The document provides information on fire protection systems for buildings. It discusses causes of fires and safety regulations regarding building materials and design. It also covers various active and passive fire protection components, including fire alarms, sprinklers, smoke detectors, firewalls, fire-resistant floors and walls. The types of fires are classified and different fire protection systems for residential and industrial premises are outlined, such as wet riser systems, dry riser systems, and portable fire extinguishers.

1. Fire Protection System
Unit-I
Building Utility & Services

2. Syllabus
• Fire Safety Installations:
• Causes of fire in buildings, Safety regulations, NBC- Planning
considerations in building, like non-combustible materials,
construction, staircases and lift lobbies, fire escapes, and A.C systems,
Heat & smoke detectors, Fire Alarm System, Snorkel systems. Heat &
smoke detectors, Fire alarm systems, snorkels, ladder, Fire fighting
pump and water storage, Dry & wet risers, Automatic Sprinklers, fire
chutes

3. Introduction
• Fire safety is a subject connected not only with human and
property safety but is related with design of buildings and their
services. Fire although a good friend of humanity, when it spreads un-
controlled, in buildings can be vicious enemy resulting in heavy loss
of property and lives.
• Therefore fire protection measures, both in residential buildings
and in commercial/ industrial complexes, have assumed a great
role in recent years in our country.

4. Introduction

5. NBC Regulations

6. NBC Regulations

7. NBC Regulations

8. NBC Regulations

9. Fire Science
• Fire is the process of burning. It is infact a chemical reaction
initiated by presence of heat energy in which a substance combines
with oxygen in the air and the process is accompanied by emission of
energy in the form of heat, light and sound. Therefore, three
elements are essential for combustion i.e.
• Acombustible matter i.e fuel
• Oxygen
• Source of heat, Spark flame etc.

10. Fire Science

11. Fire Science
Fuel Can Be
 LIQUID: Grease, Oil, Fuel;
 SOLID: Wood, Paper, Metal;
 GAS: Natural Gas, Propane,
Acetylene.

12. CLASS “A” FIRES - Ordinary combustibles such as wood, paper, cloth.

13. CLASS “B” FIRES - Flammable liquids such as oil, grease

14. CLASS “C” FIRES - Energized electrical equipment

15. CLASS “D” FIRES - Flammable Metals

16. Fuel
Any combustible material – solid, liquid or gas
Oxygen
The air we breathe is
about 21% oxygen –
fire needs only
16% oxygen
Heat
The energy necessary to
increase the temperature of
fuel to where sufficient
vapors are given off for
ignition to occur
Each of these three elements must be present at
the same time to have a fire. A fire will burn until
one or more of the elements is removed.

17. There are 4 classes of fire:
Class A
Ordinary combustibles or fibrous material, such as
wood, paper, cloth, rubber, and some plastics.
Class B
Flammable or combustible liquids such as gasoline,
kerosene, paint, paint thinners and propane.
Class C
Energized electrical equipment, such as appliances,
switches, panel boxes and power tools.
Class D
Certain combustible metals, such as magnesium,
titanium, potassium, and sodium.

18. Fire Protection
• A method of fire protection involves the conveyance of water I
pipes to extinguish fire within a building falls into the field of
plumbing. Water may be supplied through riser pipes or
standpipes. A riser or standpipes with hose connections in a tall
buildings may be fed from storage tank, from pump or from a mobile
pumping engine in the street connected to a breaching or ‘Siamese
Post’
• Automatic sprinkler are the devices that discharge water
automatically when the temperature of air surrounding sprinkler
reaches a predetermined level.

19. Fire Protection

20. Components
• Fire protection in land-based buildings, offshore construction or onboard
ships is typically achieved via all of the following:
• Passive fire protection - the installation of firewalls and fire rated floor
assemblies to form fire compartments intended to limit the spread of fire, high
temperatures, and smoke.
• Active fire protection - manual and automatic detection and suppression of
fires, such as fire sprinkler systems and (fire alarm) systems.
• Education - the provision of information regarding passive and active fire
protection systems to building owners, operators, occupants, and emergency
personnel so that they have a working understanding of the intent of these systems
and how they perform in the fire safety plan.

