Drosophila Genetics
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This document summarizes a genetics lab experiment conducted with fruit flies. The experiment aimed to observe principles of dominance, segregation, independent assortment, and sex linkage. F1 generation flies showed a wildtype phenotype, while F2 generation flies showed wildtype, yellow, vestigial, and yellow/vestigial phenotypes. A chi-square analysis found the results inconsistent with the hypothesis, suggesting misidentification of phenotypes as the likely explanation rather than disproving Mendelian genetics.
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BIOLOGY LAB PROJECT 4
Introduction
Drosophila melanogaster is a species of fly in the family drosophilidae. The common name for Drosophila melanogaster is fruit fly or vinegar fly (Capy, Gibert & Boussy, 2004). The drosophila is a species widely used for biological research in studies of genetics, physiology, microbial pathogenesis, and life history evolution. It has been used to study genetics for over 100 years. D. melanogaster was one of the first organisms used for genetic analysis and is still widely used today. The drosophila is largely used for research study because it is an insect that is easy to take care of and lays many eggs, which gives us the opportunity to have many flies to study. Also, fruit flies can create a complete generation in about ten days thus allows several generations to be produced and studied within a few weeks (Regan, 2014). The average life of a fruit fly in optimal temperatures is 40 to 50 days. The life of Drosophila melanogaster depends on the weather temperature. For example, D. melanogaster’s lifespan is around 30 days at 29˚ C, 84˚ F and the lifespan decreases with a decrease in temperature. Drosophila’s eggs can hatch after 12–15 hours. The female can mate with the male after 8 to 12 hours after hatching. Nowadays, most genetics scientists prefer to use the Drosophila melanogaster fliesbecause they can study different generations in a short period of time.
In the genetics lab, we determine the mode of inheritance of phenotype mutant and wild type. We cross wild type males with female mutants. Also, we cross mutant males with wild type females to determine the genetic changes in both generations. The wild type flies have red eyes phenotype and long (normal) wings. On the other hand, mutants have white eyes and short wings. These observations are made after observing the first and second generations for both cross and wild type breeds and then comparing the observable change between them. In this course, we make several crosses between flies from wild-type and mutant phenotypes to show the mode of inheritance of the genes in Drosophila Melanogaster.
Methods and Materials
In this lab we used fruit flies and we examined them by putting them under the microscope. We also use FlyNap by to make the flies sleep for a mount of time while we viewing them. In order to use the FlyNap, first we transfer the flies to an empty vial and we do that by place the vial that we want to transfer immediately over the opening of the empty vial, so by this we will not allow the flies to escape from our vial. After they have been transfer to the new vial we place a small FlyNap brush and wait for a while until they all sleep. When they all sleep we put them in a small plate. At this time, we will be able to put them under the microscope and we use a paintbrush to move and look at the flies. Under the microscope we can easily determine the phenotype and the sex for each fly. We careful ...
Homozygous Alleles
The document discusses a simulation of a population of bunnies in England, where some bunnies have a recessive allele that causes them to lack fur. Over generations, as the harsh winters cause the hairless bunnies to die off at higher rates, the frequency of the recessive allele decreases. The results demonstrate natural selection, as the recessive allele becomes less common as it confers a lower chance of survival in that environment.
Imprinting
This document discusses different types of imprinting, including filial imprinting where young animals imprint on their parents, sexual imprinting where young imprint on characteristics of adults that influence mate choice, and reverse sexual imprinting known as the Westermarck effect where individuals living in close proximity early in life are desensitized to sexual attraction to one another to avoid inbreeding. It also discusses limbic imprinting where prenatal, perinatal, and postnatal experiences leave lifelong imprints on the limbic system of the brain that shape deep-seated beliefs and values. Examples are provided for each type of imprinting.
