Fibre to fabric class 7 fin al

CHAPTER – 3
FIBRE TO FABRIC
CREATED BY – RAVI PRAKASH SINGH
FOR CLASS – VIII
SUBJECT – PHYSICS (SCIENCE)
Thursday, January 18, 2018RAVI PRAKASH SINGH 1

IMPORTANCE OF CLOTHES
 Following are the importance
of clothes :
1) They protect from heat.
2) They protect from cold.
3) They make us look nice &
decent(सभ्य).

FIBRE
A material which is available in the
form of thin and continuous strand is
called FIBRE.
There are two types of fibre, viz.
1) Natural fibre and
2) Man-made Fibre or Synthetic
Fibre

TYPES OF FIBRE:
NATURAL FIBERS
The fibers which are obtained from plants
and animals are called Natural Fibers.
Examples: cotton, jute, silk, wool.
MAN-MADE FIBERS
The fibers that are synthesized in laboratory
are called Man-made Fiber.
Examples: Nylon, Acrylic, terrylene, terry-
cotton Polyester etc.

TYPES OF NATURAL FIBRE:
PLANT FIBRE:
The fibers which are obtained from
plants and animals are called Plant
fibers.
Examples: Cotton, jute and flex.
ANIMAL FIBRE:
The fibers which are obtained from
plants and animals are called Animal
fibers.
Examples: Silk and wool.

ANIMAL FIBRES
The common animal fibers are
wool and silk.
 Wool is obtained from
sheep, goat, yak, camel,
llama, alpaca etc.
 Silk is obtained from silk
worm.

SHEEP

GOAT

YAK

CAMEL

LLAMA

ALPACA

SILKWORM

WOOL
 Wool is obtained from the fleece (hair) of
sheep, goat, camel, yak, rabbit, llama,
alpaca and other animals.
 These animals have a thick coat of hair on
their bodies because the hair traps air and
air is a poor conductor of heat.
 So thick layer of hair keeps their body
warm and protects them from harsh cold.
 For obtaining wool, animal are reared and
then their hair is cut and processed into
wool.

Fleece and Wool bearing animals
Fleece and Wool bearing animals like sheep,
goat, camel, yak, etc. bear two types of hair –
coarse hair and fine-soft under hair.
Fine soft hair is found close to the skin in such
animals.
The fine soft under hair of animal like sheep goat
etc. is called FLEECE.
Animals having fine soft hair (fleece) on their
body are called Wool Bearing Animals.

ANIMAL WOOL
 Many breeds of sheep are found in India.
 Sheep gives milk and meat; in addition to wool, but are
reared mainly to obtain wool in different parts of the
world. Sheep wool is most common wool.
 Angora wool is obtained from Angora Goats of Jammu
Kashmir is soft wool used for making shawls.
 Angora Goats are found in hilly regions, such as
Jammu and Kashmir.
 Pashmina wool is obtained from Pashmina Goats.
 Yak wool is obtained commonly in Tibet and Laddakh.
 Alpaca and Llama found in South America also give
wool.
 Camel hair is also used as wool.

REARING AND BREEDING OF SHEEP
 Sheep are reared in many parts our country
like Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh,
Uttaranchal, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh,
Haryana, Punjab, Rajasthan, Gujarat etc.
 Sheep feed on grass and leaves. They are also
fed with a mixture of pulses, corn, jowar,
oilcakes and minerals.
 In winter sheep are kept indoors and fed
on leaves, grain and dry fodder.
 Some breeds of sheep have thick hair on their
body which yield good quality wool in large
quantities. They are selectively bred to get
sheep of good breed.

PROCESSING OF WOOL
The processing of changing fleece
into wool involves following six
steps:
1) Shearing
2) Scouring
3) Sorting
4) Burrs separation
5) Dyeing
6) Spinning

PROCESSING OF WOOL
1) The fleece (hair) of the sheep is removed from
its body along with a thin layer of dead skin by
using machines.
The process of removal of the fleece from
animal is called shearing.
2) The sheared skin with hair is washed in tanks
to remove grease, dust and dirt.
The process of washing the sheared wool in
hot water followed by drying is called
scouring.

