Introduction
Disease
Important Properties
Transmission & Epidemiology
Risk factor of reactivation
Pathogenesis
Clinical Findings
Laboratory Diagnosis
Approaches to the diagnosis of latent infections
Treatment
Prevention
Adenoviridae is a group of medium sized, non-enveloped, double stranded DNA viruses that replicate and produce disease in the eye and in the respiratory, gastrointestinal and urinary tracts;
Neisseria gonorrhoeae is the obligate human pathogen that causes the sexually transmitted disease (STD) gonorrhea. This Gram-negative diplococci/gonococci does not infect other animals or experimental animals and does not survive freely in the environment. The gonococcal infection occurs in the upper or lower tract, pharynx, ophthalmic area, rectum, and bloodstream. During the 1980’s gonorrhea was also referred to as “the clap” when public awareness was quite minimal. This was one of the venereal diseases prostitutes hoped to contract since it resulted in infertility by pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). As documentation, diagnostic testing, and public awareness improved, there has been a decline in incidence reports, however, it is still considered a very common infectious disease.
Cryptococcosis also called as Torulosis is a subacute or chronic fungal infection caused by Cryptococcus neoformans. It leads to compications such as fatal meningoencephalitis. It is an opportunistic infection in HIV-infected patients. The PPT discuss on the morphology of the fungus, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis and treatment.
Largest viruses that infect vertebrates
Can be seen under light microscope
Poxvirus diseases are characterized by skin lesions – localized or generalized
Important diseases caused by poxviruses are-
Smallpox
Monkeypox
Cowpox
Tanapox
Molluscum contagiosum
Everything you wanna know about Chagas disease and Trypanosoma cruzi in a nutshell, including the morphology and life-cycle of the parasite ,diagnosis treatment and prophylaxis of Chagas disease.
Medically Important Candida albicans.pptxNawangSherpa6
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Introduction
Disease
Important Properties
Transmission & Epidemiology
Risk factor of reactivation
Pathogenesis
Clinical Findings
Laboratory Diagnosis
Approaches to the diagnosis of latent infections
Treatment
Prevention
Adenoviridae is a group of medium sized, non-enveloped, double stranded DNA viruses that replicate and produce disease in the eye and in the respiratory, gastrointestinal and urinary tracts;
Neisseria gonorrhoeae is the obligate human pathogen that causes the sexually transmitted disease (STD) gonorrhea. This Gram-negative diplococci/gonococci does not infect other animals or experimental animals and does not survive freely in the environment. The gonococcal infection occurs in the upper or lower tract, pharynx, ophthalmic area, rectum, and bloodstream. During the 1980’s gonorrhea was also referred to as “the clap” when public awareness was quite minimal. This was one of the venereal diseases prostitutes hoped to contract since it resulted in infertility by pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). As documentation, diagnostic testing, and public awareness improved, there has been a decline in incidence reports, however, it is still considered a very common infectious disease.
Cryptococcosis also called as Torulosis is a subacute or chronic fungal infection caused by Cryptococcus neoformans. It leads to compications such as fatal meningoencephalitis. It is an opportunistic infection in HIV-infected patients. The PPT discuss on the morphology of the fungus, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis and treatment.
Largest viruses that infect vertebrates
Can be seen under light microscope
Poxvirus diseases are characterized by skin lesions – localized or generalized
Important diseases caused by poxviruses are-
Smallpox
Monkeypox
Cowpox
Tanapox
Molluscum contagiosum
Everything you wanna know about Chagas disease and Trypanosoma cruzi in a nutshell, including the morphology and life-cycle of the parasite ,diagnosis treatment and prophylaxis of Chagas disease.
Medically Important Candida albicans.pptxNawangSherpa6
The Presentation here is about Medically important Candida species. How does it infect the Human host? What are it's clinical manifestations and How can we diagnose for their infection and potential application for other studies.
Fungi were found by Heinrich Anton de Bary in 1858.
Most fungi cause skin or cosmetic infections while bacteria & viruses cause fatal diseases.
Organ transplantation, Immunosuppressive drugs,Anticancer drugs, Broad-spectrum antimicrobials ,HIV-disease leads to Immunosuppression causing Opportunistic Fungal Infections
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Current Developments in Prevention and Treatment of Candidiasis Prodipta Chakraborty
Candida albicans is an opportunistic fungal pathogen that is responsible for candidiasis in human hosts.
