The mating or crossing of two plants or lines of dissimilar genotype is known as hybridization. The chief objective of hybridization is to create genetic variation, when two genotypically different plants are brought together in F1. Here, we are going to discuss about different strategies and tools used for hybridization.
The mating or crossing of two plants or lines of dissimilar genotype is known as hybridization. The chief objective of hybridization is to create genetic variation, when two genotypically different plants are brought together in F1. Here, we are going to discuss about different strategies and tools used for hybridization.
Apomixis in flowering plants is defined as the asexual formation of a seed from the maternal tissues of the ovule, avoiding the processes of meiosis and fertilization, leading to embryo development.
Centres of diversity – types of biodiversity – Centres of origin – Law of homologous series – centers of origin – types of centres of diversity – gene sanctuaries – genetic erosion – main reasons of genetic erosion – extinction – introgression – gene banks – types of gene banks
Clone is the progeny of a single plant, produced by asexual reproduction
Clonal selection is the selection of the most desirable members of a clone for continued vegetative propagation rather than for sexual reproduction.
The members of a clone keep up genetic constancy.
So by clonal selection and continued vegetative propagation, the desirable qualities of plants can be maintained for long.
Plant breeding methods of vegetatively propagated crops Roksana Aftab Ruhi
Vegetatively propagated crops are bred by intentionally crossing of closely or distantly related individual to produce new crop varieties or lines with desirable traits. Breeding of vegetative crops have successfully improved quality, yield, tolerance of crops to environmental pressure. Breeding helps in producing crops that are resistant to viruses, fungi and bacteria and helps in longer storage period for the harvested crop.
Polyembryony is the phenomenon of two or more embryos developing from a single fertilized egg. Due to the embryos resulting from the same egg, the embryos are identical to one another, but are genetically diverse from the parents.
Apomixis in flowering plants is defined as the asexual formation of a seed from the maternal tissues of the ovule, avoiding the processes of meiosis and fertilization, leading to embryo development.
Centres of diversity – types of biodiversity – Centres of origin – Law of homologous series – centers of origin – types of centres of diversity – gene sanctuaries – genetic erosion – main reasons of genetic erosion – extinction – introgression – gene banks – types of gene banks
Clone is the progeny of a single plant, produced by asexual reproduction
Clonal selection is the selection of the most desirable members of a clone for continued vegetative propagation rather than for sexual reproduction.
The members of a clone keep up genetic constancy.
So by clonal selection and continued vegetative propagation, the desirable qualities of plants can be maintained for long.
Plant breeding methods of vegetatively propagated crops Roksana Aftab Ruhi
Vegetatively propagated crops are bred by intentionally crossing of closely or distantly related individual to produce new crop varieties or lines with desirable traits. Breeding of vegetative crops have successfully improved quality, yield, tolerance of crops to environmental pressure. Breeding helps in producing crops that are resistant to viruses, fungi and bacteria and helps in longer storage period for the harvested crop.
Polyembryony is the phenomenon of two or more embryos developing from a single fertilized egg. Due to the embryos resulting from the same egg, the embryos are identical to one another, but are genetically diverse from the parents.
Plant Quarantine is a legal restriction on movement of agricultural commodities for the purpose of exclusion, prevention or delay in the establishment of plants, pests and diseases in the area where they are not present.
Plant quarantine is thus designed as a safeguard against harmful pests/pathogens exotic to a country or a region. Information regarding PLANT QUARANTINE IN INDIA AND ABROAD is essential. By Anand Daunde
This ppt is a part of the online lecture for the undergraduate botany students of Government First Grade College Yelahanka , Bangalore by Dr P B Mallikharjuna
Plant Breeding: Art and Science
"Plant breeding means the improvement in the heredity of crops and production of new crop varieties which are far better than original types in all aspects."
Role of intrernational organizations during import and export of seeds.
Role of ISTA, UPOV, ASTA, AOSCA, IPPC, AOSA WTO, TRIPS, NPPO, RPPO, NBPGR, OECD, ISF, EPPO, EXIM POLICY
This presentation details you about the current scenario and future prospects of breeder seed production in potato with complete explanation of steps followed. The PPT in the last also points some of limitations of the technique. The presentation initially also touches some basic concepts about importance of seed production in potato, requirement by country etc. Hope you will all like the comment. Suggestions and improvements are always welcomed.
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
3. INTRODUCTION
• It consists of taking a genotype or group of genotypes into a new
environment where they have not been grown before.
• may involve new varieties of crop or the wild relatives of crop species
or totally a new crop species for the area.
• It can be done within the country or from other countries of
continents.
4. History
• During the sixteenth century and later, the Portuguese, British,
French and Dutch, in the process of colonisation, introduced many
plants in different regions.
• In India, Portuguese introduced new-world crops, such as maize,
groundnut, chilli, potato, sweet potato, guava, custard apple,
pineapple, cashewnut and tobacco
• British East India Company introduced - tea, litchi and loquat from
China, and cabbage, cauliflower and other winter vegetables
• classical examples ,
• 1 . introduction of sunflower to USSR from Central Mexico/USA
• 2. Chinese soybean to North America
• 3. Ethiopian coffee to Central and South America
5. Objectives of Plant Introduction
• To introduce high yielding varieties to increase food production. E.g.
Rice and wheat.
• To enrich the germplasm collection. E.g. Sorghum, Groundnut.
