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DISEASES OF SUNFLOWER AND CASTOR
This document discusses several fungal, bacterial, and viral diseases that affect sunflower crops. It describes the key symptoms and impact of major diseases like Alternaria leaf blight, downy mildew, rust, Sclerotinia wilt and rot, charcoal rot, and powdery mildew. It provides details on the causal organisms, disease development and spread, and recommends management practices like crop rotation, seed treatment, and fungicide application to control sunflower diseases.
Diseases of rose, Crown Gall Rot, Black Spot, Powdery mildew of Rose, Rust an...
Diseases of rose:
Crown Gall Rot,
Black Spot,
Powdery mildew of Rose,
Rust and Anthracnose.
Besides rose diseases, environmental factors can effect your plants too, and they should be watched for an remedied when found. To keep most rose diseases under control, a commercial fungicide will take care of it. In other cases, proper pruning techniques and the maintenance of clean garden implements goes a long way in preventing such conditions from occurring in the first place.
I have found that only two sprays are needed to keep your plants healthy. The first is sulpher. This will work for most of the diseases. But not for black-spot: for this you need Capstan.
Diseases of Gram
This document summarizes three major diseases that affect gram (chickpea) crops: wilt, grey mould, and ascochyta blight. It describes the symptoms, causal pathogens, and disease cycles. For wilt, the symptoms include yellowing, wilting, and death of plants. It is caused by Fusarium oxysporum and spreads through soil and irrigation water. For grey mould, symptoms include flower and pod rotting. It is caused by Botrytis cineria and spreads rapidly under humid conditions. For ascochyta blight, symptoms include leaf spots and stem lesions. It is caused by Ascochyta rabiei and spreads through infected plant debris and
Mango malformation
This document summarizes mango malformation, a disease caused by the fungus Fusarium moniliforme var. subglutinans that affects mango production. It describes the two types of malformation - vegetative and floral. Vegetative malformation disrupts apical growth resulting in stunted seedlings. Floral malformation causes thickened panicles with numerous unopened male flowers. Susceptibility varies by cultivar and is influenced by temperature, plant age, and time of year. Low temperatures during flowering increase incidence. Management strategies discussed include use of plant growth regulators, deblossoming, pruning, and fungicides or biocontrol agents like Trichoderma.
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The document discusses several major fungal diseases that affect wheat crops:
1. Rusts, caused by fungi of the genus Puccinia, including stem rust, leaf rust, and stripe rust. They produce spores that can spread rapidly under wet conditions.
2. Loose smut and kernel bunt, caused by fungi that infect wheat flowers and seeds, resulting in powdery black or dark masses where healthy kernels should be.
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Diseases on pea
a brief description on diseases of pea their symptom and casual organism.
Content is for eduacational purpose and truly for students ,scientist and farmers.
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DISEASES OF MUSTARD AND CHILLI BY DWIGPAL SHAHI
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This document summarizes several diseases that affect mustard and chilli crops and their management. For mustard, it describes symptoms, survival and spread, favorable conditions, and management strategies for diseases such as sclerotinia stem rot, alternaria black spot, white rust, and downy mildew. For chilli, it similarly discusses damping off caused by Pythium, fruit rot and die back caused by Colletotrichum capsici, powdery mildew caused by Leveillula taurica, bacterial leaf spot caused by Xanthomonas campestris, cercospora leaf spot caused by Cercospora capsici, and fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporumDiseases of Pea
This document summarizes several diseases that affect pea crops:
- Fusarium wilt causes wilting and death of plants and is spread through soil and seed. Hot weather promotes its growth. Seeds can be treated and soil drenched to manage it.
- Powdery mildew causes white powdery spots on leaves and malformed pods. It spreads through air and likes warm, humid conditions. Crop residues should be burned and resistant varieties used.
- Downy mildew causes gray-white mold on leaves and pods and spreads through soil, seed and water. High humidity and cool temperatures encourage it. Infected plants should be removed.
- Rust causes reddish-brown spots on leaves and dry plants
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This document discusses several fungal, bacterial, and viral diseases that affect sunflower crops. It describes the key symptoms and impact of major diseases like Alternaria leaf blight, downy mildew, rust, Sclerotinia wilt and rot, charcoal rot, and powdery mildew. It provides details on the causal organisms, disease development and spread, and recommends management practices like crop rotation, seed treatment, and fungicide application to control sunflower diseases.
Diseases of rose, Crown Gall Rot, Black Spot, Powdery mildew of Rose, Rust an...
Diseases of rose:
Crown Gall Rot,
Black Spot,
Powdery mildew of Rose,
Rust and Anthracnose.
Besides rose diseases, environmental factors can effect your plants too, and they should be watched for an remedied when found. To keep most rose diseases under control, a commercial fungicide will take care of it. In other cases, proper pruning techniques and the maintenance of clean garden implements goes a long way in preventing such conditions from occurring in the first place.
I have found that only two sprays are needed to keep your plants healthy. The first is sulpher. This will work for most of the diseases. But not for black-spot: for this you need Capstan.
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This document summarizes three major diseases that affect gram (chickpea) crops: wilt, grey mould, and ascochyta blight. It describes the symptoms, causal pathogens, and disease cycles. For wilt, the symptoms include yellowing, wilting, and death of plants. It is caused by Fusarium oxysporum and spreads through soil and irrigation water. For grey mould, symptoms include flower and pod rotting. It is caused by Botrytis cineria and spreads rapidly under humid conditions. For ascochyta blight, symptoms include leaf spots and stem lesions. It is caused by Ascochyta rabiei and spreads through infected plant debris and
Mango malformation
This document summarizes mango malformation, a disease caused by the fungus Fusarium moniliforme var. subglutinans that affects mango production. It describes the two types of malformation - vegetative and floral. Vegetative malformation disrupts apical growth resulting in stunted seedlings. Floral malformation causes thickened panicles with numerous unopened male flowers. Susceptibility varies by cultivar and is influenced by temperature, plant age, and time of year. Low temperatures during flowering increase incidence. Management strategies discussed include use of plant growth regulators, deblossoming, pruning, and fungicides or biocontrol agents like Trichoderma.
