Filamentous Fungi
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The document discusses several diseases caused by filamentous fungi, including chromoblastomycosis, mycetoma, mucormycosis, aspergillosis, and blastomycosis. It provides information on the causative agents, symptoms, treatment, and diagnostic methods for each disease. Key details include that chromoblastomycosis is caused by dematiaceous fungi and presents as subcutaneous lesions, mycetoma involves tumefaction and sinus tract formation, mucormycosis causes acute infection through angioinvasion, aspergillosis includes various pulmonary and invasive forms, and blastomycosis is commonly pulmonary and presents similarly to tuberculosis.
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Subcutaneous mycoses.ppt
1. Subcutaneous mycoses are chronic fungal or bacterial infections of the subcutaneous tissues that can spread through the lymphatics or form sinus tracts. They are caused by organisms found in soil and are most common in tropical regions.
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Subcutaneous mycoses.ppt
1. Subcutaneous mycoses are chronic fungal or bacterial infections of the subcutaneous tissues that can spread through the lymphatics or form sinus tracts. They are caused by organisms found in soil and are most common in tropical regions.
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Normal microbial flora
In a healthy animal, the internal tissues, e.g. blood, brain, muscle, etc., are normally free of microorganisms. However, the surface tissues, i.e., skin and mucous membranes, are constantly in contact with environmental organisms and become readily colonized by various microbial species. The mixture of organisms regularly found at any anatomical site is referred to as the normal flora.
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Eschericia coli is a gram-negative, facultative anaerobic bacterium that is commonly found in the lower intestine of warm-blooded organisms. It can cause several types of infections including urinary tract infections, enteric infections like traveler's diarrhea, and other rare infections. Laboratory diagnosis involves microscopic examination of samples showing gram-negative bacilli, as well as culture-based identification using selective media and biochemical tests to confirm lactose fermentation and other properties. Treatment depends on the severity and type of infection, ranging from supportive care to antibiotics for serious complications.
Diagnosis of important bacterial diseases
The document discusses various methods for diagnosing important bacterial diseases through laboratory examination. Effective diagnosis allows for timely treatment and control measures. Key methods discussed include microscopy, culture techniques, biochemical reactions, serological identification, and molecular diagnosis. Microscopy can identify bacterial morphology and staining properties. Culture techniques isolate bacteria on selective media and examine colony characteristics. Biochemical tests identify metabolic properties. Serology detects bacterial antigens and antibodies. Molecular methods like PCR and sequencing provide sensitive, specific identification and can detect non-culturable bacteria. Together, these diagnostic methods allow clinicians to initiate appropriate treatment and control of bacterial outbreaks.
Sporotrichosis
This document provides information about Sporotrichosis, including its definition, etiology, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment. It is caused by the dimorphic fungus Sporothrix schenckii, which can cause subcutaneous nodules and ulceration. Diagnosis involves microscopic examination, culture, histology, and serology to demonstrate the presence of the fungus. Treatment typically involves oral antifungal medication such as itraconazole or potassium iodide for at least 4-6 weeks after symptoms resolve.
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This document discusses various concepts related to bacterial infection and virulence factors. It begins by defining key terms like infection, disease, signs and symptoms. It then describes the different types of hosts and modes of transmission of infectious agents. It discusses the concepts of reservoirs, carriers and zoonotic infections. The major sections cover the epidemiology of infections, modes of transmission including direct and indirect, and routes of entry of pathogens. The last section provides details on various bacterial virulence factors that enhance pathogenicity like adherence factors, invasion factors, toxins and mechanisms of biofilm formation.
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Vibrio cholerae is the bacteria that causes cholera. It is a facultative anaerobe that grows well between 37°C and pH 7.4-9.6. It can be cultured on ordinary media like nutrient agar as well as special transport and enrichment media. Pathogenesis involves ingesting contaminated food/water, with the bacteria multiplying in the intestines and producing cholera toxin which causes hypersecretion of fluids. Diagnosis involves microscopic examination of rice water stool samples and culturing in selective media. Treatment focuses on fluid replacement therapy and oral rehydration.
Epidemiological markers
Epidemiological markers are biological markers used to characterize and discriminate between microorganisms based on genetic variation. They can be phenotypic markers that identify observable traits, or genetic markers that identify DNA sequence variants. Epidemiological markers are mostly used for strain typing to classify isolates, catalogue genetic variation, and confirm or identify disease outbreaks for epidemiological purposes. They allow discrimination between related and unrelated strains in a stable, widely available, and easily detectable way.
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this presentation is about classification of bacteria. in this presentation you will study about different types of classification of bacteria.
