The document summarizes types of pollination in plants. It discusses:
1) Self-pollination, which occurs within the same flower or between flowers on the same plant, promoting maintenance of parental traits.
2) Cross-pollination, which transfers pollen between genetically different flowers, introducing new traits but requiring external agents.
3) Biotic agents of pollination like insects, birds, and abiotic agents like wind and water that carry pollen grains from anthers to stigmas.
TOPIC-To investigate the relation between the ratio of :-1. Input and outpu...CHMURLIDHAR
TOPIC-To investigate the relation between the ratio of :-1. Input and output voltage.2. Number of turnings in the secondary coil and primary coil of a self made transformer.
TOPIC-To investigate the relation between the ratio of :-1. Input and outpu...CHMURLIDHAR
TOPIC-To investigate the relation between the ratio of :-1. Input and output voltage.2. Number of turnings in the secondary coil and primary coil of a self made transformer.
This is the investigatory project on aids. for biology class 12. or can be used for educational purpose. this covers all important topics with good images. if you like this follow me on my instagram @vishal2782003
Class 12 CBSE Biology Investigatory project on the topic "Drug Addiction" which includes the appropriate format and content for the CBSE practical examinations.
Study Of oxalte ion in guava fruit at different stages of ripeningPrince Warade
guava is sweet,juicy,light or dark green coulured fruit.we will learn to test for the presence of oxalate ions in the guava fruit and how its amount varies during different stages of ripening.
This is the investigatory project on aids. for biology class 12. or can be used for educational purpose. this covers all important topics with good images. if you like this follow me on my instagram @vishal2782003
Class 12 CBSE Biology Investigatory project on the topic "Drug Addiction" which includes the appropriate format and content for the CBSE practical examinations.
Study Of oxalte ion in guava fruit at different stages of ripeningPrince Warade
guava is sweet,juicy,light or dark green coulured fruit.we will learn to test for the presence of oxalate ions in the guava fruit and how its amount varies during different stages of ripening.
Hello our respected institutions and faculties
if you want to buy Editable materials (6 to 12th/Foundation/JEE/NEET/CET) for your institution
Contact me ... 8879919898
*CBSE 6 TO 10 TOPICWISE PER CHAPTER 100 QUESTION WITH ANSWER MATHEMATICS & SCIENCE & SST (Biology,Physics,Chemistry & Social studies)* Editable ms word
# *Neet/JEE(MAINS) PCMB*
# *IIT ( advance) PCM*
# *CET (PCMB) level with Details solutions*
(All jee,neet,advance,cet mcq's Count 1 lakh 50k ) data of all subjects*
*TOPICWISE WISE DPP PCMB NEW PATTERN AVILABLE*
Or also study material for *neet and jee* and *foundation* new Material with solutions
Like
*👉🏽Foundation( Class 6th to 10th) Editable Material Latest Available 👇..*
1. VMC - All Subjects
2. Carrer Point(Kota) - All Subjects
3. Bansal Classes - All Subjects
4. Narayana - All Subjects
5. Mentors - All Subjects
6. Brilliants - All Subjects
7. Resonance - All Subjects
8. Motioniitjee - All Subjects
9. Rao(Kota) - All Subjects
10. Insight - All Subjects
11. Allen - All Subjects
12. FITJEE - All Subjects
13. Abhyas Gurukul - All Subject
14. Parth Ashram - All Subject
Many Other+++
*👉🏽All IIT-JEE & NEET Coachings Editable 📚Study Material Latest Available..👇🏼*
1. Narayana - PCMB
2. Etoos India - PCMB
3. Brilliant- PCM
4.Career Point(Kota) - PCMB
5. Bansal - PCMB
6. Resonance - PCMB
7. Sri Chaitanya - PCM
8. Aakash(Delhi) - PCMB
9. Fitjee - PCM
10. Mastermind - PCMB
11. Mentors - PCB
12. Allen - PCMB
13. Plancess - PCMB
14. VMC - PCM
15. Motioniitjee - PCM
16. Nishith - PCM
17. Arride (Kota) - PCM
18. Rao IIT Acad. - PCM
19. Pulse - PCB
20. Abhyas Gurukul - PCMB
21. Drona - PCMB
22. Active Site - PCMB
23. Vision - PCM
24. Parth Ashram - PCMB
25. Brainsmiths - PCM
26. Infinite - PCM
27. Ekalavya - PCM
28. Trick Based - PCM
...
