Farmers in West Africa value trees for food, medicine, wood/fiber, animal fodder, soil fertility, revenue, shade, and soil/water conservation. A survey of farmers in Burkina Faso, Mali, Niger, and Senegal found 116 important tree species. Food and medicine were the highest priorities. Preferences varied by region due to differences in climate and soils. More species were used in drier Niger to minimize risk. No single species was preferred in all regions, highlighting the need for domesticating a range of regional species.
Multidisciplinary Journal Supported by TETFund. The journals would publish papers covering a wide range of subjects in journal science, management science, educational, agricultural, architectural, accounting and finance, business administration, entrepreneurship, business education, all journals
Impact Assessment of Agroforestry Practices on Community Socio-Economic Livel...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Agroforestry is the source of energy for cooking, materials for construction, domestic utensils and other products and services including fruits, medicine, livestock, feeding and fencing. This study aimed to assess the impact of agroforestry practices on community"s socioeconomic livelihoods in Karongi district, western Rwanda. The authors interviewed 45 Agroforestry Practioners (AFP) and 45 Non-Agroforestry Practioners (NAFP) from 8 cells randomly selected between July and September 2019.The data were analyzed by using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), version 20. The result, as asserted by 100 % of AFP, the Grevillea robustae was the frequently planted specie on contours and terraces due to its contribution on improving soil fertility and protecting the soil against erosion. The inheritance of land is the main mode of getting lands as mentioned by 69% and 62% of AFP and NAFP, respectively. In addition, it was noted that the number of reared goat, cattle and poultry is higher for the AFP than that of NAFP. Furthermore, the AFP" mean yearly income and its uses (food security, agriculture and household building) is significantly higher (p<0.05) compared to that of NAFP. Thus, in Karongi District, the agroforestry significantly enhances its practioner"s livelihoods. This study can serve as guide to other similar areas in adopting the agroforestry.
Multidisciplinary Journal Supported by TETFund. The journals would publish papers covering a wide range of subjects in journal science, management science, educational, agricultural, architectural, accounting and finance, business administration, entrepreneurship, business education, all journals
Impact Assessment of Agroforestry Practices on Community Socio-Economic Livel...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Agroforestry is the source of energy for cooking, materials for construction, domestic utensils and other products and services including fruits, medicine, livestock, feeding and fencing. This study aimed to assess the impact of agroforestry practices on community"s socioeconomic livelihoods in Karongi district, western Rwanda. The authors interviewed 45 Agroforestry Practioners (AFP) and 45 Non-Agroforestry Practioners (NAFP) from 8 cells randomly selected between July and September 2019.The data were analyzed by using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), version 20. The result, as asserted by 100 % of AFP, the Grevillea robustae was the frequently planted specie on contours and terraces due to its contribution on improving soil fertility and protecting the soil against erosion. The inheritance of land is the main mode of getting lands as mentioned by 69% and 62% of AFP and NAFP, respectively. In addition, it was noted that the number of reared goat, cattle and poultry is higher for the AFP than that of NAFP. Furthermore, the AFP" mean yearly income and its uses (food security, agriculture and household building) is significantly higher (p<0.05) compared to that of NAFP. Thus, in Karongi District, the agroforestry significantly enhances its practioner"s livelihoods. This study can serve as guide to other similar areas in adopting the agroforestry.
Pastoralists’ Perception of Resource-use Conflicts as a Challenge to Livestoc...BRNSS Publication Hub
One of the major but hidden challenges to livestock development and animal agriculture in the world
over is resource-use conflicts between crop farmers, pastoralists, and other land users. This is so because
during conflict situation, almost all human livelihood activities come to a standstill including livestock
farming. This study, therefore, sought to examine how conflicts involving different land users hinder
livestock production. Questionnaire and oral interview were used to obtain information from a total of
120 pastoralists in three selected states of Southeast (Abia, Enugu, and Imo). Data were analyzed using
percentages, mean, and standard deviation. The results showed that the mean age of pastoralists was 38,
and the mean household size was 10, mean herding experience was 18. The following were the causes
of resource-use conflicts – blocking of water sources by crop farmers with a mean (M) response of 3.30,
farming across cattle routes (M=2.95), burning of fields (M=3.30), and theft/stealing of cattle (M=3.40),
among others. The factors attracting the pastoralists to the study area were availability of special pasture
(M=2.37), availability of land for lease (M=2.52), and water availability (M=2.60) among other reasons.
