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Neurocysticercosis is caused by the pork tapeworm Taenia solium and results in cysts forming in the brain. A woman presented with speech problems, facial twitching, and temperature differences between her hands, which were symptoms of a tapeworm cyst in her brain. The tapeworm lives in the intestines and releases eggs that can infect pigs. If humans eat undercooked pork or contaminated food or water, the parasite's larvae are ingested and can develop into cysts in the brain and muscles. Treatment involves anti-inflammatory and anti-parasitic drugs to kill the parasite, and sometimes surgery. Preventative measures include thoroughly washing and cooking food when traveling in endemic areas. Neurocysticercosis is
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Importance of differentiating infected and vaccinated animals (DIVA) in outbr...
Poster prepared by Johanna Lindahl, Izabela Ragan, Rachel Palinksi, Bernard Bett, William Wilson and Raymond Rowland for the 4th Medical and Veterinary Virology Research Symposium, Nairobi, Kenya, 15-16 October 2015.
Jenner And Smallpox
The document discusses the deadly smallpox disease in the 18th century and Edward Jenner's pioneering work developing the smallpox vaccine. It describes how Jenner observed that milkmaids who had previously contracted cowpox did not get smallpox, leading him to test the theory that cowpox protected against smallpox. In 1796, Jenner conducted an experiment where he took cowpox matter from a milkmaid and inoculated an 8-year-old boy, who was later exposed to smallpox but did not become ill, demonstrating the effectiveness of vaccination. Though initially met with some skepticism, vaccination was widely adopted and led to the eradication of smallpox by 1980.
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Rabies is a viral disease transmitted through the saliva of infected animals. Louis Pasteur's research in the 1880s identified the rabies virus and led to the development of the first vaccines using weakened forms of the virus. The first person successfully treated for rabies infection was a 9-year old boy in 1885. In the US, wildlife like raccoons, bats and skunks are common carriers and transmission can be prevented through vaccination after exposure. While rare in the US, rabies remains a serious threat globally with over 55,000 deaths per year.
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Ebola virus disease is a severe and often fatal illness that causes hemorrhaging. Outbreaks primarily occur in central and west Africa near rainforests, with case fatality rates up to 90%. The natural reservoir of the Ebola virus is unknown but believed to be bats. People become infected through contact with infected wildlife or other humans. No licensed vaccine exists but several experimental vaccines are in development. Treatment focuses on rehydration and symptom management as there is no specific treatment.
Mosquitos and the Diseases they Carry
Mosquitoes can transmit diseases like West Nile virus, eastern equine encephalitis, and malaria. There are 63 mosquito species in Ohio, with females laying eggs on standing water that hatch into larvae. Larvae mature into adult mosquitoes that can fly up to 10 miles per day. To prevent disease transmission, individuals should eliminate standing water sources near their home, use insect repellent and protective clothing, and seek medical care if experiencing symptoms like fever and headache after being bitten in an endemic area. Mosquito control involves removing breeding habitats, applying larvicides to water sources, and in some cases, area spraying of adulticides.
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Importance of differentiating infected and vaccinated animals (DIVA) in outbr...
Poster prepared by Johanna Lindahl, Izabela Ragan, Rachel Palinksi, Bernard Bett, William Wilson and Raymond Rowland for the 4th Medical and Veterinary Virology Research Symposium, Nairobi, Kenya, 15-16 October 2015.
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Endolimax nana
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This document provides information on various arboviruses (arthropod-borne viruses transmitted by insects), including their classification, epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment. It describes key arboviruses found in India such as chikungunya, Japanese encephalitis and zika viruses. For chikungunya, it outlines the virus structure, transmission cycle, clinical stages, genotypes and laboratory diagnosis. It also provides details on Japanese encephalitis virus transmission patterns, vaccines used for prevention, and yellow fever virus geographical distribution and vaccination.
Marek's disease in poultry
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Rabies is a fatal viral disease transmitted through the bites of infected animals. It is caused by a rhabdovirus called rabies virus. The virus is sensitive to common chemicals like ethanol, iodine, and soap. Rabies has an incubation period that can range from a few days to over a year depending on the site and severity of the bite. Once symptoms develop, rabies is nearly always fatal. Post-exposure prophylaxis including wound cleaning and rabies vaccination is the only effective prevention and treatment after a potential rabies exposure. Asia has the highest number of reported rabies cases each year, with over 30,000 deaths annually in India and surrounding countries.
