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This is a nice presentation on "Fertilization of plants". you can found all of the information of plant fertilization on this presentation.
Plant fertilization is the union of male and female gametes (reproductive cells) to produce a zygote (fertilized egg)
Double Fertilization
Both the male gametes/sperms participate in sexual reproduction.
Two male gametes fuse with one female gamete wherein one male gamete fertilizes the egg to form a zygote, whereas the other fuses with two polar nuclei to form an endosperm
Triple fusion is the fusion of the male gamete with two polar nuclei inside the embryo sac of the angiosperm.
Porogamy - entry through the micropyle.
Chalazogamy - entry through the Chalaza
Mesogamy - entry through the middle part or the integuments
Steps leading to fertilization
Germination of the pollen grain:
Stigma function is to provide place of lodging and germination of the pollen grain after pollination.
Types of stigmas-
Wet stigmas
Secrete exudates like water and other nutrients
In the form of droplets on the stigma.
Exudates made up of a mix of water, lipids, sugars, amino acids, phenolic compounds.
Highly viscous and adhesive. Ex: Petunia, Zea etc.
Dry stigma
Do not secrete exudates Ex: Gossypium
Double Fertilization & Triple Fusion:
Both the male gametes are involved in the fertilization.
Fertilize two different components of the embryo sac - Double Fertilization
One fuses with the egg nucleus (syngamy) -> Zygote(2n)
second fuses with polar nuclei -> primary endosperm nucleus (PEN).
Involves fusion of three nuclei - Triple fusion -> Endosperm(3n)
Pollen tube in the synergids:
Entry only through micropyle. Guided by oburator
Presence of chemotropic substances
Collapse of one the synergids prior to entry of the pollen tube.
Pollen tube in the synergids:
Entry only through micropyle. Guided by oburator
Presence of chemotropic substances
Collapse of one the synergids prior to entry of the pollen tube.
Discharge of pollen tube contents (two male gametes, vegetative nucleus and cytoplasm) into the synergids.
Disorganization of tube nucleus
Polyspermy &Heterofertilization
Heterofertilization - Type of double fertilization in plants in which endosperm and embryo are genetically different.
This happens when two different sperm nuclei from two different pollen tubes happen to enter the same embryo sac.
Dr. T. Annie Sheron
Annie Sheron
Kakatiya Government College
Fertilization is the process of fusion of the female gamete, the ovum or egg and the male gamete produced in the pollen tube by the pollen grain. Fertilization in flowering plants was discovered by Strassburger in 1884.
Flowers are the reproductive structures of angiosperms. They vary greatly physically and are of great diversity in methods of reproduction. The process of fertilization in plants occurs when gametes in haploid conditions meet to create a zygote which is diploid.
The male gametes of the flower are transferred on to the female reproductive organs through pollinators. The final product of this process is the formation of embryo in a seed.
In this lesson you will learn about :
1) What is Fertilization?
2) The Pollen Grain (Male Gamete)
3) The Ovule (Containing Female Gamete)
4) Microsporogenesis and Megasporogenesis
5) Germination of Pollen Grain
6) Double Fertilization
7) Post Fertilization Events
I hope this document is helpful to you. Please share the document with your friends if you think this will benefit them. Get ready for the next lesson. Thanks.
Double fertilization is the process found in angiosperms in which out of the two male gametes released inside the embryo sac, one fuses with the egg cell (syngamy) and another fuse with secondary nucleus (triple fusion).
Plant fertilization is the union of male and female gametes (reproductive cells) to produce a zygote (fertilized egg)
Double Fertilization
Both the male gametes/sperms participate in sexual reproduction.
Two male gametes fuse with one female gamete wherein one male gamete fertilizes the egg to form a zygote, whereas the other fuses with two polar nuclei to form an endosperm
Triple fusion is the fusion of the male gamete with two polar nuclei inside the embryo sac of the angiosperm.
