This document provides an overview of electronics engineering applications in building safety and security systems. It discusses fire detection and alarm systems, including relevant laws/standards, fire alarm signals, types of fire alarm systems, and system components like detectors, notification devices, and control panels. It also covers security camera systems, including CCTV fundamentals like cameras, lenses, transmission methods, recording devices, and IP camera anatomy. The document concludes with considerations for detector installation and a discussion of future surveillance trends focused on mobility, storage, security, connectivity and more.

1. Application of Electronics
Engineering in the Building
Safety and Security
Jed G. Concepcion

2. PART I:
Fire Detection and Alarm System

3. LAWS AND REGULATION / STANDARDS
• Philippine Electrical Code
• Philippine Electronics Code - Safety
• National Building Code of the Philippines
• Revised Fire Code of the Philippines of 2008
• National Fire Protection Association (America)
NFPA 72: National Fire Alarm and Signaling Code
NFPA 70: National Electrical Code

5. Fire Alarm Signals
Alarm - A signal indicating an emergency that requires immediate
action, such as a signal indicative of a fire.
1. Automatic water flow device
2. Manual fire alarm station (pull station)
3. Automatic fire detectors (smoke or heat detectors)
Supervisory – A signal indicating the need for action in connection with
the supervision of guard tours, the fire suppression systems or
equipment, or the maintenance features of related systems.
1. Control valve switch
2. High/low air pressure switch
3. Water tank level and temperature switches
4. Low water pressure for public water supplies
5. Low building temperature switch
6. Alarm line valve position

6. Types of Fire Alarm Systems
Conventional
Conventional fire alarm systems are comprised of initiating and
notification zones. The number of initiating zones (initiating device
circuits) defines how large the system can be. The zones are generally a
specific function (pull station, water flow switch, etc.) or cover a
geographical area for smoke and heat detection. Most conventional zones
use a two-wire system with an end of line resistor for supervision.
Addressable
Addressable fire alarm systems assign each initiating device a discrete
and unique identification (address). In addition to the address, the panel
will usually have the ability to have a tag to further identify the address
(i.e. Address 1, Front Lobby, back door, hallway, etc). Some addressable
systems consider each point as a separate zone. Addressable devices are
similar to conventional devices in that they are either in alarm or in a
normal condition.

7. Circuit / Loop
A circuit comprises an unbroken path (usually a pair of wires) along
which an electric current exists or is intended or able to flow. In
fire alarm terms this generally means the wiring connecting one
or more detectors to the fire panel.
Zone
A zone is a group of one or more detectors, grouped by their
common location or in the case of a collective circuit all of the
detectors on that circuit. Another way to describe a zone is one
of the following;
1. one or more detectors on an single collective circuit or;
2. one or more detectors, in a common location, defined in
software on an addressable circuit.
Standards also limit the number of detectors a zone may comprise.

10. Circuit Types
Fire alarm circuits are wired either Class A or Class B and both have
advantages and disadvantages.
The Class A circuit utilizes a pair of wires to attach to all of the devices and
then a pair returns back to the panel. If a break occurs anywhere in the
circuit, every device is still active due to the redundant circuit paths. There
are four wires, two supplying power to the front of the circuit and two
supplying power from the end of the circuit.

11. CLASS B
The most common installation is Class B utilizing two wires that
connect to each device and an end-of-line resistor for wiring
supervision. Unlike Class A circuits, Class B circuits will not fully
operate when a wire break occurs. Every device down stream of the
break will be unavailable until the wire problem is corrected. The
panel will, however indicate a trouble signal

12. Typical System component
Initiating Device
1. Smoke Detector
2. Heat Detector
3. Gas Detector
4. Beam Detector
5. Flame (UV) Detector
6. Manual Station
Notification Devices
1. Sounder / Bell
2. Strobe light

13. Smoke Detector
Two basic types of smoke detectors are used today:
• ionization smoke detector and
• Photoelectric smoke detector.
1. Ionization Detector operation
- Ionisation smoke detectors use a weak radioactive source
(Americium 241) to ionise the air between two electrodes, creating
positive and negative ions and so allowing a small current to flow
across the chamber. Smoke particles attract these ionised
particles, and allow positive and negative ions to recombine, thus
reducing the number of ions and hence the current flow.
Environmental regulations concerning the radioactive source used
in ion detectors means that they are now becoming obsolete, and
most major manufacturers are no longer including ionisation
detectors in new ranges.