Gonococci
Neisseria gonorrhoeae is the obligate human pathogen that causes the sexually transmitted disease (STD) gonorrhea. This Gram-negative diplococci/gonococci does not infect other animals or experimental animals and does not survive freely in the environment. The gonococcal infection occurs in the upper or lower tract, pharynx, ophthalmic area, rectum, and bloodstream. During the 1980’s gonorrhea was also referred to as “the clap” when public awareness was quite minimal. This was one of the venereal diseases prostitutes hoped to contract since it resulted in infertility by pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). As documentation, diagnostic testing, and public awareness improved, there has been a decline in incidence reports, however, it is still considered a very common infectious disease.
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Bacillus anthracis is the bacterium that causes anthrax. It forms spores that allow it to survive in the environment for many years. Anthrax infection can occur through the skin, lungs, or gastrointestinal tract. Cutaneous anthrax is the most common form, resulting in a painless skin lesion. Inhalation anthrax from breathing spores can be fatal without treatment. Symptoms include breathing problems and shock. Gastrointestinal anthrax occurs from eating contaminated meat and causes nausea, vomiting and severe diarrhea. The bacterium produces a toxin that is the main cause of symptoms and death. Vaccines contain a toxoid to induce protective immunity and antibiotics are used to treat infections.
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This document discusses Mycobacterium leprae, the bacteria that causes leprosy. It describes the cultural characteristics of M. leprae, noting that they are unable to be cultivated in other medias. It then discusses the pathogenesis and types of leprosy. There are four main types described - lepromatous, tuberculoid, dimorphic/borderline, and indeterminate. The types are distinguished based on the appearance of skin lesions and presence of bacteria. Diagnosis involves examination of skin and nerves, biopsy of skin or nerves, and acid fast staining to look for the bacteria. Treatment recommended is multidrug therapy using dapsone, rifampicin and clofazimine
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This document discusses Candidiasis, caused most commonly by the yeast Candida albicans. It can cause superficial infections in healthy individuals, while immunocompromised individuals are at risk for deeper infections like esophagitis. Candidiasis is discussed based on location, with sections on cutaneous candidiasis, mucosal candidiasis, genital candidiasis, and management. Cutaneous candidiasis can cause lesions in moist skin folds. Mucosal candidiasis includes thrush and esophagitis. Genital candidiasis causes pruritus and discharge in women and burning in men. Management focuses on antifungal creams and oral medications depending on location and severity of infection.
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Candidiasis refers to infections caused by Candida species, most commonly C. albicans. These fungi typically infect skin, nails, mucous membranes, and the GI tract, but can also cause systemic disease. Predisposing factors include mechanical trauma, moisture, nutrition deficiencies, extremes of age, illnesses, and medications. Clinical manifestations vary by site of infection and include oral thrush, vaginal candidiasis, skin infections like intertrigo. Diagnosis involves microscopic examination of samples and culture. Treatment depends on site and severity but commonly involves topical or oral antifungal medications.
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This document discusses various systemic mycoses (fungal infections of internal organs) including histoplasmosis, blastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, and paracoccidioidomycosis. It describes the causative fungi, how infection occurs through inhalation of spores, clinical features involving the respiratory system and dissemination, laboratory diagnosis using microscopy, culture, and immunodiagnosis, and treatment involving antifungal drugs. Candidiasis is also discussed as the most common fungal infection affecting mucosa and internal organs in immunocompromised individuals.
Normal Flora
Normal flora, including bacteria, fungi and viruses, colonize various sites of the human body through mutualistic and commensal relationships. Microbiota commonly reside on the skin, in the mouth, respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, eyes, and genital region through tissue specificity involving bacterial adherence and biofilm formation preferential for certain tissues. While generally beneficial, microbiota can become pathogenic under conditions like immunosuppression or change in location. References included Medical Microbiology and Jawetz Melnick & Adelbergs Medical Microbiology textbooks.
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This document discusses various methods for laboratory diagnosis of viral infections. It begins with an overview of the viral pathogenesis process, from attachment and entry into host cells, to replication of viral components, assembly, and release of new virus particles. The document then covers direct detection methods like electron microscopy, immunofluorescence microscopy, and light microscopy to identify inclusion bodies. It discusses serological tests to detect viral antigens or antibodies. Molecular methods like nucleic acid probes and PCR are mentioned. Isolation methods using animal inoculation, embryonated egg cultures, and tissue cultures are described in detail. The document provides a comprehensive overview of approaches for laboratory diagnosis of viral diseases.
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Mucormycosis
This document summarizes mucormycosis, a fungal infection caused by fungi in the order Mucorales. It most commonly affects immunocompromised individuals. There are several forms including rhinocerebral, pulmonary, gastrointestinal, cutaneous, and disseminated. Rhinocerebral mucormycosis is the most common type and affects diabetic patients, presenting with nasal stuffiness and black eschar on nasal tissues. Diagnosis involves biopsy and imaging. Treatment involves controlling underlying conditions, antifungal therapy such as amphotericin B, and surgical debridement of infected tissues.