21. Passive Fire Protection

22. Passive Fire Protection
• Passive Fire Protection (PFP) is an integral component of the
three components of structural fire protection and fire safety in a
building. PFP attempts to contain fires or slow the spread, through
use of fire-resistant walls, floors, and doors (amongst other
examples).

23. Passive fire protection
• The aim for Passive Fire Protection systems is typically demonstrated in fire
testing the ability to maintain the item or the side to be protected at or below either
140 °C (for walls, floors and electrical circuits required to have a fire-
resistance rating) or ca. 550 °C, which is considered the critical temperature for
structural steel, above which it is in jeopardy of losing its strength, leading to
collapse. Smaller components, such as fire dampers, fire doors, etc., follow suit in
the main intentions of the basic standard for walls and floors. Fire testing
involves live fire exposures upwards of 1100 °C, depending on the fire-
resistance rating and duration one is after. More items than just fire exposures are
typically required to be tested to ensure the survivability of the system under
realistic conditions.
• To accomplish these aims, many different types of materials are employed in
the design and construction of systems.

24. Passive fire protection
• fire-resistance rated walls
• firewalls not only have a rating, they are also designed to sub-divide buildings
such that if collapse occurs on one side, this will not affect the other side. They
can also be used to eliminate the need for sprinklers, as a trade-off.
• fire-resistant glass using multi-layer intumescent technology or wire mesh
embedded within the glass may be used in the fabrication of fire-resistance rated
windows in walls or fire doors.
• fire-resistance rated floors

25. Fire-resistance Rated Walls

26. Passive fire protection
• occupancy separations (barriers designated as occupancy separations are
intended to segregate parts of buildings, where different uses are on each side; for
instance, apartments on one side and stores on the other side of the occupancy
separation).
• closures (fire dampers) Sometimes firestops are treated in building codes
identically to closures. Canada de-rates closures, where, for instance a 2 hour
closure is acceptable for use in a 3 hour fire separation, so long as the fire
separation is not an occupancy separation or firewall. The lowered rating is then
referred to as a fire protection rating, both for firestops, unless they contain plastic
pipes and regular closures.
• firestops

27. Passive fire Protection

28. Passive fire protection
• grease ducts (These refer to ducts that lead from commercial cooking equipment such as ranges, deep fryers and
double-decker and conveyor-equipped pizza ovens to grease duct fans.)
• cable coating (application of fire-retardants, which are either endothermic or intumescent, to reduce flamespread
and smoke development of combustible cable-jacketing)
• spray fireproofing (application of intumescent or endothermic paints, or fibrous or cementitious plasters to keep
substrates such as structural steel, electrical or mechanical services, valves, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)
vessels, vessel skirts, bulkheads or decks below either 140 °C for electrical items or ca. 500 °C for structural
steel elements to maintain operability of the item to be protected)
• fireproofing cladding (boards used for the same purpose and in the same applications as spray fireproofing)
Materials for such cladding include perlite, vermiculite, calcium silicate, gypsum, intumescent epoxy, Durasteel
(cellulose-fibre reinforced concrete and punched sheet-metal bonded composite panels), MicroTherm
• enclosures (boxes or wraps made of fireproofing materials, including fire-resistive wraps and tapes to protect
speciality valves and other items deemed to require protection against fire and heat—an analogy for this would
be a safe) or the provision of circuit integrity measures to keep electrical cables operational during an accidental
fire.

29. Passive fire protection

30. Active fire protection
• Active Fire Protection (AFP) is an integral part of fire
protection. AFP is characterised by items and/or systems,
which require a certain amount of motion and response in
order to work, contrary to passive fire protection.

31. Categories of Active Fire Protection
• Active Fire Protection (AFP) is an integral part of fire protection.
AFP is characterised by items and/or systems, which require a certain
amount of motion and response in order to work, contrary to passive
fire protection.

