Its abou T solium

1. II. What'sin the poster:[Decide your title:make it witty/catchy if possible]
CYSTICERCOSIS
1. Causative agent description
TAENIA SOLIUM
 Larval form of the parasitic worm Taenia solium which is the Cysticerci/
Cysticercus. They infect and form cysts in the muscles, eyes, brain
(neurocysticercosis) and other tissues of the body
 Distributed worldwide.
 When swallowed the cysts pass through the stomach and attach to the
lining of the small intestine. In the small intestine the cysts develop into
adult tapeworms over about two months. Pigs are the intermediate host Man
can act as a final and intermediate host. As a result, man is susceptible to both
intestine and tissue infections.
2. Epidemiology (include incidence rate in the country if available)

3. Mode of transmission
 only acquired from the fecal-oral route (ingestion of eggs) from feces
contaminated food, water or surfaces , not via the ingestion of
undercooked pork
 Autoinfection can happen in a person with adult tapeworms that lay eggs and
infect himself or herself with the larvae and the eggs can be transmitted from
person-to-person without proper hygiene.
 human tapeworm and porcine pig cysticercosis
 Humans get the tapeworm infection after eating raw or undercooked pork
contaminated with cysts of T. solium. When swallowed the cysts pass
through the stomach and attach to the lining of the small intestine. In the
small intestine the cysts develop into adult tapeworms over about two
months.
4. Signs and symptoms
 Mayb
 Abdominal pain, seizures, headaches, blindness, nausea and others dpending on
the location of cysts
 Visible or palpable skin nodules
 Cysts in the muscles:
 Cysts in the muscles generally do not cause symptoms. However, you may be
able to feel lumps under your skin. The lumps sometimes become tender.
 Cysts in the eyes:


2.  Although rare, cysts may float in the eye and cause blurry or disturbed vision.
Infection in the eyes may cause swelling or detachment of the retina.

 Neurocysticercosis (cysts in the brain, spinal cord):

 Symptoms of neurocysticercosis depend upon where and how many cysts are
found in the brain. Seizures and headaches are the most common symptoms.
However, confusion, lack of attention to people and surroundings, difficulty with
balance, excess fluid around the brain (called hydrocephalus) may also occur.
The disease can result in death.
5. Prevention and control
 Proper feces disposal
 Proper sanitation and Hand hygiene
 Stoppage of Open defecation
 Maintenance of Food safety awareness and Meat inspection
 Discontinuation of free-raoming pigs
6. Other salientinformationabout the infectiousdisease (Didyouknow that? ... )
 Diagnosis of neurocysticercosis is usually made by MRI or CT brain
scans.
 When cyst are not responsive to anti-parasitic drugs in combination
with anti-inflammatory drugs, surgery is needed
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/taeniasis-cysticercosis/
https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/cysticercosis/
https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/taeniasis/
https://web.stanford.edu/group/parasites/ParaSites2001/taeniasis/solium2.html#epidemiology

3. SOURCES:
CDC - Taeniasis. (n.d.-b). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/taeniasis/
Taenia Solium. (n.d.). Stanford University Edu.
https://web.stanford.edu/group/parasites/ParaSites2001/taeniasis/solium2.html
Belizario, Jr., V. Y., & de Leon, W. U. (Eds.). (2013). Medical Parasitology in the Philippines
(3rd Edition). The University of the Philippines Press.
1. Causative agent description
TAENIASIS
 Taeniasis is a tapeworm infection spread throughout the world caused by the
Taenia Solium parasite.
 Ingestion of parasite larvae (Cysticerci) found in undercooked contaminated pork
causes infection.
 Through egg transfer and egg autoinfection, it can progress to a more dangerous
condition known as cysticercosis.
TAENIA SOLIUM
 T. Solium is a flattened ribbon-like tapeworm that is white in color.
 Its scolex, the head or attachment organ, features four enormous suckers with a
double row of hooks.
 The mature tape worm has about 800 proglottid segments and measures about
6mm in width and 2-7 m in length.
 Mature parts of its body called Gravid proglottids will be casted out of the
human body when the tapeworm develops in the intestine.