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This document summarizes the life cycle, diseases, epidemiology, and preventative measures regarding Toxocara canis infection in humans. T. canis is a roundworm parasite that primarily infects dogs. Humans can become infected through ingestion of T. canis eggs from contaminated food, water, or soil. The larvae then migrate through tissues, potentially causing visceral larva migrans or ocular larva migrans. Preventative measures include deworming dogs regularly, controlling stray dog populations, practicing good hygiene, and avoiding consumption of potentially contaminated foods or soils.
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Mosquitoes of Georgia document summarizes the life cycle and habitats of mosquitoes found in the state. It describes the four life stages - egg, larva, pupa, and adult. Eggs can be laid singly or in rafts and can remain viable for years. Larvae develop through four instars and breathe air but also absorb oxygen through their skin. Pupae do not feed and emerge after 1-2 days. Adults mate and females require blood meals for egg development. The document outlines various larval habitats including permanent water, floodwater, containers, and specialized habitats. It provides examples of common Georgia mosquito species and those that vector diseases like malaria, La Crosse virus, and West Nile
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This document summarizes different poxviruses, including orthopox viruses like variola, vaccinia, and monkeypox. It discusses the taxonomy of poxviruses, noting the Chordopoxvirinae and Entomopoxvirinae subfamilies. Key details are provided on variola virus and smallpox, including its global eradication in 1980. Vaccinia virus is described as an artificial virus used for vaccine development. The morphology, properties, antigenic structure, cultivation in cell lines and animals, and laboratory diagnosis of poxviruses are summarized. Specific poxviruses affecting animals like buffalopox, cowpox, orf virus, and tanapox are also outlined
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This document discusses leptospirosis, an infectious disease caused by bacteria of the genus Leptospira. It can be transmitted through contact with infected soil or water contaminated by the urine of infected animals like rats. Symptoms take 2-26 days to appear and include fever, headache, muscle pain, and sometimes jaundice or liver/kidney damage. Treatment involves antibiotics like penicillin or doxycycline. Risk factors include occupations involving contact with animals/water and recreational activities in warm, wet areas.
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Lassa fever is caused by the Lassa virus and is spread chiefly from rodents to humans. It was first discovered in Nigeria and is highly prevalent in West African countries, where an estimated 300-500,000 cases and 5,000 deaths occur annually. Symptoms include fever, headache, muscle pain and bleeding. Transmission occurs through contact with infected rodent excreta or bodily fluids or inhalation of aerosolized viruses. Prevention focuses on eliminating rodents and maintaining clean households and personal hygiene. While there is no cure, early diagnosis and treatment can reduce mortality.
microbiology ( smallpox )
Smallpox is caused by the variola virus and is highly contagious. It presents with a rash that develops into raised, fluid-filled bumps on the face and body. The last naturally occurring case was in 1977. There are two strains - variola minor which has a 1% death rate and is milder, and variola major which is more lethal with a 20-40% fatality rate. It is transmitted through air droplets or contact with contaminated objects. The smallpox vaccine provided immunity for 3-5 years and had a 95% effectiveness when widely used to eradicate the disease. Current research focuses on vaccines, antiviral drugs, diagnostic tests, and developing animal models.
RABIES (RHABDOVIRUS)
Rabies is a fatal viral disease spread to humans through infected animal bites. It is endemic in India and most human deaths occur in Asia and Africa, with over 55,000 deaths annually. Rabies virus infects the central nervous system and causes acute encephalitis. Early symptoms are non-specific but as the virus spreads to the brain, symptoms become severe and include hyperactivity, hallucinations, fear of water, and paralysis. There is no cure once symptoms appear, almost always resulting in death. Diagnosis is based on clinical signs and confirmed via laboratory tests on brain tissue detecting the virus or Negri bodies. Prevention focuses on post-exposure vaccination and avoiding contact with wild animals.
Arboviruses: Definition and Classification
This document discusses arboviruses, which are viruses transmitted by arthropods like mosquitoes and ticks. It defines arboviruses and provides their classification. The major families of arboviruses are Togaviridae, Flaviviridae, Bunyaviridae, Reoviridae, and Arenaviridae. Some important arboviruses and the diseases they cause include dengue, yellow fever, Japanese encephalitis, West Nile virus and chikungunya. Diagnosis involves virus isolation, antigen detection, genome detection and serology. Major vectors are mosquitoes and ticks.