Conflicts, therefore, affect livestock production in the following ways – unsafe field for grazing, poor
animal health, loss of human and animal lives, abandonment of herds for dear life, and many others
An economic study of small-scale tilapia fish farming in Mymensingh district ...Premier Publishers
The study was designed to estimate the costs, returns and resource use efficiency of tilapia fish farming in some selected areas of Mymensingh district. Both tabular and statistical techniques were used to achieve the objectives set for the study. The study revealed that the tilapia fish production is profitable business. Per hectare yield of tilapia fish were 19432 kg, 23234 kg, 27993 kg, for which money value was Tk. 2407846, 2950242, 3517805 for marginal, small and medium farmers, respectively. Benefit cost ratio was the highest for medium farmers (1.33) followed by marginal and small farmers (1.27). It was observed that the coefficient of human labour, feed and irrigation charge had significant effect on economic returns. Resource use efficiency analysis revealed that farmers are not efficient in using resources in tilapia fish production. Human labour cost, feed cost and fish protection chemicals cost were underused and therefore increase the use of these resources can maximize profit in tilapia fish production. Multiple ownership of pond, high price of feed, high disease infestation and lack of scientific knowledge and management were found the major problems for tilapia fish.
Conflicts between Cassava Farmers and Cattle Herdsmen in Ndokwa West Local Go...BRNSS Publication Hub
This paper studied the conflicts between cassava farmers and cattle herdsmen in Ndokwa West Local Government Area of Delta State, Nigeria. Six farmers each from the six communities that make up the local government were selected using random sampling techniques, and this gave a total sample size of 36 respondents. Interview schedule was used for data collection, and descriptive statistics such as frequency, mean score, and standard deviation were used in analyzing the data. The results showed that 78.1% of the respondents were male and the mean age was 43 years. However, 63.5% of the respondents were married while the majority (84.4%) of the respondents was full-time farmers. Destruction of crop with a mean score (2.94), raping of farmers (2.87), killing and wounding of farmers (2.81), burning of rangeland (2.75), blockage of routes by farmer (2.72), blockage of water point by farmers (2.72), environmental pollution (2.66), and killing of cattle by farmers (2.28) were seen as the cause of conflict while the use of bamboo fence with a mean score (2.94), help from the village youths (2.88), increase of farm size (2.81), staying late in the farm (2.53), supplementary occupation (2.41), and temporary relocation of farmers from home were used by the farmers as coping strategies for conflict management.
Potential of-moringa-oleifera-as-livestock-fodder-cropSilentdisco Berlin
Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
Studies on Tribal Farming in Nicobar Islands, Indiaiosrjce
The Nicobarese were the largest tribal group inhabiting 12 islands with major concentration in Car
Nicobar. As there is no reliable information on the biophysical set up, socioeconomic and farming system
characteristics of these Islands, the study aims to derive baseline information on the above aspects, which is
essential for any planning process. The agricultural production in Nicobar Islands is mainly dictated by
rainfall. The soils are inherently acidic except in Car Nicobar and Katchal where neutral to calcareous soils
are found. The tribes are living in a social system called tuhet and have no individual land rights. Majority
(73.4%) of the household heads comes under active workforce with worker consumer ratio of about 60%. The
coconut is the predominant crop occupying 84% of the agricultural area. On an average 235 coconut trees were
owned by an individual household with values ranging from 10 to 1000. The major livestock were pig (82%)
and goat (18%) reared in an extensive open semi feral system. The average annual income from farm
enterprises is INR.103345 ($1694) majority comes from coconut. The average family expenditure is INR.76692
($1257) with major expenses on food (54%), religious ceremonies, and children’s marriage besides household
and personal maintenance including health cost. Remoteness and isolation, monopoly in copra marketing, tuhet system insisting sharing some part of income, lack of knowledge on scientific management of crops like
vegetables, lack of enough native breeds of livestock were the major constraints for improving farm production
in these Islands
Analysis of Land Use Efficiency among Women Cassava Farmers in South-West Nig...Premier Publishers
The study analyzed the land use efficiency among women cassava farmers in Southwest, Nigeria. The study identified the determinants of access to land and land tenure security status of women cassava farmers and also compared farm level efficiencies of the land secured and non-land secured respondents. The study is carried out in Ogun and Ondo State of Nigeria. Primary data obtained from 300 respondents using multistage sampling procedure is analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Heckman Probit model reveals that farm size (0.000), primary occupation (P=0.002), income (P=0.003), number of dependants (P=0.035), proximity to processing industry (P=0.042) and social group (P=0.068) were positively significant to access to land while cassava output (P=0.000), access to extension (P=0.001), household size (P=0.019) and proximity to market (P=0.059) are negatively significant. Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) shows that 12.8% of the land secured farmers are technically efficient with the mean efficiency of 0.55 apiece for Constant Return to Scale Technical Efficiency (CRSTE) and Scale Efficiency. The CRSTE and scale efficiency of non-land secured farmers shows that 3.74% of the respondents are both technically and scale efficient with the mean efficiency of 0.38 and 0.39 respectively. Result of paired t-test reveals that there is significant difference in the level of technical efficiency between land secured and non-land secured women cassava farmers (t=2.29).