& Many Other Institute Complete Material Available ++.. Also Editable Books 📚 Available
⬇️⬇️⬇️⬇️⬇️⬇️⬇️⬇️⬇️
👉 *Teaching Notes & PPTs (PCMB Editable) are Available in colourful*
**New material Exchange offer also available **
*Those who want Pls contact us...*
or also have {All Etoos, Akash(i-tutor) Digital, Allen, NeetPrep Digital, neuclion, Neuclius Education ,Plancess, SSC, Airforce, CAT, GATE IIT-JAM, NIMCET, IAS pre + mains (RAS Pre + Mains), UPTET,CTET,STET, vedio lacture *(also KG TO 12th Animated video Lecture Language English & Hindi)*} contact with us........👇
For Sample Massage me .
Presentation Includes very important topics related to Pollination and Double Fertilization in Flowering Plants (Angiosperms). The presentatio will be important for Class XII and X students as well many questions can be asked from the presentation.
Pollination Detailed Explanation with examples Sumita Sinha
Pollination and Its types with examples.Contrivances of self - Pollination and Cross - Pollination.Agents of Pollination is also clearly mentioned.The topic is clearly explained with relevant images for better understanding.
Are we not lucky that plants reproduce sexually? The myriads of flowers that we enjoy gazing at, the scents and the perfumes that we swoon over, the rich colours that attract us, are all there as an aid to sexual reproduction. Flowers do not exist only for us to be used for our own selfishness. All flowering plants show sexual reproduction.
in this slide the chapter explanation is according to NCERT Syllabus which would be helping students in every field..
For CBSE class 10th and 12
Have you ever wondered why bees are attracted to flowers? Flowers look beautiful and are fragrant, but there is a reason behind this – flowers actually help plants to reproduce. Flowering plants have seeds, carry the genetic information of the parents and develop into a new plant.
Explore pollination notes provided here to learn about the process and types of pollination.
Table of Contents
Pollination
Process
Types
The process of pollination begins when the pollen grains from the respective flowers lands on the stigma and form a pollen tube with the style length, which connects both the stigma and ovary. After the completion of the pollen tube, the pollen grain starts transmitting sperm cells from the grain to the ovary.
Later the process of fertilization in plants will take place when the sperm cells will reach the ovary and egg cells. The seed is then released from the parent plant and making it able to grow into a plant and continue the reproductive cycle with the use of the pollination method.
From the forgoing presentation, it can be concluded that breeding characters viz., flowering period, inflorescence, time of flower opening, time of anther dehiscence, time of stigma receptivity, pollinating agent ,time of visitor of pollinating agent and fruit set (%) in tropical species are required to be studied as they are vital for any improvement and eco-environmental planning purposes. It also throws light on how species adopts itself along with the phenomenon of speciation and reproductive isolation. From these characters we can introduce new variety which is essential for further evaluation and also the identification of the interactions between biological factors, such as animal, plant species, and non-biological factors, like temperature, RH, rain and wind, helps us to elaborate management and conservation plans for the ecosystems of the planet, which have become more and more necessary due to highly increased rate of deterioration of different ecosystems during the last few decades.
Pollination, transfer of pollen grains from the stamens, the flower parts that produce them, to the ovule-bearing organs or to the ovules (seed precursors) themselves. In plants such as conifers and cycads, in which the ovules are exposed, the pollen is simply caught in a drop of fluid secreted by the ovule. In flowering plants, however, the ovules are contained within a hollow organ called the pistil, and the pollen is deposited on the pistil’s receptive surface, the stigma. There the pollen germinates and gives rise to a pollen tube, which grows down through the pistil toward one of the ovules in its base. In an act of double fertilization, one of the two sperm cells within the pollen tube fuses with the egg cell of the ovule, making possible the development of an embryo, and the other cell combines with the two subsidiary sexual nuclei of the ovule, which initiates formation of a reserve food tissue, the endosperm. The growing ovule then transforms itself into a seed.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
Overview on Edible Vaccine: Pros & Cons with Mechanism
POLLINATION :Biology Investigatory project
1. 1
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to take this opportunity to express my deep sense of gratitude
to all those people without whom this project could have never been
completed. First and foremost I would like to thank my parents for their
inexhaustible source of inspiration.