Diseases of Wheat
The document discusses several major fungal diseases that affect wheat crops:
1. Rusts, caused by fungi of the genus Puccinia, including stem rust, leaf rust, and stripe rust. They produce spores that can spread rapidly under wet conditions.
2. Loose smut and kernel bunt, caused by fungi that infect wheat flowers and seeds, resulting in powdery black or dark masses where healthy kernels should be.
3. Powdery mildew, caused by Erysiphe graminis, which produces white powdery growth on wheat leaves, stems, and flowers that later turns black and dries out plants.
4. Foot rot, caused by Pythium fungi in the soil
Diseases on pea
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Content is for eduacational purpose and truly for students ,scientist and farmers.
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This document summarizes several diseases that affect mustard and chilli crops and their management. For mustard, it describes symptoms, survival and spread, favorable conditions, and management strategies for diseases such as sclerotinia stem rot, alternaria black spot, white rust, and downy mildew. For chilli, it similarly discusses damping off caused by Pythium, fruit rot and die back caused by Colletotrichum capsici, powdery mildew caused by Leveillula taurica, bacterial leaf spot caused by Xanthomonas campestris, cercospora leaf spot caused by Cercospora capsici, and fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporumDiseases of Pea
This document summarizes several diseases that affect pea crops:
- Fusarium wilt causes wilting and death of plants and is spread through soil and seed. Hot weather promotes its growth. Seeds can be treated and soil drenched to manage it.
- Powdery mildew causes white powdery spots on leaves and malformed pods. It spreads through air and likes warm, humid conditions. Crop residues should be burned and resistant varieties used.
- Downy mildew causes gray-white mold on leaves and pods and spreads through soil, seed and water. High humidity and cool temperatures encourage it. Infected plants should be removed.
- Rust causes reddish-brown spots on leaves and dry plants
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By B.Sc.Ag Paklihawa IAAS campus, Full phase 6th batch.
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1. Apple scab, caused by the fungus Venturia inaequalis, causes black spots on leaves and fruits. Spores are spread by wind and rain. Management includes clean cultivation, resistant varieties, and fungicide sprays.
2. Powdery mildew, caused by Podosphaera leucotricha, produces white or gray powdery patches on leaves, twigs, and fruits. Spores are wind-borne. Management includes sanitation, pre-bloom lime sulfur sprays, and resistant varieties.
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Chickpea diseases
Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is the most important pulse crop in India, occupying about 38% of pulse crop area and contributing around 50% of total pulse production. It is a rich source of protein and essential nutrients. India is the world's largest producer and consumer of chickpeas. Chickpea cultivation requires moderate rainfall, well-drained sandy loam to clay loam soils, and optimum sowing times of mid-October in northern India and early October in peninsular India. Proper seedbed preparation and crop rotation are important for good yields of this winter season pulse crop.
Guava diseases ppt
Wilt is a pernicious disease of guava in India.
In India the disease was first recorded near Allahabad in 1935 . The infection was reported 15 -30 %.
The disease is a serious threat to guava cultivation in U.P. In West Bengal it reduces the yield in affected orchard by 80% .
The disease is also prevalent in Haryana Rajasthan , A.P ,
Punjab and M.P.The exact cause of the disease is still not fully understood but the pathogens viz. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. psidii (Prasad, Mehta & Lal), Rhizoctonia spp. (Taub.) and various pathogens are reported by different workers may be the incitant of the disease.
Survival and spread:
Through movement of plants containing sick soil in virgin areas.
Short distance spread is by water.
Root injury predisposes wilt disease.
It has forced uprooting of about 150 acre of guava orchard in Panjab and 300 acres in Haryana during 1971-81.
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The document summarizes ergot of bajra, a disease caused by the fungus Claviceps fusiformis. The disease is characterized by the exudation of pinkish or brown sticky fluid from infected plants that attracts insects. The fungus survives as sclerotia in the soil for 6-8 months and infects plants primarily through germinating sclerotia, with secondary spread via insects or airborne. Management strategies include adjusting sowing dates, seed treatment, growing resistant varieties, and fungicide application.
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1. Leaf spot caused by Phaeopleospora indica, which causes circular brown spots on leaves. It is managed by spraying fungicides.
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3. Flat limb caused by Botryodiplodia theobromae, which causes branches to become flat and twisted and leaves to become small and yellow, reducing fruit production.
4. Sooty mould caused by Capnodium versicolor, which grows on insect excretions and causes
early and late leaf spot of groundnut
1. Early and late leaf spots are important fungal diseases of groundnut that cause significant yield losses ranging from 10-80%. (2) Early leaf spot is caused by the fungus Cercospora arachidicola and late leaf spot is caused by Passalora personata. (3) The pathogens survive in plant debris and infect via wind-blown spores, causing circular leaf spots with different characteristics for early and late infection.
POWDERY MILDEW OF MUSTARD
Powdery mildew is caused by the fungus Erysiphe cruciferarum, which infects mustard crops. It was first reported in Punjab in 1907. Symptoms include white powdery spots on leaves that eventually cover the entire plant. The disease reduces seed quality and yield by up to 45%. Powdery mildew spreads via wind-blown spores. Management includes growing resistant varieties, removing plant debris, timely sowing to avoid disease periods, and applying fungicides like dinocap or triadimefon.
