the application

66. Fittings:

67.  Joining of Pipe and Fittings:
 Threaded Pipe and Fittings
 Groove Joining Methods
 Weld joining Method

68. Hangers:

69. Pumps

70. Fire pumps system:
1. Pump
2. Motor
3. Controller
4. Suction connections
5. Discharge connections
6. Test line

71. We install on the main line 3 pumps
1-Electrical pump
Usually it is horizontal split case or end suction.
2-Diesel pump
Works when the power went off Or when the main load
more than electrical pump load.
3- Jockey pump
It works to make up the friction losses The flow 10 %
from the total flow.

72. Inspection and Maintain

73. 1- INSPECTION
Fire Department Connection (Quarterly)
The inspection should verify the following:
1. The fire department connections are visible and accessible.
2. Couplings or swivels are not damaged and rotate smoothly.
3. Plugs or caps are in place and undamaged.
4. Gaskets are in place and in good condition.
5. Identification signs are in place.
6. The check valve is not leaking.
7. The automatic drain valve is in place and operating properly.
8. The fire department connection clapper(s) is in place and operating
properly.

74. Main Drain (Quarterly or Annually)
A main drain test should be conducted annually at each system
riser and any time the control valve has been closed to
determine whether there has been a change in the condition of
the water supply piping and control valves
Obstruction Investigation (Five Years)
The piping and branch line conditions should be inspected every
five years for the presence of foreign material. The inspection is
Performed by opening a flushing connection at the end of one
main and by removing a sprinkler toward the end of one branch
line.

75. Pressure Gauges (Five Years)
Replace or calibrate all gauges every five years.
Fire Pump (Annually)
An annual flow test of each pump assembly should be
conducted under minimum, rated and peak flows by controlling
the quantity of water discharged through approved test devices.
A contractor who is familiar with the equipment generally
conducts this test.

76. Water Storage Tank (Daily or Weekly)
During very cold weather, the temperature of the water in the
tank should be checked daily to ensure it does not drop below
5°C. If the water temperature is continuously monitored, the
frequency may be reduced to weekly.
Water Storage Tank (Monthly or Quarterly)
The water level and the condition of the water in the tank should
be visually inspected monthly. If the water level is continuously
monitored, the frequency may be reduced to quarterly. The tank
exterior should also be visually inspected quarterly.

77. Water Storage Tank (Every Three to Five Years)
The interior of the tank should be inspected by a qualified
contractor every three years for signs of rust, corrosion and
collection of debris. If corrosion protection is provided inside
the tank, the frequency may be reduced to every five years.

78. Inspection and Testing Requirements for Fire Sprinkler Systems

80. Maintenance
Fire Pump and Water Storage Tank Maintenance
Fire Pump (Weekly)
Before Pump Is Operated
Horizontal (Electrical or Diesel )pumps
1. Check drip pockets under packing glands for proper drainage.
Standing water in drip pockets is the most common cause of bearing
failure.
1. Check packing adjustment – approximately one drip per second is necessary
to keep packing lubricated.
2. Observe suction and discharge gauges. Readings higher than suction pressure
indicate leakage back from system pressure through either the fire pump or
jockey pump check valves.

81. Weekly Observations While Pump Is Operating
Electrical pumps
1. Record suction and discharge pressure gauges–the difference
between these readings indicates churn pressure, which should
match rated pressure as shown on the fire pump nameplate.
2. Observe packing glands for proper leakage for cooling of packing
Adjust gland nuts if necessary.
1. Observe water discharge from casing relief valve on electric pumps
and from cooling water discharge line on diesel pumps – adequate
flow prevents pump case from overheating.

82. Diesel Pumps
1. Observe discharge of cooling water from heat exchanger – if no
adequate to prevent engine from overheating, check strainer in
cooling system for obstructions. If still not adequate, adjust pressure
reducing valve for correct flow.
2. Check engine instrument panel for correct speed, oil pressure, water
temperature and ammeter charging rate.
3. Check battery terminal connections for corrosion and clean if
necessary.
4. After pump has stopped running, check intake screens, if provided.
Also, change diesel system pressure recorder charts a rewind if
necessary.

84. FM200 Clean Agent
Fire Suppression system
Introduction
By: Eng. Ahmed Fawzy

86. Properties

87. Clean Agent
Properties
1: Contain no bromine or chlorine (ODP=0)
2: Colorless and odorless
3: Safe for people
4: No electric conductivity
5: Cause no damage

93. Fire Fighting Effectiveness
• 80% through heat absorption
• 20% through direct chemical means
(action of the fluorine radical on the chain reaction of a flame)
“absorbs heat from the flame zone and interrupts
the chemical chain reaction of the combustion process."
“No oxygen reduction!”

94. Applications

95. Applications
• Electrical Data Processing (EDP)
• Computer facilities
• Data vaults

96. • Electric Control rooms
• Electrical Cabinets
Applications

97. • Cell sites
Applications

99. Hardware

100. Hardware Overview
o Agent
o Agent storage
 Container Assembly
 Brackets
o Agent Delivery System
 Discharge Hose
 Manifold & Check Valves
 Nozzles
o Actuation System
 Valve Actuators
 Connection Components
o Accessories
 Pressure Switches,
 Caution Plates

101. Agent Container
 Agent is stored as a liquid
 Super-pressurized with nitrogen to 25 bar @ 21°C
 Different container sizes with min./max. fill range
 Pressure gauge
 Low pressure switch (optional)

102. Container Valve
Working Principle

103. Container Valve

104. Container Valve

105. Container Valve

106. Container Valve

107. Container Valve

108. Valve Actuators

109. Standard Electric Actuator
• Removable
• Fitted on the top of the valve (hand tight only!)
• 24 V DC / 0.2 A

110. Standard Electric Actuator

111. Manual Actuator
• Simple 'strike knob‘ assembly
• Fitted to the top of the valve / solenoid
• hand tight only!

112. CONTAINER ACCESSORIES
Low pressure switch

113. Valve Outlet Connection
Flexible Discharge Hoses & Union Adapter

114. Manifolds
• Manifolds* are made to special order
• Typical arrangements available
• Pressure tested to 90 bar
* not supplied by PyroChem brand

115. Discharge Pressure Switch
• mounted in the pilot line or distribution
pipe work
• Recommended to always be used if
manual actuator is provided

116. Other components

117. Discharge Nozzles
Sizes: 3/8", 1/2", 3/4", 1", 1¼", 1½", 2"
Discharge pattern:
180° - 7 ports
360° - 8 ports
Material: Aluminum, Brass or Stainless steel

118. Liquid Level Indicator
• Used to measure the agent liquid level inside the tanks
• Factory installation

119. Liquid Level Indicator

121. Panel

122.  Kidde FM200 Control Panel

123.  OPERATOR INTERFACE
All alarms, troubles and supervisory signals are
received at the control unit and displayed for
the operator. The Operator Interface consists of
four main components and are visible and/or
audible through a transparent window:
• LED Indicators
• Control Switches
• Digital Display
• Buzzer

124.  Fike FM200 Control Panel (SHP PRO)

125.  Z-10 AGENT RELEASE CONTROL PANEL