The document discusses fire protection systems in pharmaceutical facilities. It covers the fire triangle, sources of fire hazards like flammable liquids and electrical equipment, types of fires from classes A to F, and fire prevention methods. The key firefighting equipment discussed are standpipe and hose systems, fire alarms, sprinkler systems, and different types of fire extinguishers. Periodic inspection of all fire equipment and detection of hazards are emphasized for an effective fire protection program.

1. Fire Protection System
Presented by:
Mohit Panjwani , Rinkal Sharma
Krishma Thakur , Satyam Raj.
Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance
Panjab university
Presented to:
Dr. Gurpal Singh

3. What is Fire?
• Fire is the visible effect of the process of combustion – a chemical reaction,
which occurs between oxygen in the air and some sort of fuel.
• The self-sustaining process of rapid oxidation of a fuel which produces heat
and light.
• The effects of accidental fires or explosions can be devastating in terms of
live lost injuries ,damage to property and the environment and to business
continuity.
• Working with flammable liquids dusts gases and solids is hazards because
of the risk of fire and explosion.

4. Fire triangle
• It is the triangle in which, the fuel must be
heated to its ignition temperature for combustion
to occur. The reaction will keep going as long as
there is enough heat, fuel and oxygen.
• Oxygen, heat, and fuel are frequently referred to
as the "fire triangle." Add in the fourth element,
the chemical reaction, and you actually have a
fire "tetrahedron." The important thing to
remember is: take any of these four things
away, and you will not have a fire or the fire
will be extinguished.
• Essentially, fire extinguishers put out fire by
taking away one or more elements of the fire
triangle/tetrahedron.
• Fire safety, at its most basic, is based upon the
principle of keeping fuel sources and ignition
sources separate.

5. Source of fire hazard
• Solid fuels: wood, fabrics, synthetics materials, paper, packaging material etc.
• Liquid fuels:
1) Flammable liquid: nitro phenol, ammonium nitrate, potassium chlorate,
paint & oil socked rags, cotton or cellulose socked with sulphuric acid
etc.
2) Heat utilization equipments
3) Chemical process requirements
4) Lightning
5) Self combustible chemicals
6) Oven & furnace
7) Reactors

6. Causes
• Improper storage of flammable oils, grease and fluid, combustible wastes etc.
• Smoking by employees
• Defective heating equipment, electrical equipment and wiring.
• Explosive gas leakage
• Ignition of gas vapours or combustible dust
• Inadequate of electric motors
• Sparking in electric wires and equipment
• Equipment and machinery
• Faulty wiring

7. Types of fire
• CLASS A: ordinary material such as paper, wood, cloth.
• CLASS B: flammable liquids or combustible liquids such as gasoline, paint,
propane, kerosene.
• CLASS C: electrical equipment fires, appliances swathes, panels.
• CLASS D: Certain metals such as magnesium, sodium, potassium,
titanium and aluminium.
• Class F: Fires involving commercial cooking appliances with vegetable
oils, animal oils or fats at high temperature.

8. Fire protection and prevention
• Fire protection includes procedures for preventing,
detecting and extinguishing fire.
• Fire extinguishers are effective in extinguishing fires
when they are small in size, but they are not suitable
in fighting large or spreading fires. Such fires should
be extinguished by the building’s fire extinguishing
systems or fire fighters.
• Fire protection systems, including fire extinguishing
system, are very important to detect, control,
extinguish and alert building occupants to fire or
smoke.
• Fire protection systems include sprinkler systems,
standpipe systems and fire alarm systems.
• The procedures in these three areas of fire
prevention aim to protect Employees and property
and to assure the continuity of a plant’s operation.
• To accomplish these goals it is necessary to develop
plant wide fire protection program.

9. Inspection
• Setup system of periodic fire inspections for every operation some
buildings, operations and processes require daily inspection, while
others can be inspected weekly, monthly or at other intervals.
• Buildings that are well designed and provided with protective devices
and construction elements intended to act as fire safety features still
need a periodic, detailed inspection program .
• In some establishments or plants, the safety and health committee
locates and reports fire hazards.
• In large plants, this job is handed by a special subcommittee of the
safety committee or by a person trained to manage fire risk.
• The inspector, fire chief or the other individual from the plant who is in
charge of fire prevention and fire protection should establish inspection
schedule, determine the directing –finding of reports, and have a
complete list all items to be inspected.