4. Epidemiology (include incidence rate in the country if available)
 T. solium are more prevalent in under-developed communities with
poor sanitation and where people eat raw or undercooked pork.
Higher rates in Latin America, Eastern Europe, sub-Saharan Africa,
India, and Asia. Taenia solium taeniasis is seen in the United States,
typically among Latin American immigrants
2. Mode of transmission
 Humans get the tapeworm infection after eating raw or undercooked pork
contaminated with larval cysts of T. solium.
 The T. solium larvae gets digested out of the meat and attaches itself to
the upper small intestine region.
 There, it will develop into adult tapeworms, developing more
proglottids(body segments).
 The terminal gravid proglottids will break off soon from the main body
and will either pass out with the stool or worm its way out of the anus. In
certain cases, 3 or 4 attached proglottids will pass out together.
 The eggs housed in the proglottids will be released and remain viable in
the soil, sewage, and land for weeks.
 Pig and human as intermediate host
 Human as definitive host
3. Signs and symptoms
 The adult worm,inspite of itslarge size,causessurprisinglylittleinconvenience tothe
patient.¾Whenthe infectionissymptomatic,vague abdominaldiscomformt,
indigestion,nausea,diarrhea,andweightlossmaybe present.Occasional casesof acute
intestinal obstruction, acute appendicitis,andpancreatitishave alsobeenreported.
 The most visible sign of taeniasis is the active passing of proglottids
(tapeworm segments) through the anus and in the feces. In rare
cases, tapeworm segments become lodged in the appendix, or the
bile and pancreatic ducts.
 Proglottidsmayalsoalsocrawl out of the anus and cause some discomfort
 However,individualswhoingestT.soliumeggsmaydevelopaserioustissue infection
calledcysticercosis.Cysticercosis(orbladderworms) infectthe brainandcentral
nervoussystems.Itmaycause causesepilepticseizures,blindness,andsuddendeath.
4. Prevention and control
 Proper sanitation and Hand hygiene
 Proper waste disposal so eggs of adult tapeworm cannot spread to family and
cause cysticercosis break out

5.  Stoppage of Open defecation
 Maintenance of Food safety awareness and Meat inspection
 Discontinuation of free-raoming pigs
 Cook pork or any other meet at sufficient and safe temperatures
 Let meat get its “rest time” after cooking so the continuing rise of temperature
can still go on with 3 minutes or so and continue to kill pathogens
 The stool of food handler of recent emigrants from endemic countries
should be tested for proglottids.
 Immediate treatment for T. Solium infected patient
5. Other salientinformationabout the infectiousdisease (Didyouknow that? ... )
 . RDTs for otherparasitesA magneticimmunochromatographictest(MICT) to detect
taeniasiscausedbythe adultwormof the cestode Taeniasoliumandneurocysticercosis
causedby the larval formshas beendevelopedbasedontwospecificT.solium
excretory-secretoryproteins,ES33,and ES38. This testdetectsantibodiesagainst
humanT. soliumandcan be usedas a point-ofcare case detectionorconfirmation.This
assayis alsoa useful tool inidentifyingtapewormcarriersthatmustbe treatedto
ensure successof control programsin communitieswhere the diseaseisendemic.
Evaluationof ES33-MICT showed94.5% sensitivityand96% specificityindetecting
taeniasis,while ES38-MICTshowed93.9% sensitivityand98.9% specificityindetecting
cysticercosis.
 The drugs of choice are praziquantel andniclosamide.
 recordedinhistoryfrom1500 B.C.and have beenrecognizedasone of the earliest
humanparasites
 T. soliummaysurvive upto25 yearsor more.
 Each gavid proglottids contains both male and female reproductive organs and
houses 30-40 thousand eggs. The eggs are indistinguishable between T.solium
and T. saginata as they both measure 31-43 micrometers and contain an embryo
(an oncosphere)
 Tapeworm infections due to T. solium are more prevalent in under-
developed communities with poor sanitation and where people eat
raw or undercooked pork.