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Chap 7 fungi and other organism (human)
This document discusses various types of parasitic fungi and human mycoses (fungal diseases). It describes systemic mycoses that affect deep tissues, cutaneous mycoses that infect the skin/hair/nails, subcutaneous mycoses beneath the skin, and superficial mycoses of hair and skin. Specific fungal diseases are provided as examples for each category like histoplasmosis, ringworm, and athlete's foot. Opportunistic mycoses caused by generally harmless fungi that infect individuals with weakened immunity are also outlined.
Growth and Nutrition of Fungi
Fungi grow through hyphal extension and cell division. Optimal growth conditions include the presence of water, oxygen, a neutral to acidic pH around 5.0, temperatures between 1-35°C, and nutrients like carbon, nitrogen, vitamins and minerals. Fungi can be grown in liquid batch cultures, continuous liquid cultures, or on solid media where growth is measured by radial colony extension. Fungi are chemoheterotrophs that absorb small molecules and secrete enzymes to break down larger molecules extracellularly, absorbing the breakdown products for growth.
Mucormicosis
Este documento describe la mucormicosis, una infección micótica causada por hongos del orden Mucorales. Explica que es más común en pacientes inmunocomprometidos como diabéticos y sometidos a tratamientos inmunosupresores. Luego presenta un caso clínico de un paciente diabético que desarrolló mucormicosis rinocerebral causada por Rhizomucor pusillus, el cual falleció a pesar del tratamiento con anfotericina B.
Mucormicosis
La mucormicosis es una infección oportunista causada por hongos del orden Mucorales que afecta principalmente a pacientes inmunocomprometidos como diabéticos, trasplantados o con VIH. Los síntomas incluyen dolor facial, proptosis y oftalmoplejia, y el sitio más común de infección es la región rino-cerebral, donde causa necrosis tisular. El tratamiento consiste en cirugía combinada con anfotericina B para eliminar los tejidos necróticos infectados.
Infectious Diseases
Infectious diseases, also known as transmissible diseases or communicable diseases, comprise clinically evident illness resulting from the infection, presence and growth of pathogenic biological agents in an individual host organism.
fungal disease in fishes
Fungal diseases can seriously impact fish populations. Three common fungal diseases are:
1. Saprolegniasis is caused by Saprolegnia fungi and is characterized by cotton-like fungal growths on the skin, gills, or eyes of fish. It can spread rapidly between fish and cause death.
2. Branchiomycosis (gill rot) infects gill tissues and is caused by Branchiomyces fungi. Infected fish have difficulty breathing and their gills may appear red.
3. Ichthyophonosis causes rough skin and white lesions inside the body and is caused by Ichthyophonus fungi. More severe infections result in organ
Deep mycoses
This document discusses Coccidioidomycosis, an endemic mycosis caused by the dimorphic fungus Coccidioides immitis. It is found in arid regions of the Americas. In soil, it forms hyphae and arthrospores that can be inhaled and cause infection in the lungs, forming spherules filled with endospores. Most infections are asymptomatic or cause flu-like symptoms, but some can disseminate to bones, meninges or skin. Diagnosis involves identifying spherules microscopically or culturing the fungus from specimens. Serologic tests can also detect antibodies. There is no treatment for mild cases but disseminated disease requires antifungal therapy
Aspergillosis
This document summarizes aspergillosis, including invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA), chronic necrotizing aspergillosis (CNA), and aspergilloma. Aspergillus is a common mold that can cause a variety of pulmonary diseases. IPA predominantly affects immunocompromised patients and presents as pneumonia. Diagnosis involves tissue biopsy, galactomannan testing, and imaging. Voriconazole is recommended treatment. CNA occurs in patients with underlying lung disease and is characterized by slow lung tissue invasion. Itraconazole is effective treatment. Aspergilloma involves a fungus ball in a pre-existing lung cavity.