Effect of Yam-Based Production on Food Security Status of Farm Households in...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The study assessed the effect of yam-based production on the food security status of farm households in Edo south, Nigeria. Specifically, the objectives of the study were to examine the socio-economic characteristics of the respondents, analyse the contribution of yam-based production to the income profile of the households, estimate their mean per capita daily calorie intake and examine the determinants and the probability of households being food secured.
A multi-stage sampling technique was adopted in selecting 120 farm households from Edo South agro-ecological zone of Edo-State data were collected with the aid of well – structured interview schedule on households socio-economic variables which included sex, age, marital status, level of education, farm size, household size and household income and expenditure profile among others. Data collected were analyzed by appropriate statistical analysis which included frequency counts, percentages, mean, standard deviation, and Logit regression model.
The results showed that 97 males, represented majority of the households with (80.8%) and females 23, represented 19.2%of the house heads. The mean age of household reads was 50 years, of which (92.5%) of them were married, 53% owned houses and 58% had farming experience of 11.20 years the mean household size was estimated as seven persons with a mean farm size of 1.35 hectares. The mean annual household income in the study area was estimated as N 496.850.88 out of which farm income contributed N 62.4307, and off income contributed (37.57%). The mean monthly household expenditure was N 40,934.31 out of which food expenditure accounted for 40 .22%. The results also showed that the area was fairly food -secured with 52.5% being food secured and 47.67 being food insecure with mean per capita calorie intake of 36,okcal and 120.2 kcal respectively.
Finally, the results also revealed that three variables in the logit model were significant in explaining variation in the food security status of the households. These are farm size, form income and off-income. It was recommended that government should provide bigger plot of land for those farmers who are determined to take farming as business.
The abstract should summarize the content of the paper. Try to keep the abstract below 250 words. Do not make references nor display equations in the abstract. The journal will be printed from the same-sized copy prepared by you. Your manuscript should be printed on A4 paper (21.0 cm x 29.7 cm). It is imperative that the margins and style described below be adhered to carefully. This will enable us to keep uniformity in the final printed copies of the Journal. Please keep in mind that the manuscript you prepare will be photographed and printed as it is received. Readability of copy is of paramount importance.
Cereal and grain legumes play a vital role in food security and as income sources for millions of people in Ethiopia.
However, poor storage handling and storage pests lead to high postharvest loss. This study therefore assessed
farmers’ storage practices and grain storage hygiene status in selected districts of Jimma, West Shoa, and East
Wollega zones of southwestern Ethiopia. One district was selected from each zone based on their production
potential of selected grain crops such as maize, sorghum, wheat, and fababean. Then, three Peasant Associations
(PAs) were randomly selected from each district. For the survey, 377 households (HHs) were interviewed. The
present study showed that farmers in the study areas stored their grains in different kinds of traditional structures,
such as plastered gombisa (14.1%), unplastered gombisa (25.5%), gumbi (13.8%), polypropylene sacks (41.4%),
and Purdue improved crop storage (PICS) bags (5.3%) and indicated that most farmers used polypropylene sacks
followed by unplastered gombisa. On the other hand, most of farmer’s grain storage hygiene status was categorised
as poor (50.7%) or very poor (33.3%). The results of this study demonstrate that the farmers use an inefficient
storage facility and adopt poor hygiene practices, which predisposes the stored grains to insects and rodent attacks.
Thus, there is a need to train farmers in storage hygiene and develop and disseminate efficient grain storage
facilities to reduce loss in farmers ‘grain stores
1. The Need for a Watershed Approach to Restore Land and its Hydrologic Funct...World Agroforestry (ICRAF)
Drylands Development (DryDev) project, implemented by ICRAF with funding from the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
Maimbo Malesu, Alex Oduor, Elsabijn Koelman, Ronald Ngetich, Emmanuel Fondo and Francis Nyambariga
5. Bhungroo: Water Management solutions to support diversified cropping syste...World Agroforestry (ICRAF)
5. Bhungroo: Water Management solutions to support diversified cropping systems for men and women in northern Ghana (Presented by Paa Kofi Osei-Owusu of Conservation Alliance International) presented at #AASW7 Kigali
Pastoralists’ Perception of Resource-use Conflicts as a Challenge to Livestoc...BRNSS Publication Hub
One of the major but hidden challenges to livestock development and animal agriculture in the world
over is resource-use conflicts between crop farmers, pastoralists, and other land users. This is so because
during conflict situation, almost all human livelihood activities come to a standstill including livestock
farming. This study, therefore, sought to examine how conflicts involving different land users hinder
livestock production. Questionnaire and oral interview were used to obtain information from a total of
120 pastoralists in three selected states of Southeast (Abia, Enugu, and Imo). Data were analyzed using
percentages, mean, and standard deviation. The results showed that the mean age of pastoralists was 38,
and the mean household size was 10, mean herding experience was 18. The following were the causes
of resource-use conflicts – blocking of water sources by crop farmers with a mean (M) response of 3.30,
farming across cattle routes (M=2.95), burning of fields (M=3.30), and theft/stealing of cattle (M=3.40),
among others. The factors attracting the pastoralists to the study area were availability of special pasture
(M=2.37), availability of land for lease (M=2.52), and water availability (M=2.60) among other reasons.