32. • Fire suppression
• Fire can be controlled or extinguished, either manually (firefighting) or
automatically. Manual includes the use of a fire extinguisher or a Standpipe
system. Automatic means can include a fire sprinkler system, a gaseous clean
agent, or firefighting foam system. Automatic suppression systems would usually
be found in large commercial kitchens or other high-risk areas.
• Sprinkler systems
• Fire sprinkler systems are installed in all types of buildings, commercial and
residential. They are usually located at ceiling level and are connected to a reliable
water source, most commonly city water. A typical sprinkler system operates when
heat at the site of a fire causes a glass component in the sprinkler head to fail,
thereby releasing the water from the sprinkler head. This means that only the
sprinkler head at the fire location operates - not all the sprinklers on a floor or in a
building. Sprinkler systems help to reduce the growth of a fire, thereby increasing
life safety and limiting structural damage

33. Categories of Active Fire Protection

34. Categories of Active Fire Protection
• Fire detection
• Fire is detected either by locating the smoke, flame or heat, and an alarm is
sounded to enable emergency evacuation as well as to dispatch the local fire
department. An introduction to fire detection and suppression can be found here.
Where a detection system is activated, it can be programmed to carry out other
actions. These include de-energising magnetic hold open devices on Fire doors
and opening servo-actuated vents in stairways.
• Hypoxic air fire prevention
• Fire can be prevented by hypoxic air. Hypoxic air fire prevention systems, also
known as oxygen reduction systems are new automatic fire prevention systems
that reduce permanently the oxygen concentration inside the protected volumes so
that ignition or fire spreading cannot occur. Unlike traditional fire suppression
systems that usually extinguish fire after it is detected, hypoxic air is able to
prevent fires. At lower altitudes hypoxic air is safe to breathe for healthy
individuals.

35. Hypoxic air fire prevention

36. Construction and maintenance
• All AFP systems are required to be installed and
maintained in accordance with strict guidelines in order to
maintain compliance with the local building code

37. Requirement of Water
• The quantity of water required for fire extinction depends upon
the magnitude of fire and duration taken to extinguish it. The use
of non-potable water should be avoided for the fear of cross
connection and subsequent health hazards.
• The size of main ring, dry riser and wet riser, for fire fighting within a
building, is designed keeping in mind that a distant hydrant will
discharge about 1000 litres per minutes at 3.5 kg/sq.cm pressure.
And at any given time at least two hydrants are in operation.

38. Requirement of Water

39. Storage of Water
• A sufficient Quality of water for the purpose of fire fighting of the
building must be made available in an underground tank within
the premises. Tank capacity may be taken as 30 min water supply at
1000 litres per minutes The water tank and cover should be designed
to take load of 18 tonnes vehicular load if flush below ground level.
• The fire fighting storage and pumps requirements as per
Development Control Regulation of the Bombay Municipal
Corporation

40. Storage of Water

41. Systems of Fire Fighting
• It may be broadly classified as external (City) and Internal ( Building)
fire fighting System
• External Fire fighting System
• Fire hydrant are generally located at a distance apart of about 90
m to 120 m in inhabitant area and about 300 m in an open area.
One fire hydrant for every 4000 to 10000 sq. area is normally
provided.
• Hydrants are generally provided at street crossings, water
demands of one litre per head per day is considered for fire
hydrants. Fire hydrants are of two types pillar or post hydrant and
sunk or flush hydrants.

42. External Fire fighting System

43. Systems of Fire Fighting
• Pillar or Post Hydrant
• These hydrant remain standing above ground like a post by about
0.9 m to 1.2 m and connected to a water main underground. It
consists of a sluice valve, a duck foot bend, a 65 mm dia post one, two
or three outlets. These outlets are spaced around the periphery of the
hydrant barrel, so that it can serve more number of fire tenders at a
time, they are painted red in color, flushed once in every six months
and kept in working condition.

44. Pillar or Post Hydrant

45. Systems of Fire Fighting
• Flush Hydrant
• These hydrant are installed underground in a brick or cast iron chamber
with its top cover slightly above the street level. Letter F.H. are inscribed on the
top of cover for identification. A flush hydrant consists of following components,
one sluice valve, a duck-foot bend, a 65 mm dia instantaneous type coupling. Cast
Iron Cap permanently secured to the duck-foot bend by means of a chain.
Hydrants are connected to underground distribution main by flanged joints.
• Hydrants are also used for street washings, flush sewers and watering
gardens.
• Residual Pressure heads recommended at fire hydrants, for which provision is
generally made while designing a system
• With pump engine 10 to 14 m
• For direct flow 42 to 53 m

46. Internal Fire Fighting System
• The local self govt i.e. Municipal Authorities have been empowered to
make by laws to protect lives & properties for fire protection system
within their municipal limits. These bylaws are generally based on
NFPA (National Fire Protection Act).
• The following methods are classified to extinguish fire within the
buildings.