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The document is a project report on the Ebola virus submitted for a school examination. It includes an introduction that describes the origins and risks of Ebola, noting that it is caused by one of five virus strains found in several African countries with no known cure or vaccine. It then provides sections on the current West Africa outbreak which began in 2013, how Ebola is transmitted through contact with bodily fluids, the WHO response which includes surveillance and support for affected countries, current statistics on the outbreak from WHO, symptoms and current treatment approaches, and prevention methods such as proper hygiene practices.
Ebola virus
The document discusses Ebola virus, including its outbreak history, reservoir, transmission, clinical observations, subtypes, and molecular structure. It notes that Ebola was first identified in 1976 in Sudan and Zaire. Fruit bats are believed to be the natural reservoir for the virus. Transmission occurs through contact with body fluids. Symptoms include fever, vomiting, and hemorrhaging. There are four identified subtypes. The virus has a filamentous shape and contains a single-stranded RNA genome.
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Taenia saginata
This document summarizes Taenia saginata, the beef tapeworm. It describes the parasite's taxonomy, life cycle, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and prevention. T. saginata has a life cycle involving cattle as the intermediate host and humans as the definitive host. Humans can become infected by consuming undercooked beef containing the parasite's larval cysticerci stage. The adult worms live in the human small intestine where they can cause abdominal symptoms but often no symptoms. Diagnosis involves finding the parasite's eggs or proglottids in a fecal sample. Treatment involves praziquantel or niclosamide. Thorough cooking of beef can prevent infection.
Idamoeba butschlii and e. nana
This document discusses the characteristics of Iodamoeba bütschlii, a common intestinal amoeba. When stained, I. bütschlii trophozoites are diagnostic as they have a nucleus with a large central karyosome and little peripheral chromatin. Stained cysts are also diagnostic, showing 4 nuclei with large karyosomes and no peripheral chromatin. I. bütschlii is commonly found at similar frequencies to Entamoeba coli and generally colonizes the colon.
Endolimax nana
La Endolimax nana es un parásito comensal que vive en el intestino humano. Generalmente no causa daño pero en ocasiones puede provocar diarreas crónicas. Se transmite a través del agua o alimentos contaminados con quistes del parásito. Para prevenir la infección es importante lavarse las manos y hervir el agua. El tratamiento consiste en la administración de metronidazol.
Beta & gamma herpesvirinae
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a betaherpesvirus with an enveloped, icosahedral virion containing a linear double-stranded DNA genome between 140-240 kb. It establishes lifelong latent infection in humans following primary infection, which is usually asymptomatic but can cause mononucleosis. CMV is a major cause of birth defects if acquired during pregnancy and disease in immunocompromised individuals. Treatment involves antiviral drugs like ganciclovir, while control relies on screening of blood/organ donors, as there is no vaccine.
Amebiasis
La amibiasis es causada por la infección del intestino grueso por Entamoeba histolytica. La mayoría de los casos son asintomáticos, pero puede causar úlceras en el intestino o localizaciones extraintestinales como el hígado. El diagnóstico se realiza mediante pruebas coprológicas para observar trofozoítos o quistes de E. histolytica. El tratamiento principal es el metronidazol, aunque existen otras drogas efectivas. La prevención incluye medidas de higiene personal, tratamiento
Toxoplasma
Toxoplasma gondii is a protozoan parasite that infects humans and other warm-blooded animals. It has a complex life cycle involving cats as the definitive host and intermediate hosts such as humans, cattle, birds and rodents. T. gondii infects the intestinal epithelium and muscle tissue and spreads via the bloodstream. While most infections are asymptomatic, it can cause flu-like symptoms in healthy individuals and severe eye and brain infections in immunocompromised people. Diagnosis involves serological tests and treatment consists of antibiotics. Control measures include proper hygiene and sanitation to prevent exposure from cat feces.
Taenia saginata
Taenia saginata is a tapeworm species that infects cattle and humans. Its eggs are 30-35 micrometers in size, radially striated, and contain an oncosphere with 6 refractile hooks. Adult T. saginata can grow up to 10 meters long, have a scolex with 4 suckers but lack a rostellum or hooks. The larval stage infects cattle and is called Cysticercus bovis. Diagnosis involves finding eggs in feces or intact gravid proglotids using direct smear, brine flotation, or cellophane tape techniques while an acid fast stain distinguishes T. saginata eggs which test positive.
