This document discusses three topics related to fertilization: in vitro pollen germination, pollen viability testing, and double fertilization. It explains that pollen can be germinated artificially and the rate depends on medium concentration and cultivar. Pollen viability is measured by staining anthers with dye and counting viable pollen under a microscope. Double fertilization uniquely occurs in flowering plants, where two sperm fuse with nuclei in the ovule - one forms the zygote and the other forms endosperm tissue to nourish the developing seed.

1. FERTILIZATION
Presented by :- Patel Vanita l .
CBO :- 404
M.Sc sem :- 2
Department of life sciences ,
H.N.G.U., Patan

2. CONTENTS
• In vitro pollen germination
• Pollen viability test
• Double fertilization

3. In vitro pollen germination
• Pollen of many flowering plants can be germinated on
artificial media consisting of aqueous solution of mineral
salts .
• But the rate of pollen germination depending on the
chemical concentration of medium and cultivar .
• Thus , suitable germination medium should be investigate
for each cultivar of same species in fruit croup .

5. Pollen viability
• Viability is defined as the ability to live , develop , or in the case
of plants , to germinate when conditions favourable to the
plant exist .
Measuring viability :-
• One method scientists use is to stain collected anthers , the
male reproductive organ that holds the pollen , in aniline blue
dye. The dye will be absorbed by the viable pollen grains . A
slide is prepared and the dyed grains are counted under a
microscope .

6. Double fertilization
• Double fertilization is a complex fertilization mechanism of
flowering plants (angiosperms).
• This process involves the joining of a female gametophyte
(mega gametophyte also called the embryo ) with two male
gametes (sperm).

8. • Once pollen has been deposited on the stigma the process
of fertilization occurs .
• Angiosperms have a unique process called double
fertilization . Found in all angiosperms but no organisms .
• The pollen grain grows a long the carpel until it Reacher an
ovule in the ovary .
• Two sperms nuclei than enter the ovule .

9. • Once sperm nucleus fuses with an ovule nucleus to from the
zygote , the first cell the new individual .
• The zygote starts dividing and become an embryo . This is
the equivalent of fertilization in animals .
• The other sperm nucleus fuses with two other ovule nuclei
to from the endosperm .
• Which is a nutritive tissue for the developing seed .
• Most of the food in grains like wheat , rice and maize is the
endosperm .

11. REFRENCES
• A text book of botany Angiosperms :-
by – B. P. Pandey

12. THANK YOU