10. Inspection of fire equipment should
cover the following items
• Control valves on piping that supplies water for fire protection
• Hydrants
• Fire pumps
• Hose houses and associated equipment
• Sprinkler system water supplies including tanks
• Automatic sprinkler system
• Special type of protection
• Portable fire extinguishers
• Fire doors, exists
• Alarm and communication systems and routines
• Communication to fire department

11. Detection of fire hazards
Many automatic fire detection systems are used today in industry.
• some include
o Thermal expansion detectors
o Heat sensitive insulation
o Photoelectric fires
o Ionization or radiation sensors and
o Ultraviolet or air detectors
• These sound an alarm through which fire flames are detected.

12. Prevention of fire hazards
• Well planned design and layout
• Proper ventilated systems
• Chemical data sheets
• Proper training of personnel
• Proper maintenance of surroundings
• Use of fire extinguishers, alarms, sensors, detectors
• Foam based extinguisher
• Clean agent fire extinguisher
• Fire fighting equipment
• Sprinkler system
• Other extinguisher

14. Fire fighting equipments
A. Standpipe and hose system
B. Fire alarm
C. sprinklers
D. Fire extinguisher
1. Water extinguisher
2. Water mist extinguisher
3. Carbon dioxide
4. ABC type dry powder
5. Dry powder
6. Foam based extinguisher
7. Wet chemical extinguisher
8. Clean agent extinguisher
9. Other extinguishers

15. A) Stand pipe and hose systems
• A standpipe system is defined by NFPA 14 as: “An arrangement of piping,
valves, hose connections and allied equipment installed in a building or
structure, with the hose connections located in such a manner that water
can be discharged in streams through attached hose and nozzles, for the
purposes of extinguishing a fire, thereby protecting a building or structure
and its contents in addition to protecting the occupants.
• Stand pipe systems consist of piping, values, Hose connections, nozzles
to provide steams of water for fire suppression. It mainly two type:
1. Wet system
2. Dry system

16. 1) Wet system
• A “wet” standpipe is filled with water and is pressurized at all times.
• Whenever the systems is activated, water will charge into the
connected hose immediately
• Wet stand pipes can be used by buildings occupants.

17. 2) Dry system
• A “Dry” standpipe is not filled with water.
• The intakes of dry standpipe are usually located near a road or Drive
way so that a fire engine can supply water to the system.
• This system can be used only by fire fighter.
• Regulations in may countries require that standpipe systems be
charged by hoses from two different pump trucks which can be
accomplish by using both sides of a Siamese connection.

18. B) Fire alarm
• It is set of equipment working together to detect and alert
people through visual and audio appliances when smoke or
fire is present.
• Active from smoke, heat detector, water flow sensors which
are automatic or from manual fire alarm pull station.

19. C) Sprinklers
• The major components of an automatic sprinkler system is the sprinkler,
which discharge water in specific pattern for extinguishing or controlling
fire
• A sprinkler head consists of three major components :
• Nozzle
• Detector: fusible link type/ frangible bulb type
• Water spray pattern deflector

20. Automatic sprinkler system
• Automatic sprinkler systems are integrated fire suppression systems
consisting of a water supply and a network of pipes, sprinkler heads,
and other components to provide automatic fire suppression in areas
of a building.
• This system is the most effective for suppressing a class A fires in
buildings containing ordinary combustible materials ,such as wood
paper and plastic.
• The design and installation of the system are strictly regulated by
insurance companies and in accordance with fire codes.

21. Detectors
Frangible type:
• The frangible bulb type of
detector contains a glass
bulbs partially filled with a
liquid that expands with
temperature.
• At the rated temperature, the
liquid will shatter the bulb
and open the nozzle.
Fusible link type:
• The fusible link type of heat
detector is constructed of a
“eutectic alloy” which melt a
specific temperature rather than
gradually softening.
• When the link temperature
reaches its melting point, the
link is pulled apart by the water
pressure and open nozzle.

22. A fusible link is a fixed-
temperature detector that uses
solder with a known melting point
to separate a spring from the
contact points.
Frangible bulb detectors are
designed to activate when the
glass bulb breaks in response
to heat.
Frangible bulb detectors

23. Type of sprinklers
Wet-pipe system:
• Wet-pipe sprinkler systems
employ automatic sprinklers
attached to a piping system
containing water and connected
to a water supply so that water
discharge immediately from
sprinklers open by fire.
• This type is most reliable and
simple.
• Only those sprinklers which have
been operated by heat over the
fire will discharge water.
Dry-pipe system:
• Dry-pipe sprinklers systems
employ automatic sprinkler
attached to a piping system
containing air or nitrogen.
• Water sprinklers are open by a fire,
the gas is released and the dry
pipe valve is open by the water
pressure. The water then flows in
to the piping system and
discharges only from those
sprinklers which have been open
by heat over the fire.