Toxoplasma gondii
Toxoplasma gondii es una especie de protozoo parásito causante de la toxoplasmosis.
Enfermedad causada por protozoos que se presenta en diversos mamíferos, aves y reptiles y puede contagiarse al ser humano por contacto con animales afectados, especialmente gatos, o por el consumo de verduras contaminadas con las deyecciones de estos.
Este mal puede afectar a mujeres embarazadas y causar daños neurológicos y de otro tipo en el feto; es contagiada principalmente por un parásito hospedado en los gatos o en la carne cruda contaminada.
Toxoplasma
This document provides information on Toxoplasma gondii, a protozoan parasite that can infect humans and cause the disease toxoplasmosis. It discusses the introduction, taxonomy, structure/morphology, life cycle, epidemiology/transmission, clinical significance/pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of T. gondii. Key points include that T. gondii has three stages in its life cycle (tachyzoite, bradyzoite, sporozoite), cats are the definitive host, and infection is often asymptomatic but can cause severe disease in immunocompromised or congenitally infected individuals. Diagnosis involves serologic tests or direct detection of the parasite, and treatment focuses on drugs that target
The protozoans
This document provides an overview of protozoans, including their taxonomic classification and the characteristics of important pathogenic species. It discusses amebas like Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba coli, as well as free-living amebas like Acanthamoeba and Naegleria fowleri. It also covers flagellates such as Trichomonas vaginalis and Giardia lamblia. The hemoflagellates Leishmania, Trypanosoma cruzi, and the plasmodia that cause malaria are described. For each pathogen, its infective stage, diagnostic specimens, transmission route, and diseases caused are summarized. Images of various life cycle
Toxoplasma gondii
Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite with three morphological forms - tachyzoite, bradyzoite, and oocyst. It can infect humans through undercooked meat, contact with cat feces, or mother-to-child transmission. Clinical manifestations depend on immune status. Diagnosis involves serology, PCR, and imaging. Treatment includes pyrimethamine/sulfadiazine for congenital or AIDS-related toxoplasmosis. Prevention involves hygienic meat handling and contact with cats.
Taenia saginata
Los platelmintos o gusanos planos son parásitos que incluyen las duelas. Carecen de sistema digestivo y vasculares y están divididos en segmentos o proglótides que poseen órganos reproductores de ambos sexos. La mayoría son hermafroditas y se fijan a los huéspedes mediante ventosas u ganchos. Tienen ciclos de vida complejos que involucran múltiples huéspedes.
Toxoplasmosis in pregnancy
This document discusses toxoplasmosis in pregnancy. It defines toxoplasmosis as a disease caused by the obligate intracellular parasite T. gondii. The prevalence of toxoplasmosis varies by country from 25% to 75% depending on factors like age, eating habits, and exposure. Acute infection during pregnancy can complicate 1-5‰ of pregnancies and poses risks to the fetus. Screening practices for toxoplasmosis in pregnancy vary between countries depending on cost and benefit considerations. Treatment aims to prevent localization of the parasite in the placenta and modification of neonatal infection.
Toxoplasmosis
El documento describe la historia del descubrimiento y estudio de la toxoplasmosis y el parásito Toxoplasma gondii. Se vinculó a los microorganismos con las enfermedades en 1908 cuando Nicolle y Manceaux descubrieron y nombraron T. gondii en un roedor africano. Desde entonces, investigadores han estudiado la epidemiología, patología, diagnóstico y transmisión de la toxoplasmosis, una enfermedad causada por este parásito intracelular que afecta a humanos y otros animales en todo
Cestodes - Hymenolepis nana - Taenia solium - Taenia saginata - Echinococcus ...
This document discusses cestodes (tapeworms) and provides information on their morphology, life cycles, and diseases they cause in humans. It describes the general characteristics of cestodes, including their segmented, tape-like shape and lack of digestive system. It separates cestodes into two main groups - pseudophyllidean and cyclophyllidean - and provides differences between them. Specific tapeworms discussed include Diphyllobothrium latum, Taenia solium, Taenia saginata, and Echinococcus granulosus. The larval forms and life cycles of these tapeworms are described, as well as the diseases they can cause, such as cysticercosis and hydat
Toxoplasmosis
La toxoplasmosis es una enfermedad causada por el parásito Toxoplasma gondii. Puede ser aguda o crónica, y sintomática o asintomática. El parásito tiene tres formas de vida y su huésped definitivo es el gato. No existe un tratamiento totalmente efectivo, aunque combinaciones de sulfonamidas y pirimetamina han mostrado mejoría. Estudios han demostrado que extractos de cúrcuma y oleuropeína de Fraxinus pueden atenuar el parásito. El procesamiento de alta presión
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Cestodes - Hymenolepis nana - Taenia solium - Taenia saginata - Echinococcus ...