I would like to extend my gratitude to Mrs. Manorma Arora, Director,
Tagore Public School, Palwal for her constant guidance and providing a
very nice platform to learn.
I would also like to thank Mrs. Kapila Indu, Principal, Tagore Public
School, Palwal for her constant encouragement and moral support, without
which I would have never been able to give in my best.
I would also like to thank Ms. Pooja Kataria & Ms. Esha Gandhi, PGT
Biology, Tagore Public School, Palwal for her keen interest in the work
and ever useful practical knowledge and for their kind supervision.
Their guidance and supervision was very helpful in bringing this work to
conclusion.
NIDHI TAYAL
2 JAN, 2016
2. 2
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that NIDHI TAYAL of class XII studying in Tagore
Public School, has successfully completed her project entitled
‘Pollination in flowers’
Under my guidance in the academic year of
“2015-2016”
Ms. Pooja Kataria External examiner
PGT (Biology)
Ms. Esha Gandhi
PGT (Biology)
Tagore Public School
HUDA sec. 2, PALWAL
3. 3
CONTENTS
Pg. no
1. Introduction 4
2. What is pollination? 5
3. Parts of flower 6-8
Whorl#1
Whorl#2
Whorl#3
Whorl#4
4. Types of pollination 9-14
Cross Pollination
Self-Pollination
5. Agents of pollination 15-20
Biotic agents: Ornithophily, Entomophily
Abiotic agents: Anemophily, Hydrophily
6. Methods for cross pollination 21-23
7. Artificial hybridization 24-25
8. Advantages & Disadvantages Of cross pollination 26-27
4. 4
1. INTRODUCTION
All living organisms have one major goal in common, which is to pass along their
genetic information to the next generation by creating offspring. Flowering plants
create seeds, which carry the genetic information of the parents and develop into
a new plant.
There are two critical stages in the life cycle of a flowering plant:
1) The transfer of pollen from anther to stigma. As we will saw in the lecture on
"Breeding Systems", most flowering plants have different types of mechanisms to
promote the transfer of pollen from an anther in one flower to a stigma in a
different flower, and hopefully this flower will be on a different plant.
2) The dispersal of seeds away from the parent plant.
Plants often solicit the aid of animals, as well as abiotic forces such as wind, to
accomplish both of these.
Much of the flower diversity that you have observed thus far this semester is
because of adaptations for pollination by different mechanisms. In this lecture, we
will discuss the main types of pollination mechanisms. However, please keep in
mind that there are always exceptions; plants and animals that visit flowers have
minds of their own!
The vast majority of flowering plant species are pollinated by insects; in fact, it
seems that flowering plants and many major groups of insects co-evolved together.
Animals other than insects can also be important pollinators: bats, birds (especially
hummingbirds), and even a few mammals.
5. 5
2. WHAT IS POLLINATION?
‘POLLINATION’ is the process of transfer of pollen grains from anther of a
flower to the stigma of the flower.
Pollination is the act of transferring pollen grains from the male anther of a flower
to the female stigma. The goal of every living organism, including plants, is to
create offspring for the next generation. One of the ways that plants can produce
offspring is by making seeds.
Abiotic pollination refers to situations where pollination is mediated without the
involvement of other organisms. Only 10% of flowering plants are pollinated
without animal assistance. The most common form of abiotic
pollination, anemophily, is pollination by wind. This form of pollination is early
dominant in grasses, most conifers, and many deciduous trees.
The process of pollination requires pollinators: organisms that carry or move the
pollen grains from the anther to the receptive part of the carpel or pistil (stigma).
This is biotic pollination.
FLOWER: It is the reproductive part of the plant (angiosperms).
7. 7
3.PARTS OF FLOWER
There are four whorls of a flower which are as follows:-
Whorl #1: The Calyx
The calyx, which is the outermost whorl of a flower, protects the inner whorls,
especially when the flower is in its bud state. The calyx is made up of sepals, which
are two small green structures at the flower's base that look like tiny leaves.
Whorl #2: The Corolla
The second whorl of the flower is the corolla, which is composed of the flower's
petals. The petals serve two purposes: to protect the reproductive organs of the
flower and to attract pollinators. Because of this second purpose, they are usually
brightly colored and scented so that animals and insects will come close to them
and move around the flower's pollen.