Conflicts, therefore, affect livestock production in the following ways – unsafe field for grazing, poor
animal health, loss of human and animal lives, abandonment of herds for dear life, and many others
An economic study of small-scale tilapia fish farming in Mymensingh district ...Premier Publishers
The study was designed to estimate the costs, returns and resource use efficiency of tilapia fish farming in some selected areas of Mymensingh district. Both tabular and statistical techniques were used to achieve the objectives set for the study. The study revealed that the tilapia fish production is profitable business. Per hectare yield of tilapia fish were 19432 kg, 23234 kg, 27993 kg, for which money value was Tk. 2407846, 2950242, 3517805 for marginal, small and medium farmers, respectively. Benefit cost ratio was the highest for medium farmers (1.33) followed by marginal and small farmers (1.27). It was observed that the coefficient of human labour, feed and irrigation charge had significant effect on economic returns. Resource use efficiency analysis revealed that farmers are not efficient in using resources in tilapia fish production. Human labour cost, feed cost and fish protection chemicals cost were underused and therefore increase the use of these resources can maximize profit in tilapia fish production. Multiple ownership of pond, high price of feed, high disease infestation and lack of scientific knowledge and management were found the major problems for tilapia fish.
Conflicts between Cassava Farmers and Cattle Herdsmen in Ndokwa West Local Go...BRNSS Publication Hub
This paper studied the conflicts between cassava farmers and cattle herdsmen in Ndokwa West Local Government Area of Delta State, Nigeria. Six farmers each from the six communities that make up the local government were selected using random sampling techniques, and this gave a total sample size of 36 respondents. Interview schedule was used for data collection, and descriptive statistics such as frequency, mean score, and standard deviation were used in analyzing the data. The results showed that 78.1% of the respondents were male and the mean age was 43 years. However, 63.5% of the respondents were married while the majority (84.4%) of the respondents was full-time farmers. Destruction of crop with a mean score (2.94), raping of farmers (2.87), killing and wounding of farmers (2.81), burning of rangeland (2.75), blockage of routes by farmer (2.72), blockage of water point by farmers (2.72), environmental pollution (2.66), and killing of cattle by farmers (2.28) were seen as the cause of conflict while the use of bamboo fence with a mean score (2.94), help from the village youths (2.88), increase of farm size (2.81), staying late in the farm (2.53), supplementary occupation (2.41), and temporary relocation of farmers from home were used by the farmers as coping strategies for conflict management.
Potential of-moringa-oleifera-as-livestock-fodder-cropSilentdisco Berlin
Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
Studies on Tribal Farming in Nicobar Islands, Indiaiosrjce
The Nicobarese were the largest tribal group inhabiting 12 islands with major concentration in Car
Nicobar. As there is no reliable information on the biophysical set up, socioeconomic and farming system
characteristics of these Islands, the study aims to derive baseline information on the above aspects, which is
essential for any planning process. The agricultural production in Nicobar Islands is mainly dictated by
rainfall. The soils are inherently acidic except in Car Nicobar and Katchal where neutral to calcareous soils
are found. The tribes are living in a social system called tuhet and have no individual land rights. Majority
(73.4%) of the household heads comes under active workforce with worker consumer ratio of about 60%. The
coconut is the predominant crop occupying 84% of the agricultural area. On an average 235 coconut trees were
owned by an individual household with values ranging from 10 to 1000. The major livestock were pig (82%)
and goat (18%) reared in an extensive open semi feral system. The average annual income from farm
enterprises is INR.103345 ($1694) majority comes from coconut. The average family expenditure is INR.76692
($1257) with major expenses on food (54%), religious ceremonies, and children’s marriage besides household
and personal maintenance including health cost. Remoteness and isolation, monopoly in copra marketing, tuhet system insisting sharing some part of income, lack of knowledge on scientific management of crops like
vegetables, lack of enough native breeds of livestock were the major constraints for improving farm production
in these Islands
Analysis of Land Use Efficiency among Women Cassava Farmers in South-West Nig...Premier Publishers
The study analyzed the land use efficiency among women cassava farmers in Southwest, Nigeria. The study identified the determinants of access to land and land tenure security status of women cassava farmers and also compared farm level efficiencies of the land secured and non-land secured respondents. The study is carried out in Ogun and Ondo State of Nigeria. Primary data obtained from 300 respondents using multistage sampling procedure is analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Heckman Probit model reveals that farm size (0.000), primary occupation (P=0.002), income (P=0.003), number of dependants (P=0.035), proximity to processing industry (P=0.042) and social group (P=0.068) were positively significant to access to land while cassava output (P=0.000), access to extension (P=0.001), household size (P=0.019) and proximity to market (P=0.059) are negatively significant. Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) shows that 12.8% of the land secured farmers are technically efficient with the mean efficiency of 0.55 apiece for Constant Return to Scale Technical Efficiency (CRSTE) and Scale Efficiency. The CRSTE and scale efficiency of non-land secured farmers shows that 3.74% of the respondents are both technically and scale efficient with the mean efficiency of 0.38 and 0.39 respectively. Result of paired t-test reveals that there is significant difference in the level of technical efficiency between land secured and non-land secured women cassava farmers (t=2.29).