24. D) Fire extinguisher
• A Fire extinguisher is a device which can be used to
control a fire.
• fire extinguishers can help remove the fire and may stop
it form burning.

25. Things to remember before installation of fire
extinguishers.
• Brass valve chrome plated heavy duty
• BIS approved
• CE certified
• Maintenance should be donor as per IS 2190:2010
• Must check the colour band according to need
• Extinguishers/ equipment's must be according to guidelines given by concerned disaster authority.
Types of fire extinguisher:
• Water extinguisher
• Water mist extinguisher
• Carbon dioxide
• ABC type dry powder
• Dry powder
• Foam based extinguisher
• Wet chemical extinguisher
• Clean agent extinguisher
• Other extinguishers

26. 1) water extinguisher
• Water extinguishers are for class A fires only.
• Extinguished effect: Water extinguishes by absorbing the heat and
so cooling the fire. It has a greater cooling effect when applied as
a fine spray or mist. There is also some smothering effect from
the steam generated by the application of a fine spray or mist.
Sprays may have surfactants added (these reduce surface tension
and assist in forming a uniform distribution) to aid the penetration.
• Water fire extinguishers are used for fires caused by textiles, coal,
wood, cardboard, paper and fabrics.
• Limitations: Do not use on fires involving liquid (oils, paints,
cleaning fluids, etc.) or can not be used on electrical fires.
• The discharge stream could spread the flammable liquid in a class
B fire or could create a shock hazard on a class C fire.
• Water fire extinguishers need to be placed next to the exits on
floors that have been identified as class A fire risks during your
latest first risk assessment.
• Colour band -red
• Easy and no maintenance and service.
• Used in –schools, apartments, theaters, office, textile/wood
industry, warehouses.

27. 2) water mist extinguisher
• These types of fire extinguishers will be solid red and will have
the words ‘water mist’ printed within a white rectangle.
• Dry water mist extinguishers are unique in that they
can combat almost all types of fires, including class F fires
that are usually difficult to attack.
• The extinguisher’s nozzle converts water into ‘dry’ microscopic
particles, which are then drawn into the fire and simultaneously
cool and suffocate it to extinguish the flames.
• They are also effective for fire-fighting because they form a
safety barrier between the user and the fire – which repels
some of the heat – and do not leave hard-to-clean residue
behind.
• Warning: Although they are not currently classified as suitable
for fighting class B (liquids) and C (gases) fires.
• Other types will be better suited for fighting electrical fires, but
dry mist extinguishers have usually had dielectrical tests carried
out on them which means that if they are accidentally used on
electrical fires, they will not pose as significant a hazard as
normal water extinguishers.

28. 3) Carbon dioxide extinguisher
• Carbon dioxide fire extinguishers are the primary
extinguisher used in extinguishing electrical fires.
You will often find CO2 extinguishers in computer
server rooms or areas where a large number of
electrical devices exist.
• The CO2 extinguisher can be used to extinguish
electrical fires and fires involving flammable liquids
such as petrol.
• The carbon dioxide extinguisher should not be used
in the following scenarios:
• Fires involving flammable metals
• Kitchen fires
• Fires involving materials like paper or textiles.
• Colour band –black
• Used in rail yards /ware houses constructions sites, airports,
electrical substation, power sector.

29. Carbon dioxide extinguisher…
Mechanism:
• This type of fire extinguisher works by suffocating the fire with CO2,
causing the oxygen to be displaced and the fire to burn out.
• Carbon dioxide can be used on class B and C fires, They are usually
ineffective on class A fires
• CO2 fire extinguishers should be stored next to the source of the fire
risk and/or by the nearest fire exits.

30. 4) ABC type fire dry powder
• ABC or multi purpose extinguishers comprise of a special
fluidized and a siliconized mono ammonium phosphate
dry chemicals.
• It is use for class A fires and breaks the chain reaction of
class B fires
• Easy and more economical to maintain and service
• Used in homes ,offices, buildings, warehouses, cinema
halls.
• environments containing mixed fire risks. However, there
is a risk of inhalation when using powder extinguishers
indoors. Powder fire extinguishers are therefore not
recommended for use within small rooms, homes and
offices.
• Colour band –blue
• Capacity 1-9 kg

31. 5) Dry powder extinguisher
• Dry chemical powder extinguisher utilize a specially siliconized sodium
bicarbonate. It insulates class B, C fires by forming a cloud and cutting
off the oxygen supply.
• Used in homes, offices, buildings, warehouses, refinery. In addition to
the above, they can also be used on flammable gases, such as Liquid
Petroleum, electrical equipment and flammable liquids, such as petrol.
• Dry Powder fire extinguishers should not be used in the following
scenarios:
• Fires involving electronic equipment over 1000v
• Kitchen fires involving cooking oil
• Fires raging in enclosed spaces.
• Dry Powder fire extinguishers work by separating the fuel of the fire
from the oxygen element or by removing the heating element of the fire
triangle.
• Dry Powder fire extinguishers need to be stored next to the source of
the fire risk.
• Colour band- blue, Capacity- 4kg to 9kg