Cestodes - Hymenolepis nana - Taenia solium - Taenia saginata - Echinococcus ...
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common nematode pathogens.pptx
Nematodes are invertebrate roundworms that inhabit marine, freshwater, and terrestrial environments. They comprise the phylum Nematoda (or Nemata) which includes parasites of plants and of animals, including humans, as well as species that feed on bacteria, fungi, algae, and on other nematodes. Four out of every five multicellular animals on the planet are nematodes (Platt, 1994). Cobb (1914) calculated that if the nematodes resident in a single acre of soil near San Antonio, Texas, USA, were to proceed in head-to-tail procession to Washington D.C., some 2000 miles away, the first nematode would reach Washington before the rear of the procession left San Antonio!
Ghost Worms in the Sky
Lyrics: Kathy Merrifield
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The majority of nematodes are microscopic, averaging less than a millimeter in length, but some of the animal parasites are quite large and readily visible to the naked eye. The animal and plant parasites are of direct importance in agriculture, the environment, and in human health; however, most nematodes in the environment are not parasites. Nematodes that feed on other organisms are important participants in the cycling of minerals and nutrients in the ecosystem that is fundamental to other biological activity. Some of these nematodes may have major roles in decomposition, including biodegradation of toxic compounds. In fact, the incidence of certain nematode species is sometimes used as an indicator of environmental quality. Insect-parasitic nematodes can be of importance in regulating insect populations, and are being used in the biological control of insect pests.
The developmental biology of one nematode species, Caenorhabditis elegans, is better characterized than that of any other multicellular organism. C. elegans is studied as a model system in molecular and developmental biology, and is providing insights into many other areas of biology and medicine.
Echinococcus+hydatid
A 31-year-old man presented with diarrhea, fatigue, fever and chest lesions. Imaging showed multiple lung cysts. Tests found eosinophilia but were negative for amoebas or infection. The cysts are likely caused by Echinococcus granulosus tapeworm infection transmitted through ingestion of eggs from dog feces. Surgical removal and anthelmintic treatment are recommended.
Parasitology helmith 2011
This document provides an overview of clinical parasitology and classifications of human parasites. It discusses nematodes (roundworms), cestodes (tapeworms), trematodes (flukes), and protozoa. For nematodes, it describes key intestinal roundworms like Ascaris lumbricoides and Enterobius vermicularis, as well as tissue/blood nematodes such as filarial worms. It also discusses cestodes like Taenia solium and Diphyllobothrium latum, and provides brief summaries of parasites' life cycles, symptoms, and treatments.
Ancylostoma duodenale
1) Hookworms are blood-feeding nematodes that infect around 900 million people worldwide, principally by the species Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus.
2) A. duodenale is associated with miners due to humid conditions in mines being suitable for egg and larval development. It was known to cause severe anemia in miners.
3) The life cycle involves eggs passing in feces and hatching as larvae that penetrate skin, are carried by blood to lungs, then swallowed and mature as adults in small intestine where they feed on blood, potentially causing iron-deficiency anemia.
Cysticercosis important
1. Taeniasis is caused by the Taenia solium tapeworm which is contracted by eating undercooked pork containing the parasite's larvae. The larvae attach to the small intestine and mature into an adult tapeworm over 2 months.
2. Transmission occurs through the fecal-oral route by ingesting T. solium eggs from contaminated food, water or surfaces. Improper hygiene and disposal of human feces allows for transmission between humans and pigs.
3. Most infections are asymptomatic but some people experience abdominal discomfort. Visible passing of tapeworm segments in stool may occur. Untreated infections can lead to cysticercosis if eggs are ingested, causing seizures and neurological symptoms.
Arthropods
This document discusses arthropods of medical importance. It describes key characteristics of arthropod classes including Crustacea, Arachnida, and Insecta. Specific orders discussed in detail are scorpions, spiders, ticks/mites, and insects such as mosquitoes, flies, lice, and cockroaches. Many of these arthropods transmit diseases like malaria, dengue, Japanese encephalitis, and leishmaniasis. The document outlines symptoms, transmission cycles, prevention, and control methods for arthropod-borne illnesses.