The first two whorls of the flower -- the calyx and the corolla -- are collectively
called the Perianth.
Whorl #3: The Stamens
The third whorl of a flower is the stamen, the male reproductive part. The stamen
is made of a thin vertical thread-like structure called a filament and circular or
oblong structure called an anther. The anther produces pollen, which is the male
contribution to the reproduction process in plants. It consists of microsporangium
which may be monothecous or dithecous.
8. 8
Whorl #4: The Carpels
At the center of the flower is the fourth whorl -- the carpels, which contain the
pistil of the flower. The pistil is the plant's female reproductive organ, which is
composed of three parts: the ovary, the style, and the stigma.
The ovary contains the eggs, or ovules, of the plant, and when the ovules are
fertilized, the ovary sometimes turns into a fruit to house the seed.
The top of the ovary leads to a vertical structure called a style, which supports the
stigma.
The stigma catches grains of pollen that the wind or pollinators disperse, and the
pollen grains travel down the style to the ovary.
9. 9
4.Types of Pollination
It is of two types:
Natural Pollination which occurs naturally in plants.
Induced Pollination which is done by artificial means.
Natural pollination is of two types :-
Self-Pollination
Cross pollination
SELF POLLINATION
The pollination of a flower by pollen from the same flower (autogamy) or from
another flower on the same plant (geitonogamy).
Ex: pea plant, groundnut, barley
10. 10
Self-pollination is promoted by certain floral adaptation. Accordingly self-
pollination is of two types i.e., autogamy & geitonogamy.
Autogamy:
It is a type of self-pollination in which an intersexual or perfect flower is
pollinated by its own pollen.
Autogamy occurs by two methods:
Homogamy: The anthers and stigmas of chasmogamous or open flowers are
brought together by growth, bending or folding.
Ex: peas, beans, hibiscus
Cleistogamy: In cleistogamous flowers, the anther dehisce inside closed
flowers. Growth of style brings the pollen grains in contact with stigma.
Pollination and seed set are assured. Pollinators are not required.
Ex: oxalis, viola
11. 11
Geitonogamy:
It is a type of pollination in which pollen grains of one flower are transferred to
the stigma of another flower belonging to either the same plant or genetically
similar plant. In geitonogamy flowers often show modifications.
12. 12
Advantages of Self Pollination:
1. It maintains the parental characters or purity of the race indefinitely.
2. Self-pollination is used to maintain pure lines for hybridization experiments.
3. The plant does not need to produce large number of pollen grains.
4. Flowers do not develop devices for attracting insect pollinators.
5. It ensures seed production. Rather it is used as fail safe device for cross-
pollinated flowers.
6. Self-pollination eliminates some bad recessive characters.
Disadvantages of Self Pollination:
1. New useful characters are seldom introduced.
2. Vigor and vitality of the race decreases with prolonged self-pollination.
3. Immunity to diseases decreases.
4. Variability and hence adaptability to changed environment are reduced.
13. 13
CROSS POLLINATION (xenogamy /allogamy)
Cross pollination is the transfer of pollen grains from the anther of one flower to
the stigma of a genetically different flower. It is also called xenogamy (Gk. xenos-
strange, gamos- marriage). The term allogamy (Gk. alios- other, gamos- marriage)
includes both geitonogamy and xenogamy. Cross pollination is performed with the
help of an external agency.
14. 14
5.Agents of Pollination
In angiosperms, pollen are immotile and thus have to be carried to the stigma by
external pollinating agents.
Depending upon their nature the agents may be –
1. Biotic agents: Insects, Birds, Snails etc.
2. Abiotic agents: Wind, Water.
15. 15
BIOTIC AGENTS
I. Entomophily :
It refers to the transfer of pollen grains through the agency of insects like moths,
butterflies, wasps, bees, beetles, etc.
Ex: Salvia, Yucca, Ficus
Characters:
They are showy or brightly colored.
Most insect pollinated flowers have a landing platform.
The pollen grains are spiny, heavy and surrounded by a yellow oily sticky
substance called pollen kit.
Stigmas are often inserted and sticky.
Some flowers provide safe place to insects for laying eggs, e.g., Yucca.