Effect of Yam-Based Production on Food Security Status of Farm Households in...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The study assessed the effect of yam-based production on the food security status of farm households in Edo south, Nigeria. Specifically, the objectives of the study were to examine the socio-economic characteristics of the respondents, analyse the contribution of yam-based production to the income profile of the households, estimate their mean per capita daily calorie intake and examine the determinants and the probability of households being food secured.
A multi-stage sampling technique was adopted in selecting 120 farm households from Edo South agro-ecological zone of Edo-State data were collected with the aid of well – structured interview schedule on households socio-economic variables which included sex, age, marital status, level of education, farm size, household size and household income and expenditure profile among others. Data collected were analyzed by appropriate statistical analysis which included frequency counts, percentages, mean, standard deviation, and Logit regression model.
The results showed that 97 males, represented majority of the households with (80.8%) and females 23, represented 19.2%of the house heads. The mean age of household reads was 50 years, of which (92.5%) of them were married, 53% owned houses and 58% had farming experience of 11.20 years the mean household size was estimated as seven persons with a mean farm size of 1.35 hectares. The mean annual household income in the study area was estimated as N 496.850.88 out of which farm income contributed N 62.4307, and off income contributed (37.57%). The mean monthly household expenditure was N 40,934.31 out of which food expenditure accounted for 40 .22%. The results also showed that the area was fairly food -secured with 52.5% being food secured and 47.67 being food insecure with mean per capita calorie intake of 36,okcal and 120.2 kcal respectively.
Finally, the results also revealed that three variables in the logit model were significant in explaining variation in the food security status of the households. These are farm size, form income and off-income. It was recommended that government should provide bigger plot of land for those farmers who are determined to take farming as business.
The abstract should summarize the content of the paper. Try to keep the abstract below 250 words. Do not make references nor display equations in the abstract. The journal will be printed from the same-sized copy prepared by you. Your manuscript should be printed on A4 paper (21.0 cm x 29.7 cm). It is imperative that the margins and style described below be adhered to carefully. This will enable us to keep uniformity in the final printed copies of the Journal. Please keep in mind that the manuscript you prepare will be photographed and printed as it is received. Readability of copy is of paramount importance.
Cereal and grain legumes play a vital role in food security and as income sources for millions of people in Ethiopia.
However, poor storage handling and storage pests lead to high postharvest loss. This study therefore assessed
farmers’ storage practices and grain storage hygiene status in selected districts of Jimma, West Shoa, and East
Wollega zones of southwestern Ethiopia. One district was selected from each zone based on their production
potential of selected grain crops such as maize, sorghum, wheat, and fababean. Then, three Peasant Associations
(PAs) were randomly selected from each district. For the survey, 377 households (HHs) were interviewed. The
present study showed that farmers in the study areas stored their grains in different kinds of traditional structures,
such as plastered gombisa (14.1%), unplastered gombisa (25.5%), gumbi (13.8%), polypropylene sacks (41.4%),
and Purdue improved crop storage (PICS) bags (5.3%) and indicated that most farmers used polypropylene sacks
followed by unplastered gombisa. On the other hand, most of farmer’s grain storage hygiene status was categorised
as poor (50.7%) or very poor (33.3%). The results of this study demonstrate that the farmers use an inefficient
storage facility and adopt poor hygiene practices, which predisposes the stored grains to insects and rodent attacks.
Thus, there is a need to train farmers in storage hygiene and develop and disseminate efficient grain storage
facilities to reduce loss in farmers ‘grain stores
1. The Need for a Watershed Approach to Restore Land and its Hydrologic Funct...World Agroforestry (ICRAF)
Drylands Development (DryDev) project, implemented by ICRAF with funding from the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
Maimbo Malesu, Alex Oduor, Elsabijn Koelman, Ronald Ngetich, Emmanuel Fondo and Francis Nyambariga
5. Bhungroo: Water Management solutions to support diversified cropping syste...World Agroforestry (ICRAF)
5. Bhungroo: Water Management solutions to support diversified cropping systems for men and women in northern Ghana (Presented by Paa Kofi Osei-Owusu of Conservation Alliance International) presented at #AASW7 Kigali
My books- Hacking Digital Learning Strategies http://hackingdls.com & Learning to Go https://gum.co/learn2go
Resources at http://shellyterrell.com/classmanagement
The reality for companies that are trying to figure out their blogging or content strategy is that there's a lot of content to write beyond just the "buy now" page.