Fungal lesions of the eye
Fungi are ubiquitous organisms found in soil and decaying organic matter. They can cause opportunistic infections when immunity is compromised. Fungi have rigid cell walls and cytoplasmic membranes containing sterol. They range from unicellular yeasts to multicellular moulds and can propagate asexually, bisexually, or by combined methods. Fungal infections can affect the eyes, lids, orbit, and lacrimal system. Common causes are Aspergillus, Fusarium, Candida, and Mucor. Risk factors include trauma, topical steroid use, and diabetes. Diagnosis involves microscopy, culture, histopathology and molecular testing of specimens. Treatment requires antifungal
5 kingdoms
The document describes the five kingdoms of living things: Monera, Protista, Fungi, Animalia, and Plantae. The Monera kingdom contains unicellular bacteria and microbes. The Protista kingdom mostly contains unicellular organisms that live in water, such as amoebas and algae. The Fungi kingdom can be unicellular or multicellular and feeds off dead plants and animals. The Animalia kingdom is multicellular, does not produce food, can move and sense, and includes vertebrates and invertebrates. The Plantae kingdom produces food through photosynthesis, is multicellular but cannot move, and includes flowering and non-flowering
Mucormycosis
Mucormycosis is a fungal infection caused by species in the orders Mucorales and Rhizopus. It most commonly affects immunocompromised patients via inhalation, ingestion, or traumatic inoculation. The fungi invade blood vessels, causing thrombosis, tissue necrosis, and different clinical forms including rhinocerebral, pulmonary, gastrointestinal, cutaneous, and disseminated mucormycosis. Rhinocerebral mucormycosis has the highest frequency and mortality, often occurring in diabetic patients experiencing ketoacidosis. Diagnosis involves biopsy and imaging of affected tissues showing broad, branching fungal hyphae. Treatment requires control of predisposing conditions and antif
Cryptococcus neoformans
El Cryptococcus neoformans es un hongo oportunista que puede causar criptococosis, una infección micótica. Se transmite por inhalación de esporas que se encuentran en el suelo contaminado con heces de palomas. En pacientes inmunocomprometidos puede causar infecciones pulmonares o del sistema nervioso central como meningitis criptococal. El diagnóstico se realiza mediante cultivos y exámenes serológicos, y el tratamiento consiste en antifúngicos como anfotericina B y fluconazol.
Aspergillosis- Dr. Praveen kumar Doddamani
(1) Aspergillosis is caused by the fungus Aspergillus and can cause a spectrum of diseases in humans ranging from mild to severe and even fatal.
(2) The most common disease types are pulmonary aspergillosis (allergic, aspergilloma, invasive), disseminated disease affecting multiple organs, and sinus infections.
(3) Risk factors include immunosuppression, corticosteroid use, lung disease, and sinusitis. Diagnosis involves microscopy, culture, histology and serology of samples from infected sites.
Plant APBio
The document summarizes key aspects of the plant kingdom, including their multicellular nature, ability to photosynthesize, and alternation of generations between haploid and diploid forms. It describes the evolution of plants from green algae ancestors and their adaptations to life on land, including roots, vascular tissue, and waxy cuticles. Seed plants evolved pollen, seeds, and fruits to reproduce on land without water, while angiosperms further developed flowers, broad leaves, and fruits to disperse seeds. Plants play a crucial ecological role by producing oxygen and decomposing to form soil.
Powerpoint on aspergillosis
The document discusses Aspergillus, a genus of fungi that can cause both positive and negative impacts. Positively, some species are used in food production, composting, and to produce pharmaceuticals. However, certain species can cause invasive and allergic diseases in humans. Aspergillus fumigatus is a common cause of invasive infections in immunocompromised individuals, causing diseases ranging from acute to chronic. Early diagnosis and treatment are important for improving outcomes.
Aspergillus spp - Aspergilosis
Este documento describe el hongo Aspergillus spp, incluyendo sus características, formas clínicas, enfermedades causadas y epidemiología. Aspergillus spp es un hongo filamentoso ubicuo que puede causar infecciones oportunistas como aspergilosis broncopulmonar obstructiva, aspergiloma e invasiva en pacientes inmunocomprometidos. Las especies más relevantes clínicamente son A. fumigatus, A. flavus, A. niger y A. terreus.
Fungal keratitis
Fungal keratitis is difficult to diagnose and treat. Common causative fungi include Aspergillus, Candida, and Fusarium. Diagnosis involves potassium hydroxide wet mount, stains like Gram or Grocott's, and culture. Topical natamycin is first-line treatment but systemic antifungals like voriconazole may be needed for severe cases. Management also includes frequent debridement and potentially therapeutic penetrating keratoplasty for non-responsive or advanced cases. Prognosis depends on factors like ulcer size and presence of hypopyon.
P L A N T S
The plant kingdom is divided into two main groups: vascular and non-vascular plants. Vascular plants have tissues that transport water and nutrients throughout the plant. Non-vascular plants like mosses and liverworts lack these tissues and rely on cell walls for transport. Seedless plants reproduce via spores and include non-vascular bryophytes as well as vascular horsetails, ferns, and spikemosses. Seed plants have true roots, stems, leaves and vascular tissues. They reproduce via seeds and are divided into gymnosperms like conifers, which have naked seeds, and angiosperms, which produce flowers and fruits containing seeds. Angiosperms are further divided into monocots and dicots.