15. 2. Photoelectric Smoke Detector
Smoke produced by a fire affects the intensity of a light beam
passing through air. The smoke can block or obscure the
beam. It can also cause the light to scatter due to reflection
off the smoke particles. Photoelectric smoke detectors are
designed to sense smoke by utilizing these effects of smoke
on light.

17. Design Consideration: Where Not To Place Smoke Detectors
• Excessively Dusty or Dirty Areas
• Outdoors
• Wet or Excessively Humid Areas
• Elevator Lobbies
• Extreme Temperatures
• Areas with Combustion Particles
• Manufacturing Areas
• Fluorescent Light Fixtures
Avoid placement near fluorescent light fixtures. Electrical noise
generated by fluorescent light fixtures may cause unwanted alarms.
Install detectors at least 1 ft (0.3 m) away from such light fixtures.

18. Beam (D) less that 8 in. consider flat ceiling

21. HEAT DETECTOR
Heat detectors are normally used in
environments where a smoke detector might
generate false alarms, for example kitchens
or shower rooms.
1. Rate of Rise heat detectors (thermistor)
will alarm if the temperature rises very
quickly, or if the temperature reaches a set
threshold. This type of detector would be the
first choice in an environment where a
smoke detector could not be used.
2. Fixed temperature detectors give an
alarm once the temperature has reached a
preset threshold. Fixed temperature
detectors operate when the heat
sensitive eutectic alloy reaches the eutectic
point changing state from a solid to a liquid.

28. OPTICAL BEAM DETECTOR
Optical beam detectors work on
the principle of projecting a
beam of light across a room,
which is attenuated when
smoke is present thus allowing
an alarm to be given There are
two forms of beam detector:
emitter and receiver separate
(single path), requiring separate
wiring both to the emitter and
receiver, and reflective in which
the emitter and receiver are
mounted in the same box, and
the beam is shone onto a
reflective material at the far side
of the room (dual path).

31. CO (Carbon Monoxide) DETECTOR
These generally use an electro-
chemical sensor to detect carbon
monoxide given off by incomplete
combustion. They provide reliable
detection of incipient fires whilst giving
good assurance against nuisance
alarms. However the chemical cells
used in these detectors have a limited
lifespan, and they cannot detect fast
burning fires due to the low CO levels
produced.
Usually installed at the kitchen or
cooking area.

32. FLAME (UV) DETECTOR
 Sensitive Ultraviolet sensor that
detects the UV rays produced by a
flame
 Not effected by sunlight
 Dust/corrosion/humidity resistant
 Standard calibration set to detect a
3cm flame at 6m
 Effective range 12m
 Stable and reliable performance

33. Manual Call Points
A Break Glass Call Point is a device which
enables personnel to raise the alarm by
breaking the frangible element on the facia.
They should be mounted 1.4m from the
floor and sited where they can be easily
seen.
Manual Call Points should be sited on the
floor landings 4 of stairways and at exits to
open air. Where necessary, extra points
should be sited so that the greatest travel
distance from any point in the building to
the nearest call point does not exceed 30m.
A greater number of Call Points may be
needed in high risk areas or if the occupants
are likely to be slow in movement.

35. Sounders / Bell
An Alarm Sounder may be a bell
or electronic sounder and it must
be audible throughout the
building.
A minimum sound level of either
65db(A) or 5db(A) above any
background noise likely to persist
for longer than 30 seconds, which
ever is the greater, should be
produced by the sounders at any
point in the building. It is unlikely
that more than 65DB will be
available if the sound has to carry
through more than one door.