Plant Pathology - Guava Wilt
1) Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. psidii causes guava wilt disease. It was first reported in India in 1935 in Allahabad and spread to over 20,000 square miles by 1952.
2) Guava wilt has been reported worldwide including in India, Pakistan, Brazil, Taiwan, South Africa, and Reunion Island. In India, it has caused significant economic losses and reduction in guava production.
3) Symptoms include yellowing and wilting of leaves starting from terminal branches. Eventually the leaves brown, droop, and fall off prematurely. Fruits on infected branches remain small, hard, and stony.
Protected cultivation
The document discusses protected cultivation techniques such as greenhouses. Greenhouses protect plants from adverse weather conditions by controlling the growing environment. They transmit sunlight inside and trap heat, maintaining optimum temperatures for plant growth. Different types of greenhouses exist depending on factors like location, climate, and intended crops. Protected cultivation allows year-round production of high quality crops with less water and labor compared to outdoor cultivation.
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This document summarizes information about powdery mildew, a fungal disease that affects red gram, black gram, and green gram crops. It causes significant yield losses between 21-47%. The disease is caused by the fungi Leveillula taurica in red gram and Erysiphe polygoni in black gram and green gram. It spreads primarily through airborne spores and under favorable warm, humid conditions. Management strategies include removing crop residues, late sowing avoidance, sulfur dusting, and fungicide application at early disease signs.
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POWDERY MILDEW
SESAME PHYLLODY
ALONG WITH THEIR INTEGRATED DISEASE MANAGEMENT
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This document discusses several fungal, bacterial, viral, viroid, and phytoplasma diseases that affect apples. It provides details on the symptoms, disease cycle and management of important diseases like apple scab caused by Venturia inaequalis, fire blight caused by Erwinia amylovora, and apple proliferation caused by phytoplasma mali. India is the 5th largest producer of apples globally, with Jammu and Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh being the major apple growing regions.
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The document provides information for a lesson plan on sunflowers for children ages 6-7, including science standards, objectives, activities, and materials needed to teach students about the life cycle and growth of sunflowers, parts of sunflowers that are edible, and a field trip to a local arboretum to see sunflowers in their natural habitat. The activities include growing their own sunflowers, identifying edible parts of sunflowers, and a game involving filling a paper sunflower seed head with petals using dice.
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This was presented by one of the group of students to our Asst. professors Mr. and Mrs. Poudel (Pathology) in 2017.
By B.Sc.Ag Paklihawa IAAS campus, Full phase 6th batch.
Diseases of Sugarcane
1. The document describes 6 major diseases that affect sugarcane: red rot, smut, wilt, grassy shoot, ratoon stunting, and Pokkah Boeng.
2. It provides details on the causal organisms, symptoms, disease cycle, and management strategies for each disease.
3. The management strategies discussed include cultural practices like using disease-free seed, crop rotation and resistant varieties, physical practices like rogueing of infected plants, and chemical control using pesticides and fungicides.
Environmental Control IN GREEN HOUSE
The document discusses various methods for controlling the environment in polyhouses or greenhouses, including temperature control using thermostats or evaporative cooling, humidity control, light intensity control using different types of lighting, and CO2 control. It also covers supplemental lighting options like fluorescent, incandescent, and high-intensity discharge lamps and their properties. Automation and computerization of environmental control systems is also mentioned.
Guava anthracnose
- Guava anthracnose is caused by the fungal pathogen Gloeosporium psidii. It affects guava plants and fruits.
- Symptoms include die back of branches, leaf spots, and sunken lesions on fruits. The disease is favored by moist conditions and temperatures between 10-35°C.
- The pathogen can survive on plant debris and spreads via airborne spores. Management involves resistant varieties, pruning, fungicide sprays, and post-harvest fruit dips.
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This document provides information on diseases that affect guava plants. It discusses the symptoms, characteristics, and management of major diseases like Fusarium wilt caused by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. psidii. It also covers other diseases such as fruit canker caused by Pestalotiopsis psidii, stem canker from Physalospora psidii, anthracnose from Gloeosporium psidii, and red rust from Cephaleuros virescens. It details the identification and environmental conditions that promote each disease, as well as cultural, biological and chemical control methods.
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Causal Organism & Economic Importance
Symptoms
Favourable conditions
Pathogen & Disease Cycle
Mode of Spread
Management
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The document discusses three major insect pests of sesame:
1. The til leaf and pod caterpillar, which feeds on leaves and bores into shoots, flowers, buds, and pods, damaging young plants.
2. The til hawk-moth, whose large caterpillars voraciously feed on leaves and defoliate plants.
3. The sesame gall-fly, whose maggots cause buds to develop into galls that produce no fruits or seeds.
Diseases of Apple
This document summarizes several diseases that affect apples:
1. Apple scab, caused by the fungus Venturia inaequalis, causes black spots on leaves and fruits. Spores are spread by wind and rain. Management includes clean cultivation, resistant varieties, and fungicide sprays.
2. Powdery mildew, caused by Podosphaera leucotricha, produces white or gray powdery patches on leaves, twigs, and fruits. Spores are wind-borne. Management includes sanitation, pre-bloom lime sulfur sprays, and resistant varieties.
3. Fire blight, caused by bacterium Erwinia amylovora, affects blossoms, shoots, branches
Chickpea diseases
Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is the most important pulse crop in India, occupying about 38% of pulse crop area and contributing around 50% of total pulse production. It is a rich source of protein and essential nutrients. India is the world's largest producer and consumer of chickpeas. Chickpea cultivation requires moderate rainfall, well-drained sandy loam to clay loam soils, and optimum sowing times of mid-October in northern India and early October in peninsular India. Proper seedbed preparation and crop rotation are important for good yields of this winter season pulse crop.