C. albicans grow in several different morphological forms, ranging from unicellular budding yeast to true hyphae with parallel-side wall .
Candida albicans is a unicellular, oval-shaped diploid fungus (a form of yeast ) Typically, C. albicans live as harmless commensals in the gastrointestinal and genitourinary tract and are found in over 70% of the population. Overgrowth of these organisms, however, will lead to disease
Also known as Oral thrush
Oral infection caused by fungi
(yeast) of the genus candida
Multiple species of candida
(candida albican most common cause)
Often an opportunistic infection
Can transmit via direct contact
If it is in the mouth or throat, it is called oral candidiasis, oropharyngeal
candidiasis, or Thrush.
If it affects the genital area, it is called a yeast infection. In women, it may be called a
Vulvovaginal yeast infection.
If yeast infects the skin on a baby’s bottom area, it causes a diaper rash.
If the infection enters your bloodstream, it is called invasive candidiasis
or candidemia.
TRANSMITTED FROM MOTHER TO INFANT THROUGH CHILDBIRTH
BY KISSING
THE OVERGROWTH OF C.ALBICANS LEADS TO SYMPTOMS OF DISEASE,
AND IT OCCOURS WHEN THERE ARE IMBALANCES
RARELY SPREAD THROUGH SEXUAL INTERCOURCE
In general case:- In general, you can prevent most Candida infections
by keeping your skin clean and dry, by using antibiotics only as your
doctor directs, and by following a healthy lifestyle, including proper nutrition.
Treatments for candidiasis for managing Candida infections are usually based upon the anatomic location of the infection, immune status of the patient, risk factors for patients with infection, species responsible and lastly, upon the susceptibility of the Candida species towards the anti-fungal drug.
Fungi are eukaryotic microorganisms which are heterotrophic and essentially aerobic with limited anaerobic capabilities. Fungi synthesize lysine by the L-αadipic acid biosynthetic pathway. They possess chitinous cell walls, plasma membranes containing ergosterol, 80SrRNA and microtubules composed of tubulin. Fungi grow as yeasts, molds (filamentous) or a combination of both (i.e. dimorphism).
Fungal Infection (pharmacology and rehab)KarimFarhat7
I'll provide a brief overview of fungal infections, covering their causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. If you have specific questions or need more details on any aspect, feel free to ask.
---
**Fungal Infections: Understanding the Basics**
Fungal infections, also known as mycoses, are caused by various types of fungi that can invade the body and lead to a range of health issues. Fungi are organisms similar to plants but lacking chlorophyll, making them unable to produce their own food through photosynthesis. Instead, they obtain nutrients from other organic matter.
**1. Types of Fungi Responsible for Infections:**
Fungal infections can be caused by different types of fungi, including yeasts, molds, and dermatophytes. Common fungal species that cause infections in humans include Candida, Aspergillus, and dermatophytes like Trichophyton.
**2. Causes and Risk Factors:**
Fungal infections can occur when fungi enter the body through various means, such as inhalation, ingestion, or direct contact with the skin. Certain factors increase the risk of fungal infections, including weakened immune systems, underlying health conditions, prolonged use of antibiotics, and environmental exposure.
**3. Common Types of Fungal Infections:**
- **Candidiasis:** A yeast infection caused by Candida species, often affecting areas like the mouth, genital region, and skin folds.
- **Aspergillosis:** Caused by the Aspergillus species, commonly affecting the respiratory system.
- **Ringworm:** A dermatophyte infection that affects the skin, nails, or scalp.
**4. Symptoms and Clinical Presentation:**
Symptoms of fungal infections vary depending on the type and location of the infection. Common signs include itching, redness, swelling, rashes, and in some cases, systemic symptoms like fever and fatigue.
**5. Diagnosis:**
Accurate diagnosis is crucial for effective treatment. Healthcare professionals may use various methods, including laboratory tests, imaging studies, and clinical examination, to identify the type and extent of the fungal infection.
**6. Treatment Options:**
Treatment of fungal infections often involves antifungal medications. These can be topical, oral, or intravenous, depending on the severity and location of the infection. Additionally, addressing underlying health conditions and improving immune function may be crucial for successful treatment.