Productivity of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) as Influence by NPK F...AI Publications
The aim of this research work was to evaluate the effect of different levels of NPK fertilizer (0, 40, 80 kg ha-1) and poultry manure (0, 4, 8 tons’ ha-1) on the productivity of okra plant. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) and replicated three times. From the result of the experiment, it was shown that there was significant difference in days to 50% flowering by application 0-ton ha-1 of both NPK and poultry manure. The application of poultry manure and NPK 15:15:15 showed significant difference among the treatments to fruit length, fruit diameter, fruit yield in kgha-1 and weight of fruit in kgha-1 at various weeks of data collection. The increase in the level of poultry manure and NPK 15:15:15 fertilizer showed the significant effects on fruit length, fruit diameter, fruit yield ha-1, and weight of fruit in kgha-1. Some of the parameters were statistically at far by varied level of factors and time. Okra variety Clemson spineless significantly gave taller plants, longer fruits and fewer days to 50 % flowering. Both poultry manure and NPK fertilizer were found to be sufficient to increase the yield of okra plant.
.
Origin, non-monetary benefits and perspectives of domestication of Non-Timber...AI Publications
The objective of this study is to contribute towards the promotion of NTFPs from various origins by assessing their contribution in sustaining the livelihood of communities in Mifi Division and the domestication potential of some of the NTFP species. The study was carried out in the Mifi Division in the West Region of Cameroon. Respondent were drawn from a cross-section of exploiters and marketers. Data were collected through the administration of semi-structured questionnaires and interview guides as well as direct observations with actors including 65 wholesalers, 150 retailers and 120 households. Data analysis was carried out using Excel 2016 to generate tables and graphs, and ARCGIS 10.1 to generate the map of the areas of origin of NTFPs. Results revealed that 29 species are used in the Division but almost all (28 species) come from areas out of Mifi. Parts used for consumption consist of 36,84% fruits, 36.84% seeds, 10.52% leaves, 5.26% sap, 5.26% mushrooms and 5,26% rhizome while their use for medicinal purposes consist of 42,85% barks, 28.57% fruits, 14.28% seeds and 7.14% leaves and rhizome. In total, species are used as food (46.55%), medicine (36.2%), for construction and furniture (6.89%), packaging (6.89%) and cosmetics (3.44%). NTFPs are becoming increasingly rare, reason for the need of an effective domestication of the most used species. NTFPs mainly Garcinia kola and Tetrapleura tetraptera with higher assets and low constraints can potentially be domesticated in the Mifi Division in order to reduce overexploitation and promote sustainable management of NTFPs in the present context of climate change. There are many favorable conditions including, the need of small financial capital, the interest of inter-community groups and available workforce. Some constraints persist such as the lack of young plants, lack of technical assistance and financial support.
Floristic Composition, Structural Analysis and Socio-economic Importance of L...IJEAB
Floristic assessment plays a crucial role in managing and conserving phytodiversity. Thisstudy tried to determine the floristic composition, woody structure and socio-economic importance of the legume flora in the commune of Mayahi. We used plot method based on systematic sampling approach to inventory legume species within the parklands in September 2012. We recorded 55 legume species belonging to 24 genera in 56 relevés. Fabaceae is the dominant family among the legume botanical families in the parklands of the commune of Mayahi. The average woody legume density is 62 individuals per hectare in the commune of Mayahi. The woody legume species of highest average density are Faidherbia albida and Piliostigma reticulatum. While the total basal area of legumes of the commune is 1.12m2 / ha in the Mayahi commune. The crown cover varies according to the vegetation types but it is higher in the Goulbi N’kaba forest reserve. Legume flora provides a myriad of benefits to the people of Mayahi. The present study recommends furtherresearch that examines the impact of human activities on the legume flora of the parklands in the commune of Mayahi.
04 j muriukijonathan-icraf- evergreen-agric-eastafrica-fara-aasw-accra july 2...World Agroforestry (ICRAF)
Evergreen Agriculture is a form of more intensive farming that integrates trees with annual crops, maintaining a green cover on the land throughout the year. It raises productivity, diversifies the farmland, raises direct production of food, fodder, fuel, fiber and income. It conserves forests and sequesters carbon.