ENTM 105 Essay
Redi's prediction was that flies or maggots cannot be spontaneously generated from rotting meat. To test this, he conducted an experiment using flies and jars of meat sealed with lids, gauze, or left unsealed. The results showed that flies entered and laid eggs on the unsealed meat, producing maggots, but no flies entered the sealed jars, supporting Redi's rejection of spontaneous generation.
Genetic experiment on the offspring of drosophila melanogaster
1) The experiment aimed to determine if mating Drosophila melanogaster in a dihybrid cross would yield results similar to Mendel's 9:3:3:1 ratio by observing inheritance of eye color (red vs white) and body color (ebony vs brown).
2) The F1 generation showed more dominant traits than recessive, but not all were dominant as in Mendel's experiments. The F2 results using a chi-square test did not match the expected 9:3:3:1 ratio.
3) Errors were made in transferring flies between generations that may have impacted the results, which were ultimately deemed inconclusive. Proper fly handling and food preparation are needed to obtain clear results.
The complex hybrid origins of the Root Knot Nematodes
This document summarizes research into the origins of root knot nematodes (Meloidogyne species) through comparative genomics. The researchers sequenced the genome of M. floridensis and compared it to other Meloidogyne genomes. Their analyses found evidence that M. floridensis and M. incognita have experienced whole genome duplications, and that M. incognita likely originated through interspecific hybridization with M. floridensis as one parental species. They tested different hypotheses about the hybridization origins and found that the data best supported a scenario where M. incognita and M. floridensis are independent hybrids that share one parental species. This research provides genomic evidence that hybrid
B8 syllabus statements
This document outlines the key topics and learning objectives for a course on reproduction. It covers:
1) Asexual and sexual reproduction - defining each type and discussing their advantages/disadvantages.
2) Sexual reproduction in plants - examining flower structures, pollination, seed and fruit dispersal.
3) Sexual reproduction in humans - anatomy and functions of male/female reproductive systems, fertilization, early development, placenta/umbilical cord function, breastfeeding vs. bottlefeeding, HIV transmission and prevention.
Historical prevalence and distribution of H7N9 among wild birds
CDC Emerging Infectious Diseases published a paper (Volume 19, Number 12—December 2013) on the Historical Prevalence and Distribution of Avian Influenza Virus A(H7N9) among Wild Birds. A very interesting document, it provides a better understanding on transmission of H7N9 under wild birds.
In this paper, the authors reviewed 48 published studies that listed findings of influenza A virus haemagglutin type H7, or neuramonase N9 viruses as well as H9N2. The prevalence was calculated as the number of positive samples divided by the by number tested.
H7N9 has been rarely reported from Delaware (USA), Alberta (Canada), Guatemala, Spain, Egypt, Mongolia and Taiwan but has not been reported from Russia, Japan, South Korea or China from birds sampled between 1976-2012.
The outcome? If you were planning wild bird surveillance to track H7N9 spread in these non-poultry animals, you'll need to sample >30,000 wild birds to find 1 positive for H7N9 (its Asian prevalence was 0.00931%).
That's a rare bird.
This is just a rough gauge of course because it is entirely dependent on when, where and how thoroughly bird populations were sampled, how they were sampled, what they were tested with and how the sequencing methods performed. It also focuses on HA and NA genes, at the expense of other internal influenza gene segments which also have an important role in the assemblage of new viruses.
Source: Posted by Ian M Mackay on Virology Down under
Annand Edited Thesis
The document describes a study aiming to construct a pedigree of California ground squirrels to analyze how kinship influences cooperative behaviors. The researcher optimized PCR primers for 11 microsatellite loci to assign parentage and generate genetic data to build the pedigree. Optimized primers from this study will allow future analysis of DNA fragments to determine relatedness between squirrels and elucidate how social behaviors are structured within colonies.
Lab exercise 5
The document discusses various concepts related to mimicry and gene-for-gene relationships. It begins by explaining the gene-for-gene concept discovered by Harold Henry Flor, where a pair of matched genes control host plant resistance and parasite ability to induce disease. It then discusses different types of mimicry including Batesian, Müllerian, aggressive, and Vavilovian mimicry. It also provides details about the National Biosafety Committee of the Philippines, including its mission to coordinate biosafety policies and set technical standards, and vision to implement the country's biosafety system. Figures and examples are provided to illustrate competitive exclusion principles and different types of mimicry.
