The document discusses fire hydrant systems used for fire protection. It describes the components of a fire hydrant system including hydrants, monitors, hoses, and pipes. It also outlines international and national standards for fire hydrant system design including spacing of hydrants, sizing of pumps and reservoirs, and classification of fire risks. The goal of a fire hydrant system is to provide a reliable water supply for extinguishing fires.

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BASICS OF FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM,
HYDRANT SYSTEM

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WHAT IS FIRE?
Fire
Fire is the rapid oxidation of a material in the exothermic
chemical process of combustion, releasing heat, light, and
various reaction products.

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OXYGEN
FIRE TRIANGLE

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FIRE TETRAHEDRAN
METHOD FIRECOMPONENTAFFECTED
COOLING HEAT
SMOTHERING OXYGEN
STARVING FUEL
INTERRUPTCOMBUSTION UNINHIBITEDCHAINREACTION

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EXTINGUISHING METHODS
SMOTHERING COOLING
INTERRUPT COMBUSTION

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STAGES OF FIRE
Incipient Stage:
Earliest stage of a fire beginning with actual
ignition. No visible smoke, no flame and very
little heat. A significant amount of invisible
(but sometimes smellable) combustion
particles may be created. This stage usually
develops slowly.
Smoldering Stage:
Smoke, but no flame and little heat.
Flame Stage:
Visible flame, more heat, often less or no
smoke, particularly with flammable liquids
and gas fires
Heat Stage:
Large amounts of heat, flame, smoke and
toxic gases are produced. The transition from
the previous stage can be very fast.

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Class Fuel/Heat source
Class – A Ordinary combustibles like wood, paper,
cloth, rubber and many plastics.
Class – B Flammable liquids , combustible liquids,
petroleum greases, tars, oils, oil based
paints, solvents , lacquers, alcohols and
flammable gases
Class – C Electrical fires which occur due to short
circuits, overloads, etc.
Class – D Combustible metals
Class – K Cooking oil or fat
CLASSES OF FIRE

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HOW TO PREVENT & EXTINGUISH FIRE?

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FIRE PREVENTION GOALS
Life Safety
The primary goal of fire safety efforts is to protect
building occupants from injury and to prevent loss of life.
Property Protection
The secondary goal of fire safety is to prevent property
damage.
Protection of Operations
By preventing fires and limiting damage we can assure
that work operations will continue.

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BASIC FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS
PASSIVE
COMPARTMENTALIZATION
FIRE SEALANT
FIRE WALL & DOOR
 FIRE RESISTANCERATING
ACTIVE
 FIRE HYDRANT SYSTEM
 WATER SPRAY SYSTEM
 FOAM SYSTEM
SPRINKLER SYSTEM
GASEOUS FIRE SUPPRESSION SYSTEM
FIRE EXTINGUISHERS
FIRE ALARM SYSTEM

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FIRE PROTECTION NORMS / RULES
INTERNATIONAL
• NFPA- National Fire protection
Association, USA
• LPCB- Loss Prevention Council
Board
• FM- Factory Mutual
NATIONAL
• TAC- Tariff Advisory Committee
(Fire Protection Manual)
• OISD- Oil Industry Safety
Directorate
• NBC- National Building Code
• BIS – Bureau of Indian Standards
• AERB Standards for Fire Protection

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FIRE HYDRANT SYSTEM
Hydrant system is a fixed pipe system connected to a
reliable source of water supply and equipped with
Hydrants and water monitors in the fire water ring
main of all the areas of the plant.
The general norms followed are TAC, NFPA-14,BIS
3844

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FIRE HYDRANT EQUIPMENTS
FIRE HYDRANT VALVE WATER MONITOR HOSE REEL DRUM
HOSE BOX
BRANCH PIPE
WITH NOZZLE
FIRE HOSE

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HYDRANT RISK CLASSIFICATION
Based on the fire growth and spread potentialities, the risks are
categorized under the following classes for the purpose of hydrant
system design:
 LIGHT HAZARD
- Workshop, Office, Steel Plant, Glass Plant, Cement factories.
ORDINARY HAZARD
- Electric Generating Stations, Tyre Mfg. Plant, Chemical Plants.
HIGH HAZARD (A)
- Distilleries, Fire Works Mfg., Oil Mills, Tank Farms, Collieries.
HIGH HAZARD (B)
- Explosive Factories, LPG Bottling Plants, Refineries,
Petrochemical Plants.