47. Internal Fire Fighting System

48. Residential Premises Fire Protection
System
• Fire Hose System Dry Riser/ Wet Riser
• Automatic Sprinkler Systems
• Potable fire extinguishers,
• Fire alarm Systems

49. Industrial Fire Fighting System
• High velocity Water Spray
• Medium Velocity fire spray
• Foam
• Dry chemical Powder
• Carbon dioxide
• Alarm Gong
• Portable fire extinguisher
• Fire alarm System

50. Fire Hose System
• This system involves the installation of vertical riser pipe with hose
connections at strategic points throughout the building. The standpipe or riser
ca-n be kept filled with water is know as wet riser system otherwise it is known as
dry riser system
• The main features of these systems includes:
• Hose & Automatic Sprinkler System
• The courtyard of the building should have at least two fire hydrant.
• The pumps will have a RPM not exceeding 2000
• These hydrants are connected to an overhead/ storage tank for fire fighting
purpose with a booster pump, and a non-return valve near the tank and a fire
pump, gate & non-return valve over the underground storage tanks.
• The facility to boost water pressure in the riser directly from the mobile
pump should also be provided to the wet riser system.

51. Fire Hose System

52. Dry Riser System
• A dry Riser system or dry pipe system is made of complete water-distribution system with
sprinkler head or risers and branches with hydrants throughout the buildings in which there
is no running water.
• In the sprinkler system the dry pipe system is used partly to protect the interior of the
buildings against hazards of burst and leaky pipe to avoid freezing of water in the pipes.
• Water is turned into water distribution system either automatically or manually on the outbreak of
fire or the sounding of alarm gong to smother or extinguish fire.
• When the fuse melts in due to the heat generated by fire, water gushes in and air exhausted
through the sprinkler head quickly.
• In the preaction system water is admitted to the system by a valve actuated by a thermostatic
controlled device that function in advance of the sprinkler system.
• The distribution system is laid with a slope of about 1:200, so that the complete water is
drained out of the system.
• Provision of necessary pressure gauges is made on main water supply, distribution, air tank,
pumps, etc.

53. Dry Riser System

55. Wet Riser System
• The provision of wet riser system whenever made for residential building
should have the following features:
• The Wet riser are designed for Zonal distribution of water according to
height of building
• The first riser up to 60 m height should be 10 cm dia
• The second riser upto 100m height of 15 cm dia
• The third riser upto 150 m height of 15 cm dia
• These risers are connected to fire pumps separately provided for this
purpose in the buildings
• A wet riser must be provided near the enclosure staircase.
• The pipe fitting should be approved make and quality by the competent
authority.

57. Fire Hose
• Standard fire hose is made up of rubber lined cotton fibre 65 mm
in dia, capable of standing routine test pressure of 14 kg/sqcm.
Sometimes unlined or rubber lined or rubber cotton hose may be used
for this purpose.
• The fire hose is housed in a special made glass cabinet

58. Automatic Sprinkler System
• The installation of sprinkler system requires special planning in
new building design and usually involves an extensive renovation
of an existing building. The sprinkler system may be installed in the
following types of buildings or sections of a building as a first aid
assistance. i.e. apartment houses, club houses, colleges, dormitories,
hospitals, hotels, office buildings, and the basement used as car
parking's.
• Automatic sprinklers are connected to a water distribution
system. A sprinkler nozzle is closed by a fusible plug that melts at
a predetermined temperature, above normal room temperature,
releasing water to fall on the source of heat.

59. Automatic Sprinkler System

60. Automatic Sprinkler System
• Sprinklers have the advantage of quickly supplying water to fire
before it gain dangerous headway and of preventing the access of air
to the fire by smothering it with water.
• In some cases an open head sprinkler system for the protection of the
interior of the building is provided.