Trabajando con más de un gen color ojos drosophila
This document summarizes an experiment using Drosophila to study eye color inheritance. Crosses between white-eyed flies and wild type flies produced offspring with four eye colors - red, scarlet, brown, and white. This indicates two genes are involved. Further crosses found ratios consistent with one gene (brown) producing brown eyes and another (scarlet) producing scarlet eyes when mutated. However, statistical analysis rejected the hypothesis, likely because assumptions of equal viability were violated as double mutants are less competitive. Careful examination of assumptions is important in genetics experiments.
FLIES
1) This experiment uses statistical analysis of genetic crosses in fruit flies to determine the chromosomal location of two genes - ebony bodies and scarlet eyes.
2) Reciprocal crosses were set up between ebony and scarlet flies, and the offspring from these crosses were self-crossed to generate an F2 generation.
3) It was hypothesized that the two mutations are located on the same autosomal chromosome based on their traits being inherited together in the F2 generation.
BIO Virtual fly lab (final draft)
The document summarizes Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants and how they laid the foundation for genetics. It then describes how the author will simulate Mendel's experiments virtually using fruit flies. The author performs a series of crosses between fruit flies with different traits and uses a chi-square analysis to determine if the results match expected Mendelian ratios. The crosses are designed to show traits behaving as dominant, recessive, recessive sex-linked, and dihybrid traits.
Similar to Drosophila Genetics (20)
Running head BIOLOGY LAB PROJECT1BIOLOGY LAB PROJECT 4.docx
Running head BIOLOGY LAB PROJECT1BIOLOGY LAB PROJECT 4.docx
Genetic experiment on the offspring of drosophila melanogaster
Genetic experiment on the offspring of drosophila melanogaster
The complex hybrid origins of the Root Knot Nematodes
The complex hybrid origins of the Root Knot Nematodes
Historical prevalence and distribution of H7N9 among wild birds
Historical prevalence and distribution of H7N9 among wild birds
Trabajando con más de un gen color ojos drosophila
Trabajando con más de un gen color ojos drosophila
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Drosophila Genetics
- 1. Juan Barrera Mandira Lamichhane Unknown: W4 Genetics Lab 3103 Fall 2013 https://fbexternal-a.akamaihd.net/safe_image.
- 2. Observe and analyze the principles of Dominance, Segregation, and Independent Assortment. Observe and analyze sex linkage. Use forward genetics to predict parental Generation. Create branch diagram to predict phenotypic ratios and create hypothesis. Use of chi-square analysis for hypothesis validation. http://www.ourhonordefend.comhttp://www.nobelprize.org
- 3. Given unknown W4, F1 Generation flies. Observed F1 phenotypes Set up 8 vials with media Placed flies in vials Allowed F1 flies to mate and create F2 offspring Observed F2 phenotypes Used forward genetics to predict Parental Generation. Created branch diagram to make F2 phenotypic ratio and hypothesis. Used Chi-Square analysis to test hypothesis.
- 4. F1 Generation flies were observed to be “Wildtype”. Normal bodies, normal eyes, normal wings. F2 Generation flies were observed to be a mixture of Wildtype, Yellow, Vestigial, and both Yellow and Vestigial flies.
- 9. Degrees of Freedom n-1= 3 7.815 The chi-square is more than the critical value, therefore there is less than 5% probability that this can occur, the difference between expected and observed data is not due to chance and the result is inconsistent with our hypothesis. We therefore reject our hypothesis. The same can be said about the chi-square analysis for both males and females with the chi-square value being more than 7.815.
- 10. What do the results mean? Did we disprove Mendelian genetics??? Yellow Females!?!?!? Could be do to misidentification.