Cryptosporidiosis
Cryptosporidiosis is a significant diarrheal disease caused by the Cryptosporidium parasite that can survive in water and transmit easily, posing a major public health threat. While the intestine is primarily affected, clinical presentation can vary depending on the host and parasite. Major at-risk groups include immunocompetent individuals in developed countries, children in developing countries, and immunocompromised individuals such as AIDS patients.
Unit 3 health and illness
This document discusses health, illness, and advances in medicine. It describes how diseases can be infectious, caused by pathogens like bacteria and viruses, or non-infectious, not caused by organisms. Infectious diseases like tetanus, salmonellosis, and colds are transmitted through the nose, mouth or mosquito bites. Non-infectious diseases include allergies, asthma, cancer, and diabetes. The document provides tips for staying healthy such as eating nutritious meals, getting exercise, sleeping, hygiene, and prevention. It also outlines some major advances in medicine including vaccines, antibiotics, x-rays, scans, and new surgical techniques.
trichenella spiralis
The document summarizes Trichinella spiralis, a parasitic roundworm that can infect humans and cause trichinosis. Key points:
- T. spiralis has a complex life cycle involving an intestinal phase in hosts and an encapsulated muscle phase that can persist for decades.
- Common symptoms in humans include nausea, vomiting, fever and muscle pain as the larvae migrate and cysts form in muscles.
- Transmission occurs through ingesting undercooked meat from infected pigs and other reservoir hosts like bears that harbor the parasite.
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Ascaris lumbricoides, also known as the common roundworm, is the most prevalent intestinal parasite infecting one fourth to one third of the world's population. It lives in the small intestine and, while most infections are asymptomatic, some people present with pulmonary or gastrointestinal issues. Infection occurs through ingestion of Ascaris eggs from contaminated soil or food, especially in areas with poor sanitation. Treatment involves administering anthelminthic medications such as mebendazole or albendazole.
Ticks Research Papers
Ticks are blood-sucking parasites that can transmit diseases. The document discusses the blacklegged tick (Ixodes scapularis), which lives in wooded areas of the northeastern U.S. and can spread Lyme disease. It has a three-stage lifecycle as a larva, nymph, and adult, seeking hosts at each stage to blood feed and eventually reproduce. As carriers of Lyme disease, blacklegged ticks pose a health risk if not properly avoided or removed.
Bacteria and viruses
The document discusses the work of Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch in developing the germ theory of disease. It describes some of their key discoveries in identifying the microorganisms that cause anthrax, wound infections, tuberculosis, and cholera. It notes that Koch received the 1905 Nobel Prize for his work developing tuberculin as a test for tuberculosis. The document also provides Koch's postulates for establishing a microorganism as the cause of a disease.
Neonatal tetanus by Dr Afuye Olubunmi Olusola
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Arthropods are a phylum that includes insects, arachnids, crustaceans and others. They have an exoskeleton, jointed appendages and a tube-like heart. Some arthropods are medically important as vectors of diseases. The document discusses the characteristics and classification of arthropods, focusing on orders and species that can transmit pathogens like ticks that carry Lyme disease, fleas that transmit plague, and mosquitoes that transmit malaria. Prevention methods against arthropod bites are also outlined.
problem caused by arthropods
Arthropods can cause many diseases in humans and animals. They include insects like mosquitoes, ticks, lice, sand flies, and triatomine bugs. Mosquitoes transmit malaria, dengue, yellow fever, and other diseases. Ticks can cause Lyme disease, anaplasmosis, and Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Lice are vectors for epidemic typhus, trench fever, and relapsing fever. Sand flies transmit leishmaniasis. Triatomine bugs are responsible for transmitting Chagas disease. Many of these diseases cause symptoms like fever, fatigue, rash, and muscle or joint pain. Arthropod-borne diseases represent a major global health challenge.
Ringworm
Ringworm, also known as tinea capitis or tinea corporis, is a common, contagious fungal disease that affects over 3 million people in the US annually. It is caused by dermatophytes that infect the skin and scalp by feeding on keratin. Symptoms include hair loss, itchy skin, rashes, and scaling. Ringworm is usually self-diagnosable and does not require lab testing. Treatment involves antifungal creams or oral medications. Proper hygiene can also help prevent the spread of the disease.