PROCESSING OF WOOL
3) The hairy skin is sent to a factory where hairs of
different textures are separated.
The process of separating hair of different
textures from the fleece is called sorting.
4) Burrs separation: The small fluffy fibres called
burrs are separated from the hairs and again
washed and dried.
5) Dyeing: the natural hair of sheep is white, brown,
black. The raw fibres are dyed in different colours.
6) Spinning: The raw fibres are then straightened,
combed and rolled into yarn. They are then spun
and woven into fabric.

CUTTING OF WOOL

YARN TYPES & ITS USES
There Are Two Types Yarn:
1) LONG YARN
2) SHORTER YARN
The long yarn threads are usually
knitted to make sweaters, mufflers,
caps, and socks.
The shorter yarn threads are woven
into fabrics.

WOOL & YARN

USES OF WOOL
Wool is used for making warm
clothes, such as sweater, cap,
shawl, gloves, and blanket etc.
Wool is also used in making
carpets and upholstery

SILK
Silk fiber is obtained from the cocoons of the
silkworms (silk moth). The silk moth lives on the
leaves of mulberry plants.
TYPES OF SILK
Different types of silk worm produce different
types of silk in terms of luster and texture.
For example- tassar silk, mooga silk, kosa silk,
etc. are produced by different types of silk moth.
Mulberry silk is the most common silk moth.
SERICULTURE
The rearing of silkworms for obtaining silk is
called sericulture.

Male Female
SILK MOTHS

History of Silk:
 Silk was discovered in China; around 3500 BC. Silk
became a prized possession because of its fine quality
and luster.
 Originally, it was used by emperors only. It was through
trade that silk spread to other parts of the world
 over a period of time. Silk was a staple item of trade
during ancient times. Due to this, the ancient trade
routes which linked China to other parts of the world are
called ‘Silk Route’.
 As per historians, silk was produced in India also. Proof
of use of silk during the Indus Valley Civilization has
also been found.

LIFE CYCLE OF SILKWORM
There are four stages in the life cycle of silk moth:
eggs, larva, pupa and adult.
Female silk moth → Lays eggs → After about 14
days eggs are hatched into larva (called
caterpillars) → Grown into Pupa → Secretes
fibers made of protein and weaves the fibres
around itself completely → This covering is
called cocoon. → Live in the cocoon for some
time → After coming out of cocoon grows into silk
moth.

Adult silk moth
LIFE CYCLE OF SILK MOTH

MULBERRY TREE

PROCESSING OF SILK
The process of obtaining silk from
silk moth involves-
1) rearing of silkworms
2) reeling and
3) dyeing.
This is followed by
4) spinning and weaving

PROCESSING OF SILK

The female silk moth lays eggs. Eggs are stored
over a clean cloth or paper strips. The eggs are
warmed to a suitable temperature.
The eggs hatch into larvae called caterpillars or
silk worms.
The silkworms are kept in bamboo trays and feeds
on mulberry leaves and grows in size.
After 30 to 40 days the silk worms stop eating and
begins to spin cocoons.
Cocoons get hardened because of exposure to air.
Inside the cocoon the silk worm develops into silk
moth.
REARING OF SILKWORMS

REARING OF SILKWORMS

REELING OF SILK
 The cocoons are collected and
kept in sunlight or boiled or
exposed to steam. The silk fibres
separate out.
 The process of taking out the silk
thread from the cocoons is called
reeling.
 Reeling is done by machines.

REELING OF SILK

DYEING, SPINNING AND WEAVING
DYEING
The silk fibres are then dyed in
different coloured.
SPINNING AND WEAVING
The silk fibres are then spun into
threads and woven into different
types of silk cloth i.e. fiber.