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Introduction
This document provides an overview of medical mycology, including:
1. It classifies fungi and discusses their morphology, including yeasts, molds, and dimorphic fungi.
2. It covers the epidemiology of fungal infections, including endemic mycoses.
3. It discusses the diagnosis of fungal infections through microscopy, culture, histology and other methods.
4. It outlines the treatment of fungal infections through antifungal drugs like amphotericin B and azoles.
1 A Introduction
This document provides an overview of medical mycology, including:
1. It classifies fungi and discusses their morphology, including yeasts, hyphae, and dimorphic fungi.
2. It covers the epidemiology of fungal infections, including endemic mycoses caused by dimorphic fungi.
3. It discusses the diagnosis of fungal infections through wet mounts, skin tests, serology, biopsy, and culture.
4. It outlines the treatment of fungal infections through antifungal agents like polyenes, azoles, and others.
Fungal endophthalmatits
Fungal endophthalmitis is an inflammation of the inner eye that can be either endogenous or exogenous in origin. Endogenous fungal endophthalmitis spreads hematogenously from sites like the lungs or CNS and is caused by fungi such as Candida, Aspergillus, and Cryptococcus. Exogenous fungal endophthalmitis results from trauma, surgery, or spread from fungal keratitis and is commonly caused by Aspergillus, Candida, and Fusarium. Diagnosis involves microscopy, culture, and susceptibility testing of fluid samples from the anterior chamber or vitreous humor. Treatment consists of systemic and intraocular antifungal drugs depending on whether the infection is endogenous
Bacterial infections by dr maria
The normal human skin is colonized by many bacteria that live harmlessly in communities known as the skin microbiome. The resident bacteria include propionibacterium species in hair follicles, and aerobic cocci and coryneforms on the surface. Staphylococcus aureus and propionibacteria can produce free fatty acids from skin lipids. Impetigo is a common skin infection caused by S. aureus or streptococci, occurring as non-bullous or bullous types. Bullous impetigo is caused by exfoliative toxins that disrupt skin adhesion molecules.
5 Opportunistic
The document discusses opportunistic mycoses infections that can occur in immunocompromised patients due to fungi of low virulence. It notes that there are over 300 opportunistic fungal species that can cause disease in immunocompromised individuals compared to only 25-33 species that typically cause disease in healthy individuals. Common opportunistic fungal infections include those caused by Candida, Aspergillus, and Mucor species. Risk factors that predispose to these infections include malignancies, immunosuppressive drugs, antibiotics, invasive medical procedures, and conditions like AIDS.
Opportunistic Mycoses
The document discusses opportunistic mycoses infections caused by fungi of low virulence in immunocompromised patients. It notes there are over 300 opportunistic fungal species that can cause disease in immunocompromised individuals, compared to only 25-33 species that typically cause disease in healthy individuals. Common opportunistic fungal infections discussed include those caused by Candida, Aspergillus, Mucor, and Cryptococcus species. Risk factors for developing opportunistic mycoses include malignancies, immunosuppressive drugs, antibiotics, invasive medical procedures, and conditions like AIDS.
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This document discusses antifungal agents. It begins by describing fungi and their cell walls, which are made of chitin and ergosterol. It then discusses the classification of fungal infections and organisms like yeasts, molds, and dimorphic fungi. The document covers various antifungal drug classes including azoles, polyenes, echinocandins, and antimetabolites. It provides details on important antifungals like amphotericin B, fluconazole, caspofungin, and their mechanisms of action, uses, and side effects in treating serious fungal infections.
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Aerobic actinomycetes
This document discusses the aerobic actinomycete Nocardia. It begins by classifying Nocardia taxonomically and noting it is an opportunistic pathogen found in soil. The document then covers the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations including pulmonary, skin and disseminated infections, diagnosis through microscopy, culture and molecular methods, and treatment with antimicrobials. In summary, Nocardia is an environmental actinomycete that can cause infection in immunocompromised individuals, with pulmonary disease being most common and diagnosis relying on microscopy, culture and molecular identification methods.
Actinomycetes
1) Actinomyces are gram-positive bacteria that normally inhabit the mouth and intestines.
2) Actinomycosis occurs when these bacteria invade tissues, usually through breaks in the mucosa.
3) It most commonly affects the cervicofacial region due to dental infections or procedures. Symptoms include abscesses and draining sinuses.
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Granulomatous disease of nose
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RHINOSPORIDIOSIS
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HISTOPLASMOSIS
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This document discusses asepsis and sterile technique. It defines key terms related to microbes, pathogens, and infection. It describes the different types of human-microbe relationships like mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism. It also discusses the various pathogens that can cause surgical site infections, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa. The document outlines the principles of asepsis and sterility as well as the processes used to decontaminate, disinfect, and sterilize surgical instruments.