Guava diseases ppt
Wilt is a pernicious disease of guava in India.
In India the disease was first recorded near Allahabad in 1935 . The infection was reported 15 -30 %.
The disease is a serious threat to guava cultivation in U.P. In West Bengal it reduces the yield in affected orchard by 80% .
The disease is also prevalent in Haryana Rajasthan , A.P ,
Punjab and M.P.The exact cause of the disease is still not fully understood but the pathogens viz. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. psidii (Prasad, Mehta & Lal), Rhizoctonia spp. (Taub.) and various pathogens are reported by different workers may be the incitant of the disease.
Survival and spread:
Through movement of plants containing sick soil in virgin areas.
Short distance spread is by water.
Root injury predisposes wilt disease.
It has forced uprooting of about 150 acre of guava orchard in Panjab and 300 acres in Haryana during 1971-81.
ERGOT OF BAJRA
The document summarizes ergot of bajra, a disease caused by the fungus Claviceps fusiformis. The disease is characterized by the exudation of pinkish or brown sticky fluid from infected plants that attracts insects. The fungus survives as sclerotia in the soil for 6-8 months and infects plants primarily through germinating sclerotia, with secondary spread via insects or airborne. Management strategies include adjusting sowing dates, seed treatment, growing resistant varieties, and fungicide application.
Diseases of Sapota
This document discusses 5 diseases that affect sapota trees:
1. Leaf spot caused by Phaeopleospora indica, which causes circular brown spots on leaves. It is managed by spraying fungicides.
2. Pestalotiopsis leaf spot caused by Pestalotiopsis versicolor, which causes small reddish-brown spots on leaves that enlarge and develop gray centers.
3. Flat limb caused by Botryodiplodia theobromae, which causes branches to become flat and twisted and leaves to become small and yellow, reducing fruit production.
4. Sooty mould caused by Capnodium versicolor, which grows on insect excretions and causes
early and late leaf spot of groundnut
1. Early and late leaf spots are important fungal diseases of groundnut that cause significant yield losses ranging from 10-80%. (2) Early leaf spot is caused by the fungus Cercospora arachidicola and late leaf spot is caused by Passalora personata. (3) The pathogens survive in plant debris and infect via wind-blown spores, causing circular leaf spots with different characteristics for early and late infection.
POWDERY MILDEW OF MUSTARD
Powdery mildew is caused by the fungus Erysiphe cruciferarum, which infects mustard crops. It was first reported in Punjab in 1907. Symptoms include white powdery spots on leaves that eventually cover the entire plant. The disease reduces seed quality and yield by up to 45%. Powdery mildew spreads via wind-blown spores. Management includes growing resistant varieties, removing plant debris, timely sowing to avoid disease periods, and applying fungicides like dinocap or triadimefon.
Plant Pathology - Guava Wilt
1) Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. psidii causes guava wilt disease. It was first reported in India in 1935 in Allahabad and spread to over 20,000 square miles by 1952.
2) Guava wilt has been reported worldwide including in India, Pakistan, Brazil, Taiwan, South Africa, and Reunion Island. In India, it has caused significant economic losses and reduction in guava production.
3) Symptoms include yellowing and wilting of leaves starting from terminal branches. Eventually the leaves brown, droop, and fall off prematurely. Fruits on infected branches remain small, hard, and stony.
Protected cultivation
The document discusses protected cultivation techniques such as greenhouses. Greenhouses protect plants from adverse weather conditions by controlling the growing environment. They transmit sunlight inside and trap heat, maintaining optimum temperatures for plant growth. Different types of greenhouses exist depending on factors like location, climate, and intended crops. Protected cultivation allows year-round production of high quality crops with less water and labor compared to outdoor cultivation.
powdery mildew of red gram, black gram, green gram
This document summarizes information about powdery mildew, a fungal disease that affects red gram, black gram, and green gram crops. It causes significant yield losses between 21-47%. The disease is caused by the fungi Leveillula taurica in red gram and Erysiphe polygoni in black gram and green gram. It spreads primarily through airborne spores and under favorable warm, humid conditions. Management strategies include removing crop residues, late sowing avoidance, sulfur dusting, and fungicide application at early disease signs.
Sesame diseases and their management
DRY ROOT ROT
ALTERNARIA LEAF BLIGHT
POWDERY MILDEW
SESAME PHYLLODY
ALONG WITH THEIR INTEGRATED DISEASE MANAGEMENT
Diseases of Lentil
This document summarizes two common lentil crop diseases: rust caused by the fungus Uromyces viciae-fabae, and wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lentis. Rust symptoms include yellowish-white and brown pustules on leaves, stems and pods that can cause premature drying. It spreads via wind-borne spores and is managed with fungicide application and resistant varieties. Wilt symptoms include sudden wilting and drooping of leaves and stems. It is soil-borne and spreads through irrigation water and machinery. Management includes crop rotation, resistant varieties, seed treatment and soil amendments.
Apple diseases BY SAJAD
This document discusses several fungal, bacterial, viral, viroid, and phytoplasma diseases that affect apples. It provides details on the symptoms, disease cycle and management of important diseases like apple scab caused by Venturia inaequalis, fire blight caused by Erwinia amylovora, and apple proliferation caused by phytoplasma mali. India is the 5th largest producer of apples globally, with Jammu and Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh being the major apple growing regions.
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Science Story Telling
Pertandingan bercerita sains tahap 1 untuk karnival sains dan teknologi peringkat negeri 2012 terbuka untuk murid sekolah rendah tahap 1. Peserta perlu membuat persembahan cerita 5 minit berkaitan sains menggunakan bahasa Inggeris tanpa bantuan visual. Markah akan diberikan berdasarkan mesej sains, persembahan, bahasa, kreativiti dan pakaian. Keputusan hakim adalah muktamad.