32. 6) Foam based extinguishers
• Foam fire extinguishers are the most common type of
extinguisher used for Class B fires. Due to the fact that these
fire extinguishers are water-based, they can also be utilized
for Class A fires.
• Much like the water type, Foam fire extinguishers can be
used for fires involving organic materials. These organic
materials include cardboard, paper, fabrics, wood & coal.
• In addition to these organic materials, foam extinguishers
can also be used on flammable liquids including petrol or
paint.
• Foam fire extinguishers should not be used in the following
scenarios:
• Fires involving electronic equipment
• Kitchen fires
• Fires caused flammable metals

33. Foam based extinguishers…
• Foam fire extinguishers work in two ways.
• Firstly, they create a cooling effect on the fuel that is responsible for
causing the fire.
• Secondly, when this extinguisher is used on burning liquids, the
foaming agent inside the extinguisher (Aqueous Film Forming
Foam) creates a barrier between the flames of the fire and the fuel.
This ultimately extinguishes the fire.
• Foam fire extinguishers are required for buildings where flammable
liquids
are stored and held. In addition to this, they are also required in
buildings where organic materials are found. Common buildings that
need foam fire extinguishers are: Schools, Hospitals, Office Buildings,
Apartments, Shops.
• Colour band: creamy yellow

34. 7) Wet Chemical Extinguishers
• The wet chemical fire extinguishers are used for Class F
fires. Class F Fires involve cooking oils and fats.
• Whilst this type of fire extinguisher can be used in Class A
fires, it is recommended that you have a foam or water
extinguisher to tackle a fire that fits into this class.
• The label colour for wet chemical fire extinguishers is
Yellow.
• This type of fire extinguisher is perfect for fires involving
cooking oil or fat.
• The carbon dioxide extinguisher should not be used in the
following scenarios:
• Fires involving flammable liquids or gasses
• Electrical fires
• Fires involving flammable metals

35. Wet Chemical Extinguishers…
Mechanism,
• This type of fire extinguisher works by creating a layer of foam on the
surface of the burning oil or fat that starves the fire of oxygen.
• The chemical that is contained within the extinguisher is potassium and upon
pressing the trigger, the potassium is expelled as a fine mist.
• The potassium reacts with the oil or fact and creates a soapy like film on the
surface of the fire. The spray itself also has a cooling effect that helps to
eliminate the fire.
• Wet Chemical fire extinguishers should be used by business such as:
• Commercial kitchens,
• Restaurants,
• Canteens.

36. 8) Clean agent fire extinguisher
• Clean agent replaces halon1211 as the agent-of-
choice for application where the agent must be clean,
electrically non conductive, environment-friendly,
extremely low in toxicity and exceptional effective.
• Suitable for class A, B and C fires.
• Low global warming potential.
• Low ozone depletion potential.
• Short atmospheric lifetime
• Useful for computer room, laboratories, essential
communication area , server-data room ,tele-
communication, aerospace-warehouse, hospitals-
medical equipments.
• Sensitive expensive equipment.
• Colour band – green.

37. 9) Other fire extinguisher
• It mainly include:
1. Sand bucket
2. Water bucket

39. Examples
 The fiery explosion at the West Pharmaceutical Services plant. The
January 2003 blast and subsequent fire raged at the Kinston, North
Carolina facility, causing six deaths and injury to dozens more.
 The explosion at the Qilu Tianhe Huishi Pharmaceutical Co. facility
in eastern Shandong province was ignited by sparks from a pipe
being welded at the plant,
 In 2015, GlaxoSmithKline had to stop production at a plant in
Tianjin after a series of explosions and a massive fire at a chemical
storage warehouse in the industrial district killed 160 and caused
widespread damage. No one at the GSK plant was injured by the
nearby blast, but the facility was damaged.

40. References
• https://www.ifsta.org/sites/default/files/Chapter14_FICE8.pdf
• https://annamalaiuniversity.ac.in/studport/download/engg/pharm/resou
rces/MPHARM_QA_1Y_2S_201T_Hazards&Safety.pdf
• https://www.slideshare.net/AnkitaGorhe/fire-protection-system-
131126474
• https://fire.nv.gov/uploadedfiles/firenvgov/content/bureaus/FST/4-ifipp-
PSsm.pdf