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Nocardia, Actinomyces and Streptomyces
This document discusses the properties of Nocardia, Actinomyces, and Streptomyces bacteria. It notes that they are filamentous, Gram-positive bacteria that resemble fungi. Nocardia and Streptomyces are soil-dwelling saprophytes, while Actinomyces is a normal oral flora. These bacteria can cause opportunistic infections in humans. Nocardia causes nocardiosis, presenting as pneumonia or cutaneous lesions. Actinomyces causes actinomycosis, often associated with dental or pelvic infections. Streptomyces produces many clinically useful antibiotics and other bioactive compounds.
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Chromoblastomycosis and phaeohyphomycosis
This document provides an overview of chromoblastomycosis and phaeohyphomycosis. Chromoblastomycosis is caused by fungi of the order Chaetothyriales and presents as chronic, progressive skin lesions on exposed areas of the body. Phaeohyphomycosis is caused by various pigmented fungi and can manifest as cutaneous, subcutaneous, or systemic infections. Both conditions are diagnosed through microscopy, culture, and histopathology of lesions. Treatment involves antifungal medications, surgery, or a combination depending on the severity and location of the infection.
ACTINOMYCOSIS
• Actinomyces species are classified as anaerobic, gram positive and filamentous bacteria.
• It is a chronic granulomatous suppurative and fibrosing disease caused by anaerobic or microaerophilic gram-positive nonacid fast, branched filamentous bacteria.
• Most of the species isolated from actinomycotic lesions have been identified as A. israelii, A. viscosus, A. odontolyticus, A.naeslundii or A. meyeri.
• These microorganisms have been identified in dental plaque, dental calculus, necrotic pulp, and tonsils.
• The usual pattern of this disease is one characterized chiefly by the formation of abscesses that tend to drain by the formation of sinus tracts.
• pus from the abscesses is examined on a clean glass slide, it shows the typical ‘sulfur granules’ or colonies of organisms, which appear in the suppurative material as tiny, yellow grains.
• Another infection that produces this type of sulfur granules is botryomycosis.
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The umbilical cord
The umbilical cord connects the fetus to the placenta and measures approximately 50 cm in length and 2 cm in diameter at term. It contains one vein that carries oxygenated blood to the fetus and two arteries that carry deoxygenated blood away. The cord inserts into the placenta near its center in most cases. Abnormalities can include abnormal insertion points, short or long length, knots, torsion, hematoma, or having a single umbilical artery instead of two.
The placenta
The placenta develops from fetal and maternal tissues to function as the respiratory, nutritive, excretory, barrier and endocrine organ of pregnancy. It transfers oxygen, nutrients and waste between the mother and fetus. The placenta can develop abnormalities in its shape, size, position or adhesion to the uterine wall which may cause complications like preterm birth or hemorrhage. Placental lesions like infarcts may also occur due to conditions like hypertension.
The foetal membranes
The document discusses the fetal membranes, which include the chorion and amnion. The chorion is the outer membrane that is attached to the placenta and uterine wall. The amnion lines the chorion and encloses the fetus and amniotic fluid. The amniotic fluid provides protection and nutrition for the fetus, and aids in temperature regulation and movement. It is composed primarily of water, carbohydrates, proteins and minerals. The amniotic fluid circulates continuously, with production from the fetal membranes, fetal urine and transudation from maternal and fetal blood.
Physiology of reproduction
The document summarizes the key stages in human reproduction from fertilization through early pregnancy development. It describes how sperm mature and are capacitated in the female reproductive tract. Upon ovulation, sperm meet and fertilize the ovum in the fallopian tubes. The zygote then undergoes cell division and develops into a blastocyst that implants in the uterus. The trophoblast cells of the blastocyst invade the uterine lining and develop into a placenta to exchange nutrients and waste with the mother's blood. Major developmental milestones in early pregnancy include chorion, amnion and decidua formation.
Minor complaints during pregnancy
The document discusses several minor complaints that may occur during pregnancy, including gingivitis, ptyalism, heartburn, constipation, hemorrhoids, varicosities, dyspnea, urinary symptoms, leucorrhea, leg cramps, paraethesia, and backache. For each complaint, the causes and recommended treatments are provided.
Diagnosis of pregnancy
This document discusses the diagnosis of pregnancy over three trimesters. In the first trimester, common symptoms include missed periods, morning sickness, frequent urination, and breast changes. Signs include enlarged, soft breasts and uterus, and a softer, purplish cervix. Pregnancy tests detect human chorionic gonadotropin in urine or blood. Ultrasounds can visualize the gestational sac after 4-5 weeks. In the second trimester, symptoms decrease while the abdomen enlarges and fetal movement is felt. Signs include skin changes and palpable fetal parts. The third trimester confirms pregnancy through palpation of fetal parts and auscultation of the fetal heart.