PPT on Fertilization of plants
Download here: http://www.agrislide.com/fertilization-plants-ppt/
This is a nice presentation on "Fertilization of plants". you can found all of the information of plant fertilization on this presentation.
Sunflower crop diseases A Lecture by Mr Allah Dad Khan
1) Sunflower crops can be affected by over 30 diseases caused by fungi, bacteria, viruses, and nematodes.
2) The document identifies and provides details on many common sunflower diseases such as downy mildew, rust, septoria leaf spot, and nematodes. It describes symptoms, life cycles, and impact of these diseases.
3) Control of sunflower diseases requires understanding their identification, life cycles, and favorable conditions to prevent and manage yield losses.
Gardening sheet helianthus annuus
This document summarizes information about the annual sunflower (Helianthus annuus). It is native to western North America and is commonly found along roadsides and in open, disturbed areas. The sunflower is an herbaceous annual plant that grows 4-10 feet tall with large leaves and yellow ray flowers. It requires full sun and any well-drained soil, and little water once established. Annual sunflowers are useful in gardens to attract pollinators like bees and birds that eat the seeds. They are easy to grow from seed and require little maintenance.
Warm Blooded Animals ( Homeotherms ) Dominate The Terrestrial Environment, Bu...
The homeotherms are otherwise known as warm blooded animals. Their body temperature remains constant irrespective of change in environmental temperature e.g. birds and mammals. The poikilotherms are otherwise known as cold blooded animals. Their body temperature fluctuates according to change of the temperature in the surroundings e.g. fishes, amphibians, reptiles and invertebrates.
Universidaddeelsalvador.docx
El documento describe un proyecto de extensión agrícola con un ganadero local. El objetivo del proyecto es ampliar los conocimientos del ganadero sobre sanidad y parasitología animal para mantener sanos a sus animales. Las actividades incluyen un diagnóstico de la parcela, charlas sobre enfermedades comunes, aplicación de desparasitantes y garrapaticidas, y la entrega de un plan de desparasitación y documento final.
Apple Scab Presentation
Apple scab, caused by the fungus Venturia inaequalis, is one of the most economically important diseases of apple worldwide. It has been plaguing apple crops for centuries. The disease cycle begins with ascospores produced sexually overwintering on infected leaves. During spring rains, ascospores are released and can infect apple leaves and fruit from bud break through petal fall. Secondary infections occur throughout the growing season from asexual spores produced on lesions. If left uncontrolled, apple scab can cause up to 70% crop loss through defoliation, fruit drop, and reduced quality. Proper disease management is needed to minimize economic impacts on apple production.
Sunflower
This document provides an introduction and overview of sunflowers. It discusses their botanical features such as their root and stem structure, leaf and flower characteristics. It describes their growth habits and environmental requirements. It also discusses their history and economic importance, commonly grown cultivars, yields, suitable soils, and production technology including seedbed preparation, manuring, planting times, seed rates, weeding, and crop rotations.
Sea turtles!
The document discusses various facts about sea turtles, including their sizes, weights, lifespans, diets, habitats, and natural predators. It notes that several sea turtle species are endangered due to threats such as fishing nets, boats, light pollution, and loss of nesting beaches. The document urges human actions like turning off lights near nests and reducing pollution to help protect vulnerable sea turtle populations.
Samuel's Beach Safety Information
Keep SAFE at the Beach provides safety tips for enjoying the beach, including wearing sun protection, swimming between flags and with an adult present, being aware of surfers and weather conditions, learning how to spot dangerous rips by looking for calm patches of water moving outward or murky water, and knowing one's own swimming limits.
Turtles
Sea turtles have a complex life cycle that starts with females laying eggs on beaches. After hatching, tiny turtles make their way to the ocean where they spend up to a decade feeding and growing. As subadults, they return to coastal waters and continue maturing for another 10-15 years until reaching sexual maturity. Mature females then return to nesting beaches to lay eggs, sometimes over multiple breeding seasons throughout their long lives, which can span over a century. Different species of sea turtles eat different diets depending on habitat, such as sponges, jellyfish, or algae, that shape their specialized beak structures.
Drawing sea turtles
The document provides step-by-step instructions for students to follow to draw a sea turtle in their sketchbooks. It outlines 8 steps: 1) drawing the upper shell shape, 2) the outer edge of the shell, 3) the head and beak, 4) the beak and front flipper, 5) the front and back flippers, 6) filling in the shell, 7) adding scutes (scales) to the shell, and 8) adding more scutes and scales and finishing the drawing. The goal is for students to develop critical thinking and perceptual skills while creating a realistic drawing of a sea turtle.
Sea turtles
The green sea turtle is listed as endangered on the IUCN Red List due to threats from coastal construction, fishing nets that cause drowning, and degradation of coastal habitats. It is protected under CITES Appendix I, which bans commercial trade, and other international agreements like the SPAW Protocol and CMS that protect threatened wildlife. Effective monitoring of fisheries is still needed to reduce turtle mortality from direct and indirect causes.
Sea Turtles
Sea turtles live in warm waters of the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans as well as the Gulf of Mexico, excluding some areas of South America. They are cold-blooded reptiles that eat jellyfish, seaweed, and fish. After hatching on beaches, sea turtle babies immediately make their way to the ocean and do not return until adulthood to lay their own eggs.