61. Sprinkler Classification
• An automatic sprinkler head is a fire extinguisher nozzle, closed in
a state of readiness by a heat sensitive release element.
• The sprinkler may be classified as :
• (a) Sprinkler based on Release:
• Fusable element Sprinkler is opened under the influence of heat by the
melting of eutectic metal or chemical.
• Glass bulb sprinklers are opened under the influence of heat by the
destruction of the glass bulb through pressure of the fluid enclosed
therein.

62. Sprinkler Classification
• Sprinkler based on water distribution
• Conventional Sprinkler – The Conventional sprinkler have a spherical
water distribution directed towards the ground and the ceiling for the
definite protection area.
• Umbrella Sprinklers- The umbrella sprinklers have a parabolic water
distribution directed towards the ground for a definite protection area with
some of water sprays the ceilings
• Sidewall Sprinkler- The sidewall sprinkler has a one –sided half-parabolic
water distribution directed towards the ground for a definite protection area.

63. Sprinkler Heads

64. Sprinkler Heads
 Types;
 Upright
 Pendant
 Sidewall
 Recessed heads

65. Frangible Bulb Head

67. frangible bulb

68. fusible link

69. Chemical pellet

71. Sprinkler Heads
 Storage Cabinet;
 extra heads
 sprinkler wrench
 Cabinets hold a minimum of six sprinklers and
sprinkler wrench in accordance with NFPA® 13.
• Less than 300 heads min 6 spares
• 300 – 1,000 heads min 12 spares
• More than 1000 heads min 24 spares

72. Sprinkler Classification
• Sprinkler based on Arrangements
• Universal Sprinkler – This Could be upright and pendent.
• Upright Sprinkler- Upright sprinklers are so arranged, that the stream of water is
directed upwards against the distribution plate.
• Pendent Sprinklers: Pendent sprinkler are so arrangement that the stream of
water is directed downward against the distribution plate.
• Dry Pendent Sprinkler: Dry pendent sprinkler are kept free of water while in a
state of readiness by a special catch construction in the down pipe
• Dry upright sprinkler Dry upright sprinkler are upright sprinkler, which are kept
free of water while in a state of readiness by a special catch construction up into
unheated roof space.
• Ceiling Sprinklers: Ceilings sprinklers, in which part of the body of the sprinkler
may be mounted above the lower plane of ceiling.

73. Sprinkler Classification

74. Sprinkler System Design
• The following step may be taken to arrive at suitable sprinkler system
• Draw an architectural plan and other indicating the location and
size of the water supplies, connecting pipes, feed main risers, gate,
check alarm etc.
• The sprinkler system piping is installed parallel to the ceiling, and
the maximum distance being 250 mm from ceiling
• Under the ceiling the area per sprinkler is taken as 6 sq. m to 9 sq. m.
• The number of sprinklers on each branch is taken to minimum 8
• If the number increase beyond 8, it is advisable to have 65 mm supply
pipe for the same.

75. Sprinkler System Design

76. Fire Escapes
• A fire escape is a special kind of emergency exit, usually mounted to the
outside of a building or occasionally inside but separate from the main areas
of the building.
• It provides a method of escape in the event of a fire or other emergency that
makes the stairwells inside a building inaccessible. Fire escapes are most often
found on multiple-story residential buildings, such as apartment buildings. At one
time, they were a very important aspect of fire safety for all new construction
in urban areas; more recently, however, they have fallen out of common use.
• This is due to the improved building codes incorporating fire detectors,
technologically advanced fire fighting equipment, which includes better
communications and the reach of fire fighting ladder trucks, and more
importantly fire sprinklers. The international building codes and other
authoritative agencies have incorporated fire sprinklers into multi-story building
below 15 stories and not just skyscrapers.

77. Fire Escapes

78. Escape chute
• An escape chute is a special kind of emergency exit, used where
conventional fire escape stairways are impractical. The chute is a
fabric (or occasionally metal) tube installed near a special exit on an
upper floor or roof of a building, or a tall structure. During use, the
chute is deployed, and may be secured at the bottom by a fire
fighting crew some distance out from the building. Once the tube is
ready, escapees enter the tube and slide down to a lower level or
the ground level.