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Investigation of phylogenic relationships of shrew populations using genetic...
This study investigated the phylogenetic relationships of shrew populations using genetic markers. DNA was extracted from tissue samples of shrews from different geographic regions. Two mitochondrial genes, cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI) and cytochrome b (cyt-b), were amplified via PCR and sequenced. Genetic markers were used to identify species and construct a phylogenetic tree. The cyt-b gene was found to be more accurate for species identification and phylogenetic analysis of shrews. Some inconsistencies between the COI and cyt-b trees and BLAST results suggest that cyt-b data is more abundant in genetic databases for shrew species comparison.
Investigation of phylogenic relationships of shrew populations using genetic...
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Ubiquinol-Cytochrome C Oxidoreductase (Respiratory Complex III)
Ubiquinol-Cytochrome C Oxidoreductase (Respiratory Complex III)
Investigation of phylogenic relationships of shrew populations using genetic...
Investigation of phylogenic relationships of shrew populations using genetic...
Investigation of phylogenic relationships of shrew populations using genetic...
Investigation of phylogenic relationships of shrew populations using genetic...
FinalMbio
- 1. THE WOMEN WITH THE WORM IN HER HEAD Chapter 8 The women with the worm in her head Juan Barrera, Oscar Enriquez
- 2. PATIENT’S SYMPTOMS Speech Problems Losing syllables. Losing words. Apraxia of speech. Abnormal finger temperature Right hand fingers colder than left hand fingers. Asymmetry of face Muscles on right side of face not as strong as left. Twitching on right side.
- 3. CAUSATIVE AGENT Taeniasis: Adult tapeworm in intestine. (Taenia solium). Attach to wall of small bowel by hooks. Tapeworm can grow to be over 3 yards long. No symptoms because it is very thin and flat. It can live in host for up to 10 years. Reproduces by fertilizing its own eggs. Cysticercosis: Infection of tissue after exposure to tapeworm eggs. Cysticerci: Encysted larvae of pork tapeworm Found in pig muscles. Neurocysticercosis Oncosphere released. Carried by bloodstream all over body. Found in brain. Develop into mature larval worms.
- 4. Eating undercooked pork Cysticerci in pig tissue. Ingested by humans, releasing larvae. Thousands of eggs released into stool everyday. Person to Person transmission Carrier of adult tapeworm. Tapeworm egg. Egg digested releasing living embryo called oncosphere. Raw food Salads or fruits in contact with contaminated sewage. HOW IS CYSTICERCOSIS ACQUIRED/TRANSMITTED?
- 6. AVAILABLE TREATMENTS Cysticercosis is treated with a combination of anti- inflammatory and anti-parasitic drugs. Decadron is used as an anti-inflammatory, to prevent swelling and seizures from happening. Praziquantel and Albendazole are used to kill the parasite. When the patient is not responsive to the treatment, surgery may be required to remove the encysted larvae.
- 7. PREVENTATIVE MEASURES Neurocysticercosis is endemic in Latin America, Africa, and in some regions of the Far East. When traveling to a developing country. Wash and peel raw vegetables and fruits before eating. Drink only bottled or boiled water. Avoid water from drinking fountains and ice cubes. Wash your hand frequently. Prepare your own food.
- 8. SIGNIFICANCE TO THE PUBLIC HEALTH Neurocysticercocis is the most common parasitic infection of the brain. It is the most frequent cause of seizures throughout world. Identification of tapeworm carriers is important for the public health to prevent further cases of cysticercosis.
- 9. SIGNIFICANCE TO THE PUBLIC HEALTH CONT.. 1,800-2,000 persons are diagnosed with neurocysticercosis each year in the United States. Cases are most frequently reported in New York, California, Texas, Oregon, and Illinois. Approximately 50 million people are believe to have cysticercosis worldwide.
- 10. WORKS CITED García HH, Evans CA, Nash TE, et al. (October 2002). "Current consensus guidelines for treatment of neurocysticercosis". Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 15 (4): 747–56. doi:10.1128/CMR.15.4.747-756.2002. PMC 126865. PMID 12364377. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett (2010). Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases, 7th ed. Churchill Livingstone. ISBN 978-0-443-06839-3 Nagami, Pamela (2002). “The woman with a worm in her head and other true stories of infectious disease” St. Martin’s Griffin "Cysticercosis." Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC, 01 Feb. 2012. Web. 29 June 2013.