The diversity of wild edible fruit plants and traditional knowledge in west a...Adi Bejo Suwardi
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Farmers' preferences for tree functions and species in the West African Sahel
1. Farmers’ preferences for tree functions and species in the
West African Sahel
Mbène Dièye Faye1,6, John C. Weber1,Tougiani A. Abasse2, Moussa Boureima2,
Mahamane Larwanou2,7, André Babou Bationo3, Boukary Ousmane Diallo3, Hamadé Sigué3,
Joseph‐Marie Dakouo4, Oudiouma Samaké1, Bayo Mounkoro1, Diaminatou Sonogo Diaité5
1World Agroforestry
Centre (Mali), 2Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique du Niger,
3Institut National de l’Environnement et des Recherches Agricoles (Burkina Faso), 4Institut d’Économie
Rurale (Mali), 5Institut Sénégalais des Recherches Agricoles, 6Conseil Ouest et Centre Africain pour la
Recherche et le Développement Agricole (Senegal), 7African Forest Forum (Kenya)
Introduction
Parkland agroforests are mixtures of trees and shrubs that farmers select for certain functions and cultivate together with staple food crops. In the West African Sahel, parkland trees and shrubs provide essential
products and services for rural communities, and thereby contribute to poverty alleviation and food security. The principal products include wood for energy, construction, furniture, household and farm implements;
fruits and leaves for food; numerous traditional medicines; fibers for roofs, mats and fencing. Environmental services of parkland trees and shrubs, such as soil and water conservation, are crucial because the region
is semi‐arid and the soils are generally infertile. A participatory project to improve the management and productivity of native tree and shrub species in parkland agroforests was initiated in the West African Sahel in
2006. The first major activity was to determine farmers’ preferences for tree functions and the priority species for these functions. In this paper, we present results of preference surveys conducted in Burkina Faso,
Mali, Niger and Senegal.
Materials and Methods
The study was conducted in five regions (Figure 1). In each region, three groups of villages, each containing three villages, were selected to sample the ethnic and environmental variation. Information was obtained in
group meetings in each village, followed by individual meetings with key informants. During the group meetings, villagers listed the most important species and their products and services; reached a consensus on
five priority tree functions; and assigned a score to each species for each function (range = 0 to 3, where 0 = not useful, 3 = very useful), referred to hereafter as tree function scores. The importance of each species
was estimated by calculating the sum of the five tree function scores, referred to hereafter as species importance value. The species importance values were then used to select priority species in each village. Key
informants then provided detailed information about preferences for products, their uses, the revenue earned, resource availability and specific constraints faced by the farmers. In each village, the key informants
included farmers, processors and sellers of tree and shrub products. In total, 425 key informants were interviewed (267 women and 158 men) in the five regions.
Five variables were computed for each village: number of important species, number and proportion of species per function, tree function scores and species importance values. The number of important species
reflects the diversity of products and services that a village depends upon, and the number and proportion of species per function reflects the relative importance of the function in the village. Tree function scores
and species importance values indicate the relative importance of the species for each function and across the five functions, respectively. If a particular function was not cited as a priority in a village, then tree
function scores and the number of species for that function were treated as missing values for the analysis. Analysis of variance was used to determine if there were significant regional differences in the number of
important species per village, the number of species per function and species importance values. Tukey’s “hsd” test of least squares means was used to determine which regions differed significantly. Spearman’s
rank‐order correlation coefficients were used to determine if there were significant positive or negative associations between trees functions: coefficients were calculated between tree function scores of trees.
Results and Discussion
Across the 45 villages surveyed, villagers listed eight priority tree functions and 116 important tree species. The functions and percentage of villages that cited them as one of the five priority functions were
medicines (96%), human food (91%), wood/energy/fiber (78%), animal food (60%), soil fertility improvement (53), product sale for revenue (47%). shade (29%) and soil and water conservation (27%). The fact that
nearly all villages cited human food and medicines as priority functions, and nearly all species listed by the villagers provide food (90%) and medicines (93%) underscores the well‐known importance of nutritional and
health security in rural poor communities. In addition, it is not surprising that wood/energy/fiber were cited as priority by the majority of villages and that most species (94%) provide these products, as these are
essential for construction, farm and household implements and fuel in rural communities. The provision of animal food from trees was a priority in fewer villages, but most of the species listed by villagers (88%)
provide this function, which is particularly important during the long dry season when grasses and other forage plants are not available. Although environmental services were lower priorities than the essential
products, many species in the villages were used for these services (soil fertility improvement 86%, soil and water conservation 69%, shade 53%).
Products from a many of the species (59%) provide revenue, but the majority of villages did not cite revenue as one of the five priority functions. This reflects the fact that other revenue sources exist (sale of cereal
crops, off‐farm labor, etc.) and market opportunities for tree products are often limited due to poor infrastructure, inadequate product quality, insufficient knowledge about markets and value chains, and agricultural
policies that do not facilitate market development. In Mali, for example, tree products provide about 25‐75% of annual household revenue, the higher value for villages that have access to large markets.