Sea turtles
This document discusses different types of sea turtles and challenges they face. It notes that loggerhead sea turtles are the most common nesting turtle in Florida, while green sea turtles are the second most common. It also provides details on leatherback, Kemp's Ridley, and hawksbill sea turtles. Finally, it mentions that upon hatching, baby sea turtles instinctively head for the ocean but 90% are eaten by predators, and many turtle species are close to being extinct.
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Sunflower crop diseases A Lecture by Mr Allah Dad Khan
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Warm Blooded Animals ( Homeotherms ) Dominate The Terrestrial Environment, Bu...
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Project Paper on Malaria
The document summarizes information about malaria, including:
- Malaria is caused by a parasite transmitted through mosquito bites and causes symptoms like fever and headache. It disproportionately impacts sub-Saharan Africa.
- The parasite's lifecycle involves stages in the liver and blood cells. Diagnosis involves examining blood smears under a microscope. Complications can include cerebral malaria, organ failure, and low blood sugar.
- Bangladesh reports around 50,000 confirmed malaria cases annually, mostly Plasmodium falciparum. Distribution of insecticide-treated bed nets and antimalarial drugs has reduced cases and deaths in recent years.
Grade 10 - Protista
The document discusses different types of protists. It describes four main groups of protists: protozoa, algae, slime molds, and water molds. Within these groups it lists examples of different protist genera and describes some of their characteristics, such as their means of movement or pigments. It also provides details on Plasmodium, the protist that causes malaria, and its life cycle.
Rust disease in plants lin
Plant Rust disease, disease cycle, its types, prevention.
INTRODUCTION
Rusts are plant diseases caused by pathogenic fungi of the order Pucciniales (previously known as Uredinales).
An estimated 168 rust genera and approximately 7,000 species, more than half of which belong to the genus Puccinia, are currently accepted.[1] Rust fungi are highly specialized plant pathogens with several unique features. Taken as a group, rust fungi are diverse and affect many kinds of plants. However, each species has a very narrow range of hosts and cannot be transmitted to non-host plants. In addition, most rust fungi cannot be grown easily in pure culture.
A single species of rust fungi may be able to infect two different plant hosts in different stages of its life cycle, and may produce up to five morphologically and cytologically distinct spore-producing structures viz., spermogonia, aecia, uredinia, telia, and basidia in successive stages of reproduction.[2] Each spore type is very host specific, and can typically infect only one kind of plant.
Whiteflies
This document provides information on the whitefly, a small sap-sucking insect pest that is an important vector of plant viruses. It describes the whitefly's taxonomy, morphology, life cycle, damage caused to plants, and biological control. Some key whitefly genera that are agricultural pests are mentioned. Methods of control include chemical pesticides, introduction of natural enemies like parasitic wasps, and use of companion plants that attract predators of whiteflies.
Onion, garlic diseases and their aspects.
This document summarizes several fungal and bacterial diseases that affect onions and garlic. It describes 7 fungal diseases of onions including purple blotch caused by Alternaria porri, Stemphylium blight caused by Stemphylium vesicarium, downy mildew caused by Peronospora destructor, onion smut caused by Urocystis cepulae, and onion smudge caused by Colletotrichum circinans. It also briefly outlines 2 bacterial rots of onions. For each disease, it provides information on symptoms, pathogens, disease cycles and recommended management practices.
Malaria
Malaria is a mosquito-borne parasitic disease caused by Plasmodium parasites. It affects over 100 tropical and subtropical countries and causes hundreds of millions of cases and millions of deaths annually. The disease is transmitted via the bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes. It has a complex life cycle involving sexual reproduction in the mosquito and asexual reproduction in human hosts. Symptoms vary depending on the Plasmodium species but can include fever, chills, flu-like illness, and in severe cases organ damage or death. Diagnosis is via blood smear microscopy or rapid antigen tests. Prevention focuses on mosquito control and use of insecticide-treated bed nets, while treatment involves antimalarial medications
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Insect Vector of Plant Viral Diseases
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An introduction to Medical Parasitology
Medical parasitology: “the study and medical implications of parasites that infect humans”. A parasite: “a living organism that acquires some of its basic ...
Parasitology (2022).pdf
This document is a table of contents for a textbook on parasites. It lists 16 chapters that cover topics like taxonomy of parasites, parasitic protozoa and helminths, transmission of parasites, immune responses to parasites, pathology caused by parasites, treatment and control of parasitic infections, and the identification of protozoan and helminth parasites. Each chapter is further broken down into sections that delve deeper into the topic covered in that chapter. Tables and figures are also referenced throughout the document.
Final p pa insect
This document provides information on various insect pests that affect plants. It discusses the taxonomic classification of insects, focusing on the orders Thysanoptera, Hemiptera, Homoptera, and Lepidoptera. For each order, key insect pests are described, including their life cycles, feeding behaviors, impacts on plants, and potential management strategies. The document emphasizes the importance of properly classifying insect species and understanding insect-plant interactions to effectively address pest issues.
Intro paras
This document provides an overview of medical parasitology. It defines key terms like parasite, host, vector, and discusses the epidemiology and global burden of major parasitic diseases. It also covers the taxonomic classification of parasitic protozoa and helminths, giving examples of important species. These include intestinal protozoa like Giardia lamblia and Entamoeba histolytica, and helminths such as Ascaris, Trichuris, and hookworms. Systemic protozoa discussed include Plasmodium spp. and helminths such as filarial worms and Toxocara.
Plasmodium species, life cycle and stages, diseases, diagnoses, treatments an...
This document discusses Plasmodium spp., the parasites that cause malaria. It describes their life cycle, which involves stages in both mosquito and human hosts. In humans, Plasmodium parasites infect liver cells then red blood cells. Symptoms of malaria include fever, headache, and vomiting. Diagnosis is via blood smear examination. Treatment involves antimalarial drugs like chloroquine and prevention through mosquito control measures. The document was prepared by medical students and their lecturer at the University of Duhok College of Medicine Parasitology Department.