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FIRE HYDRANT SYSTEM - DESIGN CRITERIA
 The entire system will be in pressurized condition initially
filled by fire water pumps.
 Fire water reservoir, fire water pumps & pressurization
arrangement will be provided based on the hazard
classification.
 The system is hydraulically designed to maintain a min.
Running pressure of 3.5 kg/cm² & velocity of max. 5 m/s.
 Distance between hydrant points is calculated based on
the hazard classification – 60 / 45 / 30 mtrs.
 Water monitor is provided for high rise buildings.
 Fire escape hydrants and/or Hose reel drum is provided in
all staircase landings of high rise buildings.
 Cut-off valves are provided to facilitate maintenance.
FIRE HYDRANT VALVE
WATER MONITOR

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SPACING OF HYDRANTS
Tank Farm area
Pump
house
30m
45m
15m
2 TO 15m
BUILDINGS
30m

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FIRE WATER PUMPS
 Fire water pumps will be motor operated vertical or horizontal type
with stand-by diesel engine operated pumps.
 The quantity, capacity & head of fire water pumps is finalised based
on the no. of hydrant points in the system.
 The standard capacities of pumps selected for fire protection system
are 137 cum/hr, 171 cum/hr, 273 cum/hr & 410 cum/hr and the
standard head selected are 70 mwc, 88 mwc & 110 mwc.
 Jockey or pressurisation pumps are provided to take care of system
losses.
 The capacity of the jockey pumps shall neither be more than 5 % of
the installed pumping capacity nor less than 3 % thereof (with a
minimum of 10.8 m3/hr.)
 The fire water pumps will be located indoor inside a pump house.

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FIRE WATER RESERVOIR
 Water for the fire protection services is stored in an easily accessible
surface/underground lined reservoir or above ground tanks of steel concrete or
masonry.
 The capacity of fire water reservoir is calculated based on the aggregate
pumping capacity of the fire water system is as follows:
 Light hazard – Not less than 1 hr’s aggregate pumping capacity with a
minimum of 1,35,000 litres
 Ordinary hazard – Not less than 2 hr’s aggregate pumping capacity
 High hazard (A) – Not less than 3 hr’s aggregate pumping capacity
 High hazard (B) – Not less than 4 hr’s aggregate pumping capacity
 The water stored for fire protection purpose will be available exclusively for the
same as a dead storage.
 Reservoirs of and over 2,25,000 litres capacity shall be in two interconnected
equal compartments to facilitates cleaning and repairs.

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LIST OF STANDARDS
Fire Hydrant System
 NFPA 14 : Standards for Installation of standpipe and hose
systems.
 NFPA 24 : Standard for Installation for Private Fire Service
mains.
 BIS 3844 : Code of Practice for Installation and Maintenance of
Internal Fire Hydrants and Hose reels on Premises.
TAC FP MANUAL

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LIST OF DMS DOCUMENTS
Fire Hydrant System
 TCE.M6-ME-222-REV-R5 : DESIGN GUIDE FOR FIRE PROTECTION
SYSTEMS
 TCE. M6-ME-617-223 –REV-R4 : DESIGN GUIDE FOR FIRE
HYDRANTSYSTEM
 TCE-M4-111-02-R7 : DATASHEET –A ,B,C FIRE PROTECTION
EQUIPMENT HYDRANT VALVES.
TCE-M4-111-03-R6 : DATASHEET –A ,B,C FIRE PROTECTION
EQUIPMENT WATER MONITOR.