**7. Prevention Strategies:**
Preventing fungal infections involves adopting good hygiene practices, avoiding contact with contaminated surfaces, and addressing risk factors such as diabetes or immunosuppression. Proper antifungal prophylaxis may be recommended in specific situations.
**8. Emerging Research and Therapies:**
Ongoing research aims to improve our understanding of fungal infections and develop more effective therapies. This includes exploring new antifungal agents, understanding the role of the microbiome, and developing vaccines.
Most deep fungal infections have their primary foci in the lungs, therefore those presenting with distant organs or skin involvement should be managed aggressively as untreated or severe disease can lead to severe scarring, disfigurement and even death.
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Candidiasis
1.
2. Overview
• Candida ssp is an
opportunistic fungus
(yeast).
• It can infect the
mouth, vagina, skin, sto
mach, and urinary tract.
• About 75% of women
will get a vaginal yeast
infection during their
lifetime.
3. Candidiasis
• A yeast infection results from an
overgrowth of yeast anywhere in the
body.
• Candidiasis is by far the most common
type of yeast infection.
• There are more than 20 species of
Candida, the most common being
Candida albicans.
5. Candidiasis
• These fungi live on all surfaces of our
bodies. Under certain conditions, they can
become so numerous they cause
infections, particularly in warm and moist
areas.
• Candidiasis encompasses infections that
range from superficial, such as oral thrush
and vaginitis, to systemic and potentially
life-threatening diseases.
7. Signs and symptoms
• Most candidial infections are treatable and result in
minimal complications such as redness, itching and
discomfort, though complication may be severe or fatal
if left untreated in certain populations.
• Thrush is commonly seen in infants.
• Children, mostly between the ages of three and nine
years of age, can be affected by chronic mouth yeast
infections, normally seen around the mouth as white
patches. However, this is not a common condition.
8. Causes
• A weakened or undeveloped immune
system or metabolic illnesses such as
diabetes are significant predisposing factors
of candidiasis.
• Candida yeasts are commonly present in
humans, and their growth is normally limited
by the human immune system and by other
microorganisms, such as bacteria occupying
the same locations in the human body.
9. Conditions
• Candida infection more likely to develop
in some cases, including:
-Diabetes,
-HIV infection,
-Cancer,
-Dry mouth, and
-Pregnancy.
12. Thrush
• Thrush is a yeast infection of the mucus
membrane lining the mouth and
tongue.
• Oral infections are most common in
infants, elderly
people, and those
with a weakened
immune system.
13. Causes
• Thrush is caused by forms of a fungus called
Candida. A small amount of this fungus lives in
your mouth most of the time. It is usually kept in
check by your immune system and other types
of germs that also normally live in your mouth.
• However, when your immune system is weak,
the fungus can grow.
• Thrush is commonly seen in infants. It is not
considered abnormal in infants unless it lasts
longer than a couple of weeks.
14. Symptoms
• Thrush usually develops suddenly, but it may
become chronic, persisting over a long period
of time.
• A common sign of thrush is the presence of
creamy white, slightly raised lesions in your
mouth -usually on your tongue-.
• The lesions, can be painful and may bleed
slightly when you scrape them or brush your
teeth.
15. Symptoms
• In severe cases, the lesions may
spread into your esophagus, or
swallowing tube, causing pain or
difficulty swallowing.
• Thrush can spread to other parts of
the body, including the lungs, liver,
and skin.
17. Treatment
• Medications that inhibit the
growth of fungi (antifungals) are
the standard treatment for thrush.
These medications are either
applied directly to the affected
area (topical) or swallowed (oral).
19. Cutaneous candidiasis
Paronychia:-
• Paronychia of the finger nails may develop in persons
whose hands are subject to continuous wetting,
especially with sugar solutions or contact with flour, that
macerates the nail folds and cuticle.
• In chronic cases the infection
may progress to cause
onychomycosis with total
detachment of the cuticle
from the nail plate.
21. Cutaneous candidiasis
Diaper:-
• Diaper candidiasis is common in infants
under unhygienic conditions of chronic
moisture and local skin maceration
associated with ammonitic
irritation due to irregularly
changed unclean diapers.