PAT 201 lec 3 & 4.pptrhfufyrurudufhufufufhr
This document provides information on plant diseases. It discusses the biotic and abiotic causes of plant diseases, including fungi, bacteria, viruses, viroids, phytoplasmas, and environmental factors. It describes the components of plant disease including the pathogen, host, and environment. It explains Koch's postulates for identifying the causal agent of a disease. Symptoms and signs of disease are defined. Various classification systems for plant diseases are outlined based on factors like infection type, mode of spread, symptoms, host plant, organ affected, occurrence, and causal pathogen. Characteristics of different pathogens like fungi, bacteria, viruses, phytoplasmas, viroids, fastidious bacteria, spiroplasma, and algae
Introduction to Parasitology & Lab Diagnosis of Parasitic oke.ppt
The document provides an introduction to parasitology and the diagnosis of parasitic diseases. It notes that parasites infect over a billion people worldwide and cause significant suffering and death. It then summarizes key data on the global burden of major parasitic infections like malaria, schistosomiasis, lymphatic filariasis, and Chagas disease. The document goes on to define important parasitology terms and provide taxonomical classifications and life cycle descriptions of important protozoan and helminth parasites, including Plasmodium, Giardia, hookworms, Taenia tapeworms, and Schistosoma. It also describes the epidemiology, symptoms, pathology, diagnosis and treatment of select parasitic diseases.
BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF NEMATODES-SSNAIK TNAU
This document summarizes biological control of nematodes using various organisms. It discusses (1) the mechanisms of biological control including predation, parasitism, competition and antibiosis by fungi, bacteria, nematodes, mites, and other organisms, (2) the modes of action of common biological control agents like fungi, bacteria, protozoa, and predatory nematodes, and (3) the advantages and disadvantages of biological control compared to chemical pesticides. Biological control offers an environmentally friendly approach but also has limitations like specific host ranges and delayed effects.
Plasmodium malariae
Plasmodium malariae is one of six species that can cause malaria in humans. It is recognized as a cause of malaria since 2000 years ago and was first discovered in 1880. P. malariae infects around 500 million people worldwide annually, mainly in sub-Saharan Africa, southeast Asia, and islands in the western Pacific. It causes a chronic infection that can last a lifetime and is characterized by low parasite counts and moderate fever in quartan periodicity. Chloroquine treatment is commonly used but more research is needed on this parasite due to its low perceived morbidity.
plant-diseases.docx
Disease fungi and bacteria can cause significant damage to plants. This document provides an overview of common bacterial and fungal diseases that affect vegetables. It describes key symptoms, factors that promote spread, and crops affected for diseases such as bacterial leaf spot, bacterial soft rot, downy mildew, powdery mildew, clubroot, fusarium wilt, botrytis gray mold, and rhizoctonia root rot. Management strategies aim to prevent or limit pathogen development through practices like using pathogen-free seeds and crop rotation.
Leaf blight of castor
Castor leaf blight is caused by the fungus Alternaria ricini. It affects the aerial parts of castor plants, causing brown spots on leaves and stems that later coalesce and cause defoliation. The fungus produces olive-colored spores in chains on conidiophores. The disease favors high humidity and low temperatures. It can be controlled through seed treatment with fungicides, spraying mancozeb or copper oxychloride, and using healthy seed.
Malaria
P.vivax , Benign tertiary malaria : 48hrs
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P.malariae , Benign Quartan Malaria : 72 hours
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Introduction to Parasitology & Lab Diagnosis of Parasitic oke.ppt
Introduction to Parasitology & Lab Diagnosis of Parasitic oke.ppt
More from Md Rubel Hossain
How to choose the best dog food
To know More: https://goo.gl/RT1Tmd
How to choose the best dog food
There are many things about your dog care. Most important care is supplying the best and healthy food to your dog. You love your dog very much. So you should supply only the best and healthy food which has the more nutrition value.
Here is the PDF file for you where you can find How to choose the best dog food.
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PPT on Breeds of Goat | Different Types of Goat
This is a presentation of Breeds of Goat. There have Different breeds of goat with pictures.
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http://moviedownloadaddress.blogspot.com/
Alpine
Altai Mountain
American Lamancha
Anatolian Black Goat
Anglo-Nubian
Angora
Appenzell Goat
Arapawa
Argentata of Etna
Auckland Island
Australian Cashmere
Australian Miniature Goat
Bagot
Banatian White
Barbari
Beetal
Belgian Fawn
Benadir
Bhuj
Bilberry
Bionda dell'Adamello
Black Bengal
Boer
Booted
British Alpine
Brown Shorthair
Canary Island
Canindé
Carpathian
Chyangra
Chamois Coloured goat
Changthangi
Chappar
Charnequeira
Chengde Polled
Chengdu Brown
Chigu
Chué
Corsican
Dera Din Panah
Damani
Damascus
Danish Landrace
Don
Duan
Dutch Landrace
Dutch Toggenburg
Erzgebirge
Fainting
Finnish Landrace
Garganica
Girgentana
Göingeget
Golden Guernsey
Grisons Striped
Guddi
Hailun
Haimen
Hasi
Hejazi
Hexi Cashmere
Hongtong
Huaipi
Huaitoutala
Hungarian Improved
Icelandic
Irish
Jamnapari
Jining Grey
Jonica
Kaghani
Kalahari Red
Kalbian
Kamori
Kinder
Kiko
Korean Black Goat
Kri-kri
La Mancha
Laoshan
Majorera
Maltese
Massif Central
Messinese
Mini Oberhasli
Mountain Goat
Murcia-Granada
Murciana
Nachi
Nigerian Dwarf
Nigora goat
Norwegian
Oberhasli
Orobica
Peacock
Philippine
Poitou
Pygmy
Pygora
Pyrenean
Qinshan
Red Boer
Red Mediterranean
Repartida
Rove
Russian White
Saanen
Sable Saanen
Sahelian
San Clemente Island
Sarda
Sirohi
Swedish Landrace
Somali
Spanish
Stiefelgeiss
Surati
Tauernsheck
Thuringian
Toggenburg
Uzbek Black
Valais Blackneck
Verata
West African Dwarf
White Shorthaired
Xinjiang
Xuhai
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PPT on Business low and tax
This is a nice presentation on Business low and tax. This a presentation for Universities students who are studying on Business communication or economics.