Antenatal care
Antenatal care involves regular checkups during pregnancy to monitor the health of the mother and baby. Checkups include exams, tests, and education on nutrition, exercise, hygiene, warning signs and avoiding risks. The goals are to prevent or treat complications, detect issues, and ensure healthy development. Women receive more frequent exams as their due date approaches, and are instructed on a nutritious diet, moderate exercise, adequate rest, hygienic practices, and when to seek medical help if problems arise.
Postpartum mood disorders
The document discusses postpartum mood disorders, including prevalence, risk factors, screening tools, diagnosis, and treatment options. It notes that postpartum mood disorders range from mild and temporary postpartum blues to more severe postpartum depression and postpartum psychosis. Screening tools like the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale can help identify at-risk women. Treatment involves psychosocial therapies and may include antidepressant medication depending on severity. A multidisciplinary approach is important to address biological, psychological and social factors.
Normal and abnormal puerperium
Uterine fibroids are benign smooth muscle tumors that develop in the uterus. They are the most common solid pelvic tumors, affecting 20-25% of women during their reproductive years. Fibroids can vary in size and location, and may cause heavy menstrual bleeding, pelvic pressure or pain. Treatment options include observation, medical therapy to reduce estrogen levels, or surgical removal of fibroids.
Version
Version refers to changing the fetal lie or position in the uterus. There are three main types: external cephalic version, internal podalic version, and bipolar podalic version. External cephalic version involves manipulating the fetus externally to convert a breech presentation to head-first. Internal podalic version is performed under anesthesia when the cervix is fully dilated to grasp the fetus's feet and convert a transverse lie to breech. Bipolar podalic version uses both internal and external manipulation through a partially dilated cervix for special circumstances. Complications can include fetal distress, premature separation of the placenta, and maternal hemorrhage.
Vacuum extraction (ventouse)
Vacuum extraction is a method to assist in childbirth using suction from a cup placed on the baby's head to help with traction during contractions. There are different types of cups including metal, soft, and bird's cups. Vacuum extraction is indicated when forceps cannot be used and has advantages over forceps like less need for anesthesia and less compression force applied. Complications can include maternal lacerations and cervical injuries or fetal issues like cephalhematomas and scalp lacerations.
Symphysiotomy
Symphysiotomy is a surgical procedure that divides the symphysis pubis bone to widen the pelvis during childbirth. It is indicated when cephalopelvic disproportion makes vaginal delivery difficult or dangerous but cesarean section is not available or advised. The procedure involves making a small incision above the pubic bone and gradually separating the joint using a scalpel. Complications can include bleeding, injury to nearby organs, infection, and long-term issues like incontinence or an unstable pelvis.
Forceps delivery
This document discusses obstetric forceps, which are metal instruments used to extract a baby's head during delivery. It describes different types of forceps and their proper application techniques. Forceps are indicated for prolonged second stage of labor, maternal distress, or fetal distress. Correct application involves inserting one blade along each side of the baby's head. Potential complications include laceration, hemorrhage, nerve injury, or problems for the baby such as skull fractures. Failure to deliver with forceps may require removal and assessment to determine if cesarean section is needed.
Episiotomy
This document discusses episiotomy, which is an incision made in the perineum during childbirth to widen the vaginal opening. It can help prevent tearing and complications. The two main types are median and mediolateral episiotomies. Median episiotomies involve a midline incision while mediolateral incisions extend laterally towards the ischial tuberosity. Episiotomies are usually performed when the vaginal opening is distended during crowning to prevent stretching injuries. They are sutured closed after delivery.
Caesarean section
The document discusses Caesarean section, including indications, types, procedure, complications, and mode of delivery in subsequent pregnancies. A Caesarean section is a surgical procedure to deliver one or more babies through incisions in the abdomen and uterus. The rate of Caesarean sections has increased from 5% in 1970 to 25% in 1990 due to factors such as abandoning difficult procedures in favor of C-sections and increased use for breech births. Complications can include hemorrhage, infections, and injuries to the mother or baby.
Normal labour
Normal labour involves the spontaneous expulsion of a single, mature fetus through the birth canal within 3-18 hours without complications. It occurs when hormonal and mechanical factors cause the cervix to efface and dilate in stages from 3cm to full 10cm dilation. Labour proceeds through four stages: 1) cervical dilation, 2) expulsion of the fetus, 3) expulsion of the placenta, and 4) recovery. The fetus descends through the birth canal with increased flexion to facilitate delivery of the head.