SPINNING AND WEAVING OF SILK

USES OF SILK
Silk is a costly fabric.
Silk fiber is used for weaving cloth
especially traditional dresses in India like
sari, kurta, shawl and other wedding
clothes.
Silk had always been prized for its luster
and fine quality.
The countries which produced silk on a
large scale are china (first rank) & India.

PLANT FIBER
The common plant fibres are
Cotton, and Jute.
Cotton is obtained from
the flower of the cotton
plant.
Jute fiber is obtained from
the stem of the jute plant.
Thursday, January 18, 2018RAVI PRAKASH SINGH
4

CULTIVATION OF COTTON
Cotton is cultivated in black clayey soil. It needs warm
climate. The sowing of cotton crop is done in early spring.
Cotton plants are bushy and about 1-2 meters tall. The
plants start flowering in about 60 days and give whitish -
yellow flowers.
The flowers turn reddish in a few days. Flowers slowly
grow into spherical walnut-like structures. These are
called cotton ball.
Fibres of cotton grow on these seeds. After some time
green cotton balls turn brown.
At maturity, the cotton bolls burst open and the white
cotton fibre can be seen.

PROCESSING OF COTTON
Ginning:
The cotton picked up from the plants has seeds in it. The
process of removing cotton seeds from pods is called
ginning.
Ginning was traditionally done by hand. Now-a-days,
machines are used in ginning.
Spinning:
The process of making yarn from fibre is called spinning.
The raw cotton is supplied to industry in the form of
bales.

STEPS IN MAKING COTTON YARN
The raw cotton is loosened and cleaned;
to remove straw and dried leaves.
The cleaned cotton is then fed into a
machine.
The cotton fibre are combed, straightened
and converted into a rope like structure
called sliver.
The sliver of cotton fibre is converted into
yarn by spinning using machines.

PROCESSING OF COTTON
WEAVING:
The process of arranging two sets of yarn together to make a
fabric is called weaving.
The big reels of yarn are called bobbins. These bobbins are
used for weaving the cloth.
Cloth is woven on looms. After that they bleached and dyed to
give a finish.
KNITTING:
Knitting can be done by hand and machine.
Just two yarns are used in knitting while more than two
yarns are used in weaving.
Sweater, socks, scarf and caps are knitted from the wool.

COTTON IN INDIA
Cotton is cultivated mainly in
Maharashtra, Gujarat, Haryana, Punjab,
Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu and Madhya
Pradesh.
USES OF COTTON
Cotton is mostly used for making clothes
of various kinds.
Examples: towels, bed-sheet, curtains,
saris.

Jute
 Jute fiber is obtained from the stem of the jute
plant. It is cultivated in rainy season.
 Jute fibre is pale- yellow in colour and 2to 3
meter long. Jute fibre is very strong. Jute fibre
has silky texture.
 Jute is grown in alluvial soil which is found
usually in the Delta Region of the Ganges and
Brahmaputra rivers.
 In India, jute is mainly grown in west Bengal,
Bihar and Assam.
 Jute plants are about 2.5 to 3.5 meter in
height.
 It bears yellow flowers in 3 to 4 months.

JUTE
 Jute plants are usually cut at the flowering stage.
 A good quality fibre is obtained from plants which are
cut at the flowering stage.
 After falling of dry leaves bundles of dry plants are
kept in a pond for a few days.
 In this period the gummy skin rots out to separate
the fibre. This process is called RETTING.
 The jute fiber is obtained from the retted jute by
hand.
 Jute fibre is used mainly for making gunny bags,
shopping bags, ropes, carpets, curtains, etc.

Synthetic Fibre
Synthetic fibre is quite strong, wrinkle-
resistant and quick drying.
These are used in making different
materials; like clothes, neck-ties, sails,
sweater, shawls, carpet and blankets.
They are also used in making boats,
skating boards etc.

Fibre to fabric class 7 fin al

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Fibre to fabric class 7 fin al