My home town bogra
Bogra is a wonderful town in Bangladesh. There have many historical and awesome place like: Mohastan gor, Behula Basor ghor, Naz garden, Sohid chandu stadium, Wonderland park, Bogra satmatha, palage museum etc. This is a presentation on Bogra town and the historical places of Bogra, Bangladesh.
Soil science and soil defination
In this presentation, you can found that, what is soil, Definition of soil science and all details, properties of soil. This Presentation made by Md Rubel Hossain.
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Soil forming factors
This presentation is required about Soil forming factors. This is a presentation for soil science.
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please follow me here :
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Importance of plants
This presentation on "Importance of plants" in human life. There have mention all of the importance of plants for human, animals and others environments.
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please follow me here :
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Recently uploaded
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
Deep Software Variability and Frictionless Reproducibility
Deep Software Variability and Frictionless ReproducibilityUniversity of Rennes, INSA Rennes, Inria/IRISA, CNRS
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
3D Hybrid PIC simulation of the plasma expansion (ISSS-14)
3D Particle-In-Cell (PIC) algorithm,
Plasma expansion in the dipole magnetic field.
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths Forward
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptx
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
Compexometric titration/Chelatorphy titration/chelating titration
Classification
Metal ion ion indicators
Masking and demasking reagents
Estimation of Magnisium sulphate
Calcium gluconate
Complexometric Titration/ chelatometry titration/chelating titration, introduction, Types-
1.Direct Titration
2.Back Titration
3.Replacement Titration
4.Indirect Titration
Masking agent, Demasking agents
formation of complex
comparition between masking and demasking agents,
Indicators/Metal ion indicators/ Metallochromic indicators/pM indicators,
Visual Technique,PM indicators (metallochromic), Indicators of pH, Redox Indicators
Instrumental Techniques-Photometry
Potentiometry
Miscellaneous methods.
Complex titration with EDTA.
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2019 PATTERN.
waterlessdyeingtechnolgyusing carbon dioxide chemicalspdf
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THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST(TAT) cognitive abilities, creativity, and critic...
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ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptx
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
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Sunflower
- 1. 1
- 3. Topic name: Diseases of Sunflower & Their Management. 3
- 4. Content About Sunflower List of the diseases by pathogen Symptoms & management of diseases Pictures of some diseases 4
- 5. About Sunflower English name: Sunflower Scientific name: Helianthus annuus Family: Asteraceae Genus: Helianthus 5
- 6. List of sunflower diseases Bacterial diseases Apical chlorosis Pseudomonas syringae pv. tagetis Bacterial leaf spot Pseudomonas syringae pv. helianthi Bacterial wilt Pseudomonas solanacearum Crown gall Agrobacterium tumefaciens 6
- 7. Alternaria leaf blight Alternaria alternata Downy mildew Plasmopara halstedii Powdery mildew Erysiphe cichoracearum Rust Puccinia helianthi Septoria leaf spot Septoria helianthi 7
- 8. Nematodes Pin Paratylenchus projectus Lesion Pratylenchus hexincisus Root knot Meloidogyne arenaria Spiral Helicotylenchus sp. Stunt Quinisulcius acutus 8
- 9. Viral diseases: Aster yellows Aster yellows phytoplasma Sunflower mosaic Cucumber mosaic virus Sunflower virus Tobacco mosaic virus Chlorotic Mottle Sunflower Chlorotic Mottle virus (SuCMoV) 9
- 10. charcoal rot - Rhizoctonia bataticola 10
- 11. Managemen t Closer planting of the seedling should be avoided. Treat the seeds with Carbendazim or Thiram at 2/kg Symptom s • The pathogen is seed-borne and primarily causes seedling blight • The grown up plants also show symptoms after flowering stage. 11
- 12. Leaf blight - Alternaria helianthi 12
- 13. • The pathogen produces brown spots on the leaves, but the spots can also be seen on the stem, sepals and petals. • The lesions on the leaves are dark brown with pale margin surrounded by a yellow halo. Symptoms Management Deep summer ploughing. Proper spacing Clean cultivation and field sanitation. 13
- 14. Rust - Puccinia helianthi 14
- 15. • Small, reddish brown pustules covered with rusty dust appear on the lower surface of bottom leaves. • The black coloured telia are also seen among uredia on the lower surface. Symptoms Management Previous crop remains should be destroyed. Removal of crop residues Spray Mancozeb at 2kg/ha. 15
- 16. Powdery mildew - Erysiphe cichoracearum 16
- 17. • The disease produces white powdery growth on the leaves White to grey mildew on the upper surface of older leaves. Symptoms Management Complete field and crop sanitation. Early varieties should be preferred. 17
- 18. Head rot - Rhizopus sp. 18
- 19. Basal rot - Sclerotium rolfsii 19
- 20. Necrosis -Tobacco streak virus (TSV) 20
- 21. 21
- 22. 22