The document outlines various zoonotic diseases caused by fungi, protozoa, and parasitic larvae, detailing their effects on animals and humans. Conditions like ringworm, hydatids, toxoplasmosis, visceral larval migrans, and leptospirosis are discussed, along with their symptoms, treatments, and preventive measures. Isolation of infected animals, personal hygiene, and education on disease transmission are emphasized for prevention.

1. ZOONOSES

2. Ring Worm Cause = Fungi , Microsporum and Trichophyton Disease in Animals = Asymptomatic. When clinical signs are shown they are usually lesions on head and neck . Cows lesions are usually thick and crusty. In cats there is a mild formation and broken hairs. Young animals are most susceptible. Disease in Humans = Usually occurs in children on exposed areas (hands, neck, lower arms and face). It consists of small circular areas of reddened, inflamed skin with broken grayish hairs . The main symptom is itching . Treatment = Fungicidal cream and/or oral medication . Infected animals should be isolated . Disinfection of the environment where the infected animal was ( vacuuming of furniture, floors and curtains, mopping of floors with 1:10 diluted bleach or 0.6% chloramine ). Prevention = Good personal hygiene.

3. Hydatids Cause = Larval stage of tapeworm , Echinococcus granulosus Disease in Animals = Adult tapeworms live in intestine of dogs but few ill-effects. Cysts in sheep have the same effect as in humans but sheep have shorter life span. Disease in Humans = The symptoms depend on the site of the cyst and the result of pressure on adjacent organs . 70% of patients have cysts on the liver . Rupture of cysts often result in severe and fatal anaphylactic shock . If the patients survive, several secondary cysts will spread through the body. Treatment = In humans the cysts are surgically removed , although chemotherapy will make the cysts smaller. Infected dogs can be treated with praziquantal or worm tablets ( Canex , Droncit , Drontal and Paratak ). Prevention = Education to owners about the life cycle and risks. Dogs should only be fed offal if it has been cooked for 30 minutes. Dispose of carcasses appropriately Diagnosis = Ultrasound , x-ray or CAT scan

4. Toxoplasmosis Cause = Protozoal parasite , Toxoplasma gondii Disease in Animals = Diarrhoea in kittens although most kittens are asymptomatic . Infection during pregnancy results in abortion s. This is the leading cause of abortion in sheep . Disease in Humans = infected by either ingestion of oocysts from kitten faeces or from contact with infected sheep or sheep meat . Healthy adults are usually asymptomatic . Sporadic rupture of a cyst results in hypersensitive reaction with the death of the parasite allowing the lesion to heal. Sometimes there are mild symptoms like swollen lymph glands , sore throat , muscle pain and sometimes a low grade fever . Congenital infection . Treatment = Vaccine for sheep ( Toxovax ). Drugs for humans. Prevention = Personal hygiene and covering play areas. Diagnosis = Characteristic lesions on the placenta .

5. Visceral Larval Migrans Cause = Migration of the larvae of common roundworms , Toxocara canis . Disease in Animals = Puppies become anorexic , colicky , get bowel obstruction and diarrhoea . They usually appear pot bellied . Disease in Humans = Children may have a fever , loss of appetite , cough , asthma , abdominal and muscular discomfort and neurological disturbances . If the larval enters the eye it can cause blindness . Treatment = Usually a benign self-limiting disease . Corticosteroid therapy for patients with life threatening respiratory problems . Prevention = Educating people on life cycle. Wash hands after playing with puppies. Regularly removal of faeces . Puppies treated with anthelmintics . Diagnosis = In older dogs you look for eggs in their faeces . Immunological tests otherwise ( biopsy ).

6. Leptospirosis Cause = 1 non pathogenic and 7 pathogenic species. Most common reported zoonotic disease. Disease in Animals = Cattle and pigs . Rise in temperature , anorexia , haemoglobiniuria , anemia , sometimes death . Often abortions . Colonization of the kidney tubules , which can be present in urine. Disease in Humans = Usually transmitted by contact to infected urine or kidneys . Flu like symptoms , chills , high fever , headaches , eye sensitivity , severe back and leg pain .Severe cases ( Weils Disease ) have jaundice , hemorrhagic tendencies and kidney involvement . Acute illness lasts 3-10 days with a mortality up to10% . Treatment = Pain relief , Rehydration , Antibiotic therapy , Penicillin , Tetracycline and Chloramphenicol . Prevention = Avoid contact with animal urine . Use protective clothing . Vaccination of host (animal?). Diagnosis = Usually by blood smear or blood culture .