36. Fire Alarm
Control Panel
A Fire Alarm Control Panel (FACP), is the controlling
component of a Fire Alarm System. The panel receives
information from environmental sensors designed to detect
changes associated with fire, monitors their operational integrity
and provides for automatic control of equipment, and
transmission of information necessary to prepare the facility for
fire based on a predetermined sequence. The panel may also
supply electrical energy to operate any associated sensor,
control, transmitter, or relay.

37. Design Consideration

42. What are the consideration in Detector’s
Installation?
(Do’s and Don’ts)

43. Do:
• Do verify that 2-wire or addressable smoke detectors have been tested and UL
listed for compatibility with the equipment to which they are connected. If necessary,
contact the manufacturer for this information.
• Do locate any end-of-line devices electrically at the end of the circuit, beyond all
initiating devices (not at the control unit, except in a Class A installation). On Class A
loops, the end-of-line device is built into the panel circuit. An end-of-line device must
not be used.
• Do use caution when utilizing 2-wire detectors with integral relays, because they
may require more power than the initiating device circuit can supply. This could result
in the inability of the relay to control auxiliary equipment to which it is connected.
• Do follow the manufacturer’s installation instructions to assure proper
communication between the smoke detector and the control panel when using
wireless detectors. Testing following a fire alarm system installation or the addition to
an existing system shall confirm the intended sequence of operation under the most
stringent conditions.
• Do observe polarity when required.
• Do protect detectors against contamination during construction or renovation.
• Do follow the manufacturer’s installation instructions carefully.

44. Don’t:
• Don’t T-tap smoke detectors or circuit conductors, except when
specifically permitted by the manufacturer as part of an
intelligent/addressable system.
• Don’t loop uncut installation conductors around screw
terminations.
• Don’t exceed the maximum resistance permitted for the initiating
device system.
• Don’t exceed the allowable number of detectors specified by the
equipment manufacturer on any system.
Note: Longer than allowed initiating device circuits or Signaling
Line Circuit loops may cause a malfunction of the detectors/or the
system even though the prescribed number of detectors has not
been exceeded.

45. Part II: Security System
CCTV Camera
(Fundamentals)

46. What is this?

47. What is CCTV?
Closed Circuit Television,
commonly known as CCTV, is
an interesting area of television
technology.
It is usually used in surveillance
systems, but a lot of
components and concepts can
be implemented in an industrial
production monitoring system,
or, equally, in a hospital or
university environment.

48. How CCTV systems are used
Public and private CCTV schemes can be
deployed for a
number of reasons:
• Monitoring public areas to detect
incidents and to coordinate police
responses. CCTV is also used as an aid
for enforcing exclusion orders (where an
offender is barred from an area).
• Recording events for use as evidence
and to inform investigations. For instance,
on the boundaries of the Parliamentary
estate, police on patrol alert CCTV
operators of incidents via radio links.
CCTV operators then record incidents as
they unfold.
• Directed surveillance of suspected
offenders.
• Deterrence of criminal activity – although
the evidence for this is inconclusive.

49. Components – Cameras
Pre-Y2K
1970’s technology were tube based (Vidicon)
1980’s IC Technology brings 1” Charge Coupling Device (CCD)
Large and generally 120vAC only
Generally Black and White. Color was very expensive
Low levels of resolution.
Post-Y2K
Current CCD technology is ¼”
Higher level of resolution.
Day/Night Cameras that switch between color and black/white.
More analytical features at the camera level.
Wide range of sizes/feature/benefits. (small pinhole to dome/PTZ)