16. 16
II. Ornithophily
It refers to the pollination brought about by birds.
III. Psychophily
Pollination by butterfly, example the Indian paintbrush (Castilleja sp.) by
swallowtail butterfly.
17. 17
ABIOTIC AGENTS
I. Anemophily
It is a mode of cross pollination or transfer of pollen grains through the agency of
wind.
Ex: Coconut palm, Date palm, Maize, many grasses, Cannabis.
Characteristics:
The flowers are colorless, odorless and nectarless.
Pollen grains are light, small and winged or dusty, dry, smooth, non-sticky and
non wettable.
Stigma is hairy, feathery or branched to catch the wind-borne pollen grains.
Pollen grains are produced in very large number.
18. 18
II. Hydrophily
It is the mode of pollination or transfer of pollen grains through the agency of
water.
Ex: Zostera, Vallisneria
Characters:
Flowers are small and inconspicuous.
Nectar and odor are absent.
Pollen grains are light and non-wettable due to presence of mucilage cover.
Stigma is long, sticky but wettable.
It is further divided into two parts:
Epihydrophily: Pollination occurring on the water surface.
Ex: Elodes, Hydrilla, Vallisneria.
19. 19
Hypohydrophily: pollination occurring beneath the water surface.
Ex: Najas, Ceratophylum, Zostera.
Hypohydrophily in zostera
20. 20
6.Methods to Ensure Cross pollination
Dichogamy:
The maturation of the stamens and pistils of a bisexual flower at different times,
so that self-pollination is prevented.
-Protoandry
Anthers mature earlier than the stigma of the same flower. There pollen grains
become available to stigmas of the older flowers. , ex: Sunflower, Salvia.
21. 21
-Protogyny
Stigmas mature earlier so that they get pollinated before the anthers of the same
flower develop pollen grains, e.g., Mirabilis jalapa (4 O’clock).
Herkogamy
It is a common strategy employed by hermaphroditic angiosperms to reduce sexual
interference between male (anthers) and female (stigma) function.
Self-incompatibility (SI)
It is a general name for several genetic mechanisms in angiosperms, which
prevent self-fertilization and thus encourage outcrossing and allogamy.
Heterostyly
The condition (e.g. in primroses) of having styles of different lengths relative to
the stamens in the flowers of different individual plants, to reduce self-fertilization.
22. 22
Prepotency
Pollen grains of another flower germinate more rapidly over the stigma than the
pollen grains of the same flower, e.g., Apple, Grape.
Dicliny (Uni-sexuality)
Flowers are unisexual so that self-pollination is not possible. The plants may be
monoecious (bearing both male and female flowers, e.g., Maize) or dioecious
(bearing male and female flowers on different plants, e.g., Mulberry, Papaya).
23. 23
7.Artificial Hybridization
Artificial hybridization refers to instances in which these crosses occur under
controlled conditions, often under the direction of plant or animal breeders.
PROCEDURE:
1. Emasculation:
The removal of the anthers of a flower in order to prevent self-pollination or the
undesirable pollination of neighboring plants.
2.Bagging
The emasculated flowers are immediately covered by paper, plastic or polythene
bags. The process is called bagging. It prevents unwanted pollen to come in contact
with emasculated flowers. This prevents contamination from foreign pollen grains.
24. 24
3. Rebagging
When the flower is bagged flower attains receptivity, mature pollen grains
collected from anthers are dusted on the stigma and the flower is rebagged.
25. 25
8.Advantages Of cross Pollination
Cross pollination introduces genetic re-combinations and hence variations
in the progeny.
Cross pollination increases the adaptability of the offspring towards changes
in the environment.
It makes the organisms better fitted in the struggle for existence.
The plants produced through cross pollination are more resistant to diseases.
The seeds produced are usually larger and the offspring have characters better
than the parents due to the phenomenon of hybrid vigour.
New and more useful varieties can be produced through cross pollination.
The defective characters of the race are eliminated and replaced by better
characters.
Yield never falls below an average minimum.
Disadvantages of Cross Pollination
It is highly wasteful because plants have to produce a larger number of pollen
grains and other accessory structures in order to suit the various pollinating
agencies.
A factor of chance is always involved in cross pollination.
It is less economical.
Some undesirable characters may creep in the race.
The very good characters of the race are likely to be spoiled.