• To get new sources of resistance against both biotic and abiotic
stresses.
• To introduce new plant species there by creating ways to build up
new industries.E.g. Oil palm
6. Types of Plant Introductions:
• Based on adaptation, introductions are of two types, viz.
• 1 Primary Introduction
• 2 Secondary Introduction
• Based on utilization, again introduction are of two types,
viz.
• (i) Direct introduction
• (ii) Indirect Introduction.
7. Primary Introduction:
• When the introduced variety is well suited to new environment
• it is released for commercial cultivation without any alteration of
genotype
• For example, -
• dwarf wheat varieties like ‘Sonora-64’ ‘ Lerma rojo’
• dwarf rice varieties like ‘Taichung Native 1’, ‘IR-8 ’
IR-8
8. Secondary Introduction:
• introduced variety is subjected to Selection or used in hybridization
programme with local varieties
• to get the improved varieties with some new characters
• For example, - ‘Kalyan Sona’ and ‘Sonalika’ of wheat introduced from
CIMMYT, Mexico.
9. Procedure of Plant Introduction:
• (a) Ways of Procurement of Plants or Germplasm:
• Requisition for introduction of new crop plant or new varieties
should be submitted to NBPGR (National Bureau of Plant
Genetic Resources) within the country or to IBPGR (Interna-
tional Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources).
• The material may be obtained on an exchange basis from
friendly countries
• or the material can also be purchased or obtained as free gift
from individuals or organizations.
• (b) Packaging and Despatch:
• part of the plant for propagation of that species is known as
propagule
10. • propagule may be seeds, tubers, runners, suckers, stolons, bulbs, root
cuttings, buds
• Propagule are packed carefully and despatched
• (c) Entry and Plant Quarantine:
• On receipt of the material the entry inspection is done by the
country for other contaminants and the presence of insect, diseases,
nematodes are checked.
• The materials are treated with insecticides, fungicides or nematicides
and then released to the user.
• (d) Cataloguing:
• introduced specimen is given a number regarding species, variety,
place of origin and the data are recorded.
11. • (e) Evaluation:
• performance at different substations are evaluated
• evaluated under different environments.
• (f) Multiplication and Distribution:
• Promising introduced materials are propagated and then released as
varieties after necessary trials.
12. Agencies of Plant Introduction in India:
• International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI) located at
Rome, Italy deals with Introduction of plant material on global level.
• A centralized plant introduction agency was initiated in 1946 at IARI,
New Delhi.
• During 1976 National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (NBPGR)
was started.
• In India, two more organizations, viz.:
• (1) Forest Research Institute (FRI), Dehradun
• (2) Botanical Survey of India (BSI), Kolkata
13. • FRI deals with introduction of forest trees, whereas Botanical Survey
of India is concerned with introduction of Medicinal and Botanical
Plants.
• Various crop research institutes also introduce plant material but
only through National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New
Delhi.
• Thus, NBPGR coordinates the work of Plant Introduction in India.
14. Import rules and regulations
• The import and export of seeds, plants, plant products and planting
material in India are regulated by the rules and regulations framed under
the Destructive Insects and Pests Act (DIP Act) of 1914
• The main features of the Act are:
• 1 . The Central Government may prohibit or regulate importation into India
of any article or class of articles likely to be injurious to any crop.
• 2. The Central Government may prohibit or regulate the export from a State
or the interstate transport of any article or class of articles likely to be
injurious to any crop.
• 3. The Central Government may make rules prescribing the nature of
documents to accompany any article or class of articles.
15. • 4. The State Government may make rules concerning the detention,
inspection, disinfestation or destruction of any article or class of
articles likely to be injurious to any released variety.
• Seed were not originally included in the DIP Act, the Government of
India passed the Plants,Fruits and Seeds (Regulation of Imports
into India) Order of 1984
• 17 crops are included and conditions for their import are stipulated.
16. Merits and Demerits of Plant Introduction:
• A. Merits:
• (a) It provides entirely new crop plants to a place.
• (b) Superior varieties may be originated directly or after selection or
hybridisation.
• (c) Germplasm collection, maintenance and protection of genetic
variability
• (d) It is the most quick and economical method of crop
improvement when introduced material can be used directly.
• (e) Introduction of some varieties to newer areas may protect them
from some diseases.
17. • B. Demerits:
• (a) The weeds like Argemone, Eichhornia, Lantana have been
introduced from other countries
• (b) The fungal diseases like late blight of potato, flat smut of wheat,
coffee rust, bunchy top of banana –have been introduced in India
along with plant materials.
• (c) Many insect pests like potato tuber moth, woolly aphis of apple,
were introduced in India
18. Achievements of Plant Introduction:
• (A) New Crop Species:
• potato, maize, groundnut, chillies; coffee, rubber, guava, grape,
pineapple, many ornamentals like Gulmohor, Salvia, Aster-all have
been introduced in India from outside.
• (B) New Crop Varieties:
• (a) Direct Multiplication and Released as New Varieties:
• Dwarf wheat varieties like ‘Sonora 64’, ‘Lerma Rojo’ and dwarf rice
varieties like TN-1′, ‘IR-8’
• crop plants like oat, soya-bean, tomato, cauliflower, onion, etc.
19. • (b) Selection of Desirable Varieties:
• Many varieties have come up after selection from introduced
varieties, e.g., ‘Kalyan Sona’, ‘Sonalika’