50. SELECTING THE RIGHT CAMERAS
• NIGHT VISION Some cameras come with IR (infra-red) Illuminators
that emit a bright light during the night that is not visible to the human
eye. Cameras with IR will allow you to see in complete darkness.
• INTERNAL / EXTERNAL Depending on where you are going to place
your camera either indoors protected from the elements or outside will
determine whether you need an internal or external camera. Internal
cameras usually are contained within a plastic housing where as an
external camera is housed in a weather resistant aluminum casing.
• PTZ (PAN TILT ZOOM) Some cameras have PTZ functionality that
allows you to control moving the camera left to right (pan) up and down
(tilt) and to zoom in closer. These cameras usually come with a controller
pad that allows you to control the camera movements using a joystick or
the camera can be connect to a PTZ compatible DVR where the camera
can be controlled using a standard computer mouse.
• TVL (TELEVISION LINES) TVL is similar to resolution where it
depicts how much detail the camera can produce. The more TVL the
better.

51. Pan-Tilt-Zoom
Pan-Tilt-Zoom Cameras also known as PTZ cameras are
excellent devices to use when you want to 'look around' your
surveillance area.
PTZ cameras allow you to pan an entire room, tilt up and
down and zoom in on anything or anybody within the sight of
the lens.
PTZ cameras can be set to automatic or manual mode or
both. In automatic mode, hundreds of points can be set for
the camera to look at. The duration that the camera looks at
a given set point can be adjusted from less than a second to
as long as you would like.

52. Components – Lenses
SELECTING THE RIGHT CAMERA LENS
A security camera lens size determines the field of surveillance view that
the camera provides. Our fixed security camera lenses range from 2.8mm to
16mm. The larger the size of the lens, the more narrow and zoomed in the
field of view is. Most of our fixed lens cameras come standard with a
3.6mm or 6mm lens. A 3.6mm lens is designed to provide an approximate
72 degree field of view. If you need precise adjustment to the angle and
field of view for your application, a vari-focal lens camera is recommended
so that you can adjust the lens to the exact view that you need.
Sizing the lens for an application:
• Manual Iris – fixed setting for constant light levels.
• Auto-Iris – the aperture automatically adjusts as light
levels change.
• Focal Length – the size of the lens (2.8 – 60mm)

53. Components – Transmission
RG-59/U Coax cable – traditional method
• Baluns can be used to convert video signal to TCP/IP, so that older existing
cableplants (RG6/RG59) can be used in today Ethernet environment.
• Large Multi-Conductor Phone cable (with Baluns)
• Category 5/5E/6 Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)
Utilize Existing Cable Network – LAN
Less space in conduit trays.
• Fiber Optic Cable:
Longer runs - over 500 ft
Immune to strong EMI/RFI signals
Large amount of bandwidth
• RF Wireless Systems:
Cable installation is too difficult
Clear line of sight is needed – for transmitter and receivers
FCC license may be required (Factors- distance, frequency and population)

55. A Digital Video Recorder (DVR) is the recording device
which stores all the images onto internal Hard Drives for
up to 16 CCTV cameras and view all 16 on a display.
Recordings can be played back from all the cameras or
one at a time. A user can go back to any time in the
recording and playback a recording in a matter of
seconds.
NVR (Network Video Recorder), a NVR is not limited to be in the same
area as your cameras cabling to one section. The unit can be placed virtually
anywhere, it simply just needs to be on the same LAN network as the IP
based cameras. In terms, a network video recorder are distinct from digital
video recorders as their input is assigned on a network rather than a direct
connection to a video capture card. Video on a DVR is encoded and
processed at the DVR, while video on an NVR is encoded and processed at
the camera, then streamed to the NVR for storage or remote viewing.
DVR vs. NVR

56. Typical Analog Camera

58. IP CCTV System

59. Anatomy of a Typical IP Camera

60. Future of Video Surveillance
1. Mobility
2. Storage capability
3. Security
4. Connectivity
5. Blind Spot
6. Control Features
7. Cost Efficient
8. Adaptability
9. Quality Standard

61. THE END
THANK YOU