79. Escape Chute

80. Industrial Fire fighting Systems
• The industrial area constitute variety of combinations of men and material and processes.
Therefore, it is necessary to take additional measures for the industries. The capacity for
water storage tank for fire fighting of an industrial building is worked out at a rate
of 2.5 lit/sqm. Of lattable floor area subjected to minimum of 2,25000 litres. A set of
two pumps must be installed to discharged 2275 litres per min at a pressure of 3.5
kg/cm2 at a desired floor.
• It must be noted that the requirement of water supply, pumping capacity and other
measures and other features of hydrant systems depends on the size of the risk and its fire
growth.
• Light Hazard Occupancies: Buildings with lower hazard such as school, hospitals,
hotels.
• Ordinary Hazard Occupancies: Consisting of the majority of the commercial and
industrial buildings
• High Hazard Occupancies: These occupancies are divided into:-
• Process risks such as paint, foam, plastic and foam rubber
• High piled storage rises in petroleum products.

81. Industrial Fire fighting Systems

82. Methods of Fire Extinguishing
• High Voltage Water Spray Systems
• High Voltage foam spray extinguishes fire involving oils, or similar
flammable liquids. The equipment consists of pipes and nozzles is
permanently fixe around the plant to be protected and is usually automatic
controlled for immediate operation in the event of fire.
• Medium Velocity fire Spray systems
• The medium velocity water spray systems protect plant, structures and
machinery against fires which involves higher inflammable liquids,
gases & solids. When a fire occurs, medium velocity water spray
equipment applies water in finely divided droplets travelling at medium
speed and give protection to tanks structures and factory equipment's by
cooling, by control burning of inflammable liquids and by dilution of
explosive gases.

83. Methods of Fire Extinguishing
Foam System
• Foam system has earned recognition as a effective method. Foam
systems are specially suited for fires in oil storages, flammable
liquids such as benzoyl, petrol, alcohol, and lighter petroleum
products. In this system fluroprotein foam compounds is applied
forcefully to burnin hydrocarbon liquid which prohibits fire spread.
This system is generally operated manually.

84. Methods of Fire Extinguishing
• Dry Chemical Powder:
• Dry Chemical Powder used to combat fires in flammable liquids,
gases and greases include such fires when involved with energized
electrical equipment is a potassium bicarbonate based dry chemical.
The chemical powder is free flowing, water repellent and non abrasive
and when used as a fire extinguisher agent will produce no toxic
effects. Because of its excellent fire fighting effectiveness this product
is widely used in other high risk areas.
• Carbon dioxide or Nitrogen is used as a expelling gas. This system
can be effectively installed in restaurants, fuel stations etc.

85. Dry Chemical Powder

86. Methods of Fire Extinguishing
• Carbon dioxide
• Carbon dioxide has been used for many years to extinguish the
flammable liquid fires and fire involving electrically energized
equipment's. Carbon dioxide about one and half times as heavy air, a
property that accounts for its ability to replace air above burning
surface and maintain a smothering atmosphere, It is non combustible
and does not react with most substances.
• (a) Smothering effect: Carbon dioxide is stored under pressure as
liquid, when released, it is discharged into the fire area principally as a
gas. When released on burning material, it covers then and removes
the oxygen to a concentration which cannot support combustion

87. Carbon dioxide

88. Methods of Fire Extinguishing
• Cooling effect:
• The rapid expansion of liquid to gas when carbon dioxide is released
from storage cylinder produces a refrigerating effect that converts part
of the carbon dioxide into snow. This snow, which has a
temperature of 80 0C soon sublimes into gas, absorbing heat from
the burning material and surrounding atmosphere.

89. Portable Fire Extinguisher
• Portable extinguishers are manufactured in a variety of shapes &
sizes. In order to avoid confusion, extinguisher of the same type,
should be similar in shape, appearance and as far as possible, in
method of operation. It is also advisable to standardize the sizes, if
possible although in some instances less heavy models may be desired,
where for example, women are likely to use extinguisher.
• The extinguisher should be located in conspicuous positions on
bracket or shelves where they can be readily noticed by persons
following the normal escape route like exits and stair landing on
each floor.