Porogamy - entry through the micropyle.
Chalazogamy - entry through the Chalaza
Mesogamy - entry through the middle part or the integuments
Steps leading to fertilization
Germination of the pollen grain:
Stigma function is to provide place of lodging and germination of the pollen grain after pollination.
Types of stigmas-
Wet stigmas
Secrete exudates like water and other nutrients
In the form of droplets on the stigma.
Exudates made up of a mix of water, lipids, sugars, amino acids, phenolic compounds.
Highly viscous and adhesive. Ex: Petunia, Zea etc.
Dry stigma
Do not secrete exudates Ex: Gossypium
Double Fertilization & Triple Fusion:
Both the male gametes are involved in the fertilization.
Fertilize two different components of the embryo sac - Double Fertilization
One fuses with the egg nucleus (syngamy) -> Zygote(2n)
second fuses with polar nuclei -> primary endosperm nucleus (PEN).
Involves fusion of three nuclei - Triple fusion -> Endosperm(3n)
Pollen tube in the synergids:
Entry only through micropyle. Guided by oburator
Presence of chemotropic substances
Collapse of one the synergids prior to entry of the pollen tube.
Pollen tube in the synergids:
Entry only through micropyle. Guided by oburator
Presence of chemotropic substances
Collapse of one the synergids prior to entry of the pollen tube.
Discharge of pollen tube contents (two male gametes, vegetative nucleus and cytoplasm) into the synergids.
Disorganization of tube nucleus
Polyspermy &Heterofertilization
Heterofertilization - Type of double fertilization in plants in which endosperm and embryo are genetically different.
This happens when two different sperm nuclei from two different pollen tubes happen to enter the same embryo sac.
Dr. T. Annie Sheron
Annie Sheron
Kakatiya Government College
Fertilization is the process of fusion of the female gamete, the ovum or egg and the male gamete produced in the pollen tube by the pollen grain. Fertilization in flowering plants was discovered by Strassburger in 1884.
Flowers are the reproductive structures of angiosperms. They vary greatly physically and are of great diversity in methods of reproduction. The process of fertilization in plants occurs when gametes in haploid conditions meet to create a zygote which is diploid.
The male gametes of the flower are transferred on to the female reproductive organs through pollinators. The final product of this process is the formation of embryo in a seed.
In this lesson you will learn about :
1) What is Fertilization?
2) The Pollen Grain (Male Gamete)
3) The Ovule (Containing Female Gamete)
4) Microsporogenesis and Megasporogenesis
5) Germination of Pollen Grain
6) Double Fertilization
7) Post Fertilization Events
I hope this document is helpful to you. Please share the document with your friends if you think this will benefit them. Get ready for the next lesson. Thanks.
Double fertilization is the process found in angiosperms in which out of the two male gametes released inside the embryo sac, one fuses with the egg cell (syngamy) and another fuse with secondary nucleus (triple fusion).
FERTILIZATION IS A FUSION OF MALE GAMETE WITH FEMALE GAMETES .ANDROECIUM AND GYNOECIUM ARE THE FERTILE PARTS OF A PLANT.THEY ARE DIRECTLY INVOLVED IN THE PROCESS OF FERTILIZATION.THE FUSION BETWEEN THE MALE GAMETES AND EGG FORMING SEED AND FRUIT.HERE THE OVULE DEVELOP IN TO SEED AND OVARY DEVELOP IN TO FRUIT.
Apomixis in flowering plants is defined as the asexual formation of a seed from the maternal tissues of the ovule, avoiding the processes of meiosis and fertilization, leading to embryo development.
Megasporogenesis is the process of formation of megaspores from the megaspore mother cell.
In the hypodermal region of nucellus towards the micropylar end develops a primary archesporial cell.
Dr. T. Annie Sheron
Annie Sheron
Kakatiya Government College
The modes of reproduction in crop plants may be broadly grouped into two categories: asexual and sexual.
Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of male and female gametes, whereas in asexual reproduction new plants may develop from vegetative parts of the plant (vegetative reproduction) or may arise from embryos that develop without fertilization (apomixis).
this presentation describes the concept of growth and development of plants in details. it explains different types and phases of growth. it also contain notes on growth rate that ie arithmetic & geometric. Growth curve and growth requirements are also well explained in this ppt. it also define differentiation, dedifferentiation and redifferentiation.
FERTILIZATION IS A FUSION OF MALE GAMETE WITH FEMALE GAMETES .ANDROECIUM AND GYNOECIUM ARE THE FERTILE PARTS OF A PLANT.THEY ARE DIRECTLY INVOLVED IN THE PROCESS OF FERTILIZATION.THE FUSION BETWEEN THE MALE GAMETES AND EGG FORMING SEED AND FRUIT.HERE THE OVULE DEVELOP IN TO SEED AND OVARY DEVELOP IN TO FRUIT.
Apomixis in flowering plants is defined as the asexual formation of a seed from the maternal tissues of the ovule, avoiding the processes of meiosis and fertilization, leading to embryo development.
Megasporogenesis is the process of formation of megaspores from the megaspore mother cell.
In the hypodermal region of nucellus towards the micropylar end develops a primary archesporial cell.
Dr. T. Annie Sheron
Annie Sheron
Kakatiya Government College
The modes of reproduction in crop plants may be broadly grouped into two categories: asexual and sexual.
Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of male and female gametes, whereas in asexual reproduction new plants may develop from vegetative parts of the plant (vegetative reproduction) or may arise from embryos that develop without fertilization (apomixis).
this presentation describes the concept of growth and development of plants in details. it explains different types and phases of growth. it also contain notes on growth rate that ie arithmetic & geometric. Growth curve and growth requirements are also well explained in this ppt. it also define differentiation, dedifferentiation and redifferentiation.
this topic objectives are: differentiate self- pollination and cross pollination,draw self-pollination in plants and appreciate the importance of insects in pollination.
defined as a biological process in
which an organism gives rise to
young ones (offspring) similar to
itself.
Asexual reproduction:
Offsprings produced by single
parents.
Without involvement of gamete
formation
Offsprings are genetically
identical to their parentsCell division as a method of asexual
reproduction as in Protista and monera.
Binary fission e.g. Amoeba, Paramecium.
Budding: e.g. yeast.
Asexual reproductive structures:
Zoospores: aquatic fungi, Chlamydomonas.
Conidia: Penicillium.
Bud: Hydra
Gemmules: sponges.
Vegetative propagation units in plant:
(Vegetative propagules)
Runner, rhizome, sucker, tuber, offset, bulb.
A process where an embryo is derived from a single somatic cell or group of somatic cells. Somatic embryos (SEs) are formed from plant cells that are not normally involved in embryo formation.
Embryos formed by somatic embryogenesis are called Embryoids.
The process was discovered for the first time in Daucas carota L. (carrot) by Steward (1958), Reinert (1959).
To know More: https://goo.gl/RT1Tmd
How to choose the best dog food
There are many things about your dog care. Most important care is supplying the best and healthy food to your dog. You love your dog very much. So you should supply only the best and healthy food which has the more nutrition value.
Here is the PDF file for you where you can find How to choose the best dog food.
Read More: https://goo.gl/RT1Tmd
This is a presentation of Breeds of Goat. There have Different breeds of goat with pictures.