Anatomy of the foetal skull
The fetal skull consists of three parts: the vault, face, and base. The vault is made up of the frontal, parietal, and occipital bones which are separated by sutures. The face extends from the chin to the nose. Fontanelles are soft spots located where sutures meet which are important for assessing fetal position and flexion. The skull has various longitudinal and transverse diameters used to determine which will engage and pass through the birth canal during delivery.
Anatomy of the female pelvis
The female pelvis is divided into the false pelvis and true pelvis. The true pelvis is further divided into the pelvic inlet, cavity, and outlet. The document describes the boundaries and diameters of each region including the anatomical transverse diameter of 13cm at the inlet. It also discusses the pelvic planes and axes, and the Caldwell-Moloy classification of pelvic types including the gynaecoid, anthropoid, android, and platypelloid pelvis.
Active management of normal labour
This document outlines the active management of normal labour in 4 stages: antenatal preparation, first stage (history, exam, procedures), second stage (delivery of baby), third stage (delivery of placenta), and fourth stage (postpartum care of mother and baby). The goal is a healthy delivery with minimal effects. Key procedures include monitoring contractions/fetal heart with a partogram, positioning, nutrition, analgesia, perineal support, and immediate newborn care.
Thyrotoxicosis in pregnancy
Thyrotoxicosis in pregnancy can cause complications like abortion and preterm labour. Clinical features include weight loss, heat intolerance, tremors, and fast heart rate. It is treated with antithyroid drugs like propylthiouracil or carbimazole. Epilepsy in pregnancy commonly presents as grand mal seizures, which are treated with phenobarbitone or phenytoin along with folic acid. Rhesus isoimmunization occurs when an Rh-negative mother develops antibodies against Rh-positive blood from her baby. It can be prevented by giving the mother anti-D immunoglobulin after delivery or pregnancy events involving blood transfer from baby to mother. Affected babies may require monitoring, phot
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Filamentous Fungi
- 2. CHROMOBLASTOMYCOSIS A chronic localized infection of the subcutaneous tissue caused by several species of dematiaceous fungi www.freelivedoctorcom
- 3. Chromoblastomycosis Fonsecaea pedrosoi Cladosporium carrionii Phialophora verrucosa www.freelivedoctorcom
- 10. Sclerotic Bodies A fungus form resulting from host defenses www.freelivedoctorcom
- 15. Chromoblastomycosis Melanin may be a virulence factor www.freelivedoctorcom
- 16. Geographic distribution World-wide (usually warmer climates) www.freelivedoctorcom
- 19. No Serological Tests Available www.freelivedoctorcom
- 24. GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION WARM CLIMATES (SE United States, South America, Africa) www.freelivedoctorcom
- 25. ECOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION SOIL www.freelivedoctorcom
- 28. De DEMATIACEOUS HYPHAE www.freelivedoctorcom
- 29. Serological Test Pseudalescheria Immunodiffusion www.freelivedoctorcom
- 30. Therapy Terbinefine Itraconazole Posaconazole www.freelivedoctorcom
- 31. Mucormycosis An acute infection characterized by inflammation and vascular invasion and thrombosis. www.freelivedoctorcom
- 33. Mucormycosis *Rhizopus species Mucor species Absidia species. www.freelivedoctorcom
- 34. GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION WORLDWIDE www.freelivedoctorcom
- 36. UNCONTROLLED DIABETIC Rapidly fatal www.freelivedoctorcom
- 42. WIDE, NON-SEPTATE, RIBBON-LIKE www.freelivedoctorcom
- 46. ASPERGILLOSIS A variety of diseases: pulmonary, external ears, eyes, meninges, sinuses or blood stream www.freelivedoctorcom
- 50. GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION WORLD-WIDE www.freelivedoctorcom
- 57. Aspergilloma Cavity wall www.freelivedoctorcom
- 62. DRUG OF CHOICE VORICONAZOLE AMPHOTERICIN B www.freelivedoctorcom
- 64. BLASTOMYCOSIS Blastomyces dermatitidis www.freelivedoctorcom
- 65. BLASTOMYCOSIS A CHRONIC SUPPURATIVE AND GRANULOMATOUS DISEASE OF ANY TISSUE WITH A PREDILECTION FOR LUNGS, SKIN, PROSTATE AND BONE. www.freelivedoctorcom
- 72. ECOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION ORGANIC DEBRIS (SOIL, ROTTED WOOD, DECAYED VEGETATION) www.freelivedoctorcom
- 77. Virulence Factor BAD1 www.freelivedoctorcom
- 86. Wet Mount www.freelivedoctorcom
Editor's Notes
- ECOLOGICAL
- Wide, non-septate,mycelium. Ribbon-like