90. Portable Fire Extinguisher

91. FIRE EXTINGUISHERS
Extinguisher Rating System

92. FIRE EXTINGUISHERS
TYPES OF EXTINGUISHERS:
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

93. FIRE EXTINGUISHERS
TYPES OF EXTINGUISHERS:
Stored pressure dry powder
(ABC)

94. FIRE EXTINGUISHERS
TYPES OF EXTINGUISHERS:
Clean agent type extinguishers
(Halon)

95. FIRE EXTINGUISHERS
SIZES:
Minimum size is 2A:10BC. The number indicates the number of square feet & the
letter indicates the type of fire.

96. Alarm Gong
• The sounding of alarm should occur shortly after the opening of a
sprinkler head. An alarm valve which is a type of back pressure
valve, should be fitted on the main supply pipe immediately above
the main stop valve. The alarm gong should be close to the main stop
valve, but should be sited outside the building in a position where it
will readily be audible to the police and other petrol's. In order to
avoid false alarm caused by fluctuations in the pressure of supply,
a device is necessary in most types of alarm systems to permit of
such temporary fluctuations without lifting of the alarm.

97. Alarm Gong

98. Fire Alarm System
• It is an integral part of any fire protection system. It is said that
the first five minutes of fire are most important than the next five
hours. Fire can be extinguished when it is in an incipient stage.
Moreover people can be warned of fire hazards and evacuation of the
buildings become easy. The heat & smoke detectors detect fire and
actuate the alarm system. The system helps evacuation of the premises
and to bring fire fighting facilities into action as quickly as possible.
The Fire alarm systems are provided in the residential buildings
with heights above 15 m and industrial and commercial buildings
with height above 24 m. If the height of building is above 35 m. It
is necessary to have provision of heat & Smoke Detectors

99. Features Of Fire Protection
ALARMS

100. Other Features Of Fire Protection
DETECTORS & STOBES

101. Training Services & Maintenances
• Training of personnel to handle a fire situation and effectively
operate both hand fire appliances and fixed equipment, installed
within the premises, say of a factory or a high rise buildings, is
normally overlooked. This is incredible in view of the fact that the
owner has spent several hundred lakhs to install the best of equipment
to protect life and property. In the event of fire emergency, the people
around must respond very quickly and put to gainful use of
equipment's.
• In Addition to this a disaster management plan should be worked
out by the owner and made known to all the persons working
within the premises.

102. Training Services & Maintenances

103. Safety Measures
• Apart from the training needs it is necessary to follow certain precautions and alertness while fire
is on. Where ever the height of your building, ensure you follow some basic precautions:
• Remember to call 100, 101,102,103 (Police, Fire, Ambulance, & Traffic Police)
• Do not allow encroachments or storage in courtyards, open courtyards are needed for
placing & operating fire and rescue appliances,
• Do not allow storage or obstruction in the common corridors and staircases
• Do not allow the fire door of staircases to be kept open
• Use staircase not lift, in case of fire as lifts may fail, trapping people inside.
• Do not allow refuge area to be enclosed or misused.
• Do not reenter the fire affected building to collect valuables or for other purposes.
• Do not allow fire fighting tanks to be misused or remain empty
• Do not switch off the fire or smoke detection system.
• Do not switch off electricity of entire building in the event of fire. This will also stop all the
fire protection and fire fighting systems installed within.

104. Safety Measures

105. Safety Measures
• Do not carry any alterations & additions in the buildings, without
consulting the fire brigade.
• Acquire yourself with the layout of the escape route, staircases,
refuge areas and the location of the fire alarms.
• Train yourself and the security personnel in the proper operation and
use of first aid hose real and fire extinguisher.
• Practice evacuation drills.
• Irrespective of the magnitude of fire, summon the Fire Brigade at
the earliest.

106. Safety Measures

107. Safety Measures

108. References
Fire Safety in Buildings :- V.K. Jain New Age
Publications
Building Services: S.M. Patil
Internet Websites

109. Thanks…..