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Alpine
Altai Mountain
American Lamancha
Anatolian Black Goat
Anglo-Nubian
Angora
Appenzell Goat
Arapawa
Argentata of Etna
Auckland Island
Australian Cashmere
Australian Miniature Goat
Bagot
Banatian White
Barbari
Beetal
Belgian Fawn
Benadir
Bhuj
Bilberry
Bionda dell'Adamello
Black Bengal
Boer
Booted
British Alpine
Brown Shorthair
Canary Island
Canindé
Carpathian
Chyangra
Chamois Coloured goat
Changthangi
Chappar
Charnequeira
Chengde Polled
Chengdu Brown
Chigu
Chué
Corsican
Dera Din Panah
Damani
Damascus
Danish Landrace
Don
Duan
Dutch Landrace
Dutch Toggenburg
Erzgebirge
Fainting
Finnish Landrace
Garganica
Girgentana
Göingeget
Golden Guernsey
Grisons Striped
Guddi
Hailun
Haimen
Hasi
Hejazi
Hexi Cashmere
Hongtong
Huaipi
Huaitoutala
Hungarian Improved
Icelandic
Irish
Jamnapari
Jining Grey
Jonica
Kaghani
Kalahari Red
Kalbian
Kamori
Kinder
Kiko
Korean Black Goat
Kri-kri
La Mancha
Laoshan
Majorera
Maltese
Massif Central
Messinese
Mini Oberhasli
Mountain Goat
Murcia-Granada
Murciana
Nachi
Nigerian Dwarf
Nigora goat
Norwegian
Oberhasli
Orobica
Peacock
Philippine
Poitou
Pygmy
Pygora
Pyrenean
Qinshan
Red Boer
Red Mediterranean
Repartida
Rove
Russian White
Saanen
Sable Saanen
Sahelian
San Clemente Island
Sarda
Sirohi
Swedish Landrace
Somali
Spanish
Stiefelgeiss
Surati
Tauernsheck
Thuringian
Toggenburg
Uzbek Black
Valais Blackneck
Verata
West African Dwarf
White Shorthaired
Xinjiang
Xuhai
Yemen Mountain
Zalawadi
Zhiwulin Black
Zhongwei
This is a nice presentation on Business low and tax. This a presentation for Universities students who are studying on Business communication or economics.
Bogra is a wonderful town in Bangladesh. There have many historical and awesome place like: Mohastan gor, Behula Basor ghor, Naz garden, Sohid chandu stadium, Wonderland park, Bogra satmatha, palage museum etc. This is a presentation on Bogra town and the historical places of Bogra, Bangladesh.
This is a presentation which is made on part of speech from English grammar. It is very helpful for learning English grammar on part of speech.
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In this presentation, you can found that, what is soil, Definition of soil science and all details, properties of soil. This Presentation made by Md Rubel Hossain.
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This presentation is required about Soil forming factors. This is a presentation for soil science.
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This presentation on "Importance of plants" in human life. There have mention all of the importance of plants for human, animals and others environments.
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This is a presentation on Diseases of Sunflower & Their Management.
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Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
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Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
4. # fertilization is the fusion of two
dissimilar sexual reproductive
units, call gametes.
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5. Fertilization
The process by which two gametes fuse
to become a zygote, which develops into
a new organism. The resultant zygote is
diploid.
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7. A pollen tube is part of the male gametophyte
of seed plants. It acts as a conduit to transport
the male gamete cells from the pollen grains.
Either from the stigma to the ovules at the
base of the pistil.
Pollen tube:
7
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10. This is the commonest type of fertilization
seen in angiosperms here the entry of the
pollen tube into the ovary takes place
through the microphyle .
Porogamy:
10
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14. An ovule, inside the petals is a flower’s sexual
organs, its stamens and pistil. The pistil consists
of three parts: stigma, style, and ovary. The
stigma traps pollen grains that are needed for
fertilization of eggs.
14
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18. Perthenocarpy:
Is the process in which the plants
that have lost capacity to produce
seeds such as oranges are
reproduced.
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20. The nuclei are derived by the division of
the megaspore nucleus. There is an egg
nucleus and two synergies’ at the
microphyle end. There are nuclei at the
opposite and these become the antipodal
cell.
20
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21. Synergid:
Is one of two small cells living the
egg in the mature embryo sec of a
flowering plant.
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