Most tree and shrub species have several functions, so one would expect positive associations among certain functions. In this study for example, species that had high function scores for human food also tended to
score high for medicine, shade and sale (Table 1). In contrast, species with higher scores for human food tended to have lower scores for animal food and wood/energy/fiber. Foods valued for human consumption
typically are not fed to animals, so there is a negative association. If farmers cut the stems or prune branches for wood and energy, this reduces the potential fruit and leaf production, so there is a negative
association between these two functions. In contrast if farmers prune branches, the leaves and succulent branches can be fed to the animals, so there is a positive association between wood/energy/fiber and animal
food. Species that scored high for wood/energy/fiber also tended to score high for the environmental service functions. This relates to the relatively rapid growth, large canopy, coppicing ability and abundant litter
from leaves and small branches of many of these species. Together, these characteristics contribute to ameliorating the microclimate, stabilizing the soil, improving its fertility and physical properties, reducing
erosion caused by wind and water, and increasing water penetration.
The mean number of important species used by villagers and the number of species per function were greatest in driest region (i.e. Niger: Table 2). As farmers explained in Niger, increasing the number of species per
function minimizes the risk of “function failure”, i.e. at least some species will provide the function even in the driest years. In contrast, the proportion of species per function generally did not differ significantly
among regions: the only exception was wood/energy/fiber (significantly greater in Niger and Senegal than in the other regions, P < 0.001).
Species preferences differed among regions. This is illustrated in Table 3 which lists the ten species with the highest rankings in each region. All 26 species in the tablewere present in all five regions, but the relative
abundance of the species (not quantified) was not necessarily the same in all regions. Fourteen of the 26 species were preferred in only one region: the majority of these were valued primarily for human food or
medicine in Senegal, Mali and Burkina Faso but for wood/energy/fodder in Niger. None of the species listed was ranked in the top ten in all regions, and only six were ranked in the top ten in four regions. Based on
analysis of variance, there were significant differences in importance values of five of the 16 species that were cited as priority in all five regions (Table 4). Based on these results, we recommend that tree
domestication programs work on a range of priority species that respond to the functional needs of each specific region, rather than focus on a few species that are considered priority across all regions
Table 1. Spearman’s rank‐order correlation coefficients between tree function scores in the West Table 2. Analysis of variance of the mean number of important tree species and the mean number Table 3. Ranking of the preferred tree species in each study region in the West African Sahel. Table 4. Analysis of variance of the mean importance value of tree species cited as priority in all
African Sahel. for different functions in villages in five regions in the West African Sahel. Western Southeastern Northwestern Southeastern Southern five study regions in the West African Sahel.
HFood Med AFood WEF SoilF SoilWC Shade Western Southeastern Northwestern Southeastern Southern P / Species Senegal Mali Burkina Faso Burkina Faso Niger
Senegal Mali Burkina Faso Burkina Faso Niger Df
Mean importance value per village in regions
Med 0.086 * . Acacia macrostachya NP NP 8 51 61
Mean number for 13.7 17.1 20.2 20.3 33.8 *** Species Western Southeastern Northwestern Southeastern Southern P /
(779) Acacia nilotica 27 15 30 22 7
AFood –0.237 *** NS . all functions a ab b b c 4,30 Senegal Mali Burkina Faso Burkina Faso Niger Df
Mean number for
Adansonia digitata 1 4 4 6 28
(475) Anogeissus leiocarpus 39 19 35 9 16 Adansonia 11.7 8.4 8.4 6.5 2.9 ***
each function
WEF –0.138 *** 0.139 *** 0.146 ** . Balanites aegyptiaca 4 5 9 15 6 digitata a a a 4,30
Human food 10.4 11.2 15.2 15.0 20.7 ***
(652) (707) (480) a a b b c 4,26 Bauhinia rufescens 32 NP NP NP 9 Balanites 10.7 8.0 6.8 3.6 7.9 **
SoilF NS 0.182 *** 0.311 *** 0.358 *** . Medicine 13.2 16.2 19.2 19.9 31.0 *** Bombax costatum NP 18 10 10 58 aegyptiaca a ab b ab 4,28
(451) (339) (436) a b b b c 4,28 Cordyla pinnata 5 22 NP NP NP Parkia 6.4 10.2 11.9 10.0 3.2 ***
SoilWC NS NS 0.297 ** 0.349 *** 0.554 *** . Animal food 7.9 12.2 LP 17.0 29.7 *** Detarium microcarpum 8 20 35 14 30 biglobosa a a a 4,28
(93) (219) (89) a ab bc c 3,15 Diospyros mespiliformis 12 14 16 8 10 Tamarindus 8.6 9.0 11.6 7.7 4.6 ***
Shade 0.249 *** 0.220 *** NS 0.366 *** 0.451 *** 0.269 ** . Wood/energy/fiber 13.7 12.7 12.8 15.3 31.1 *** Faidherbia albida 6 7 7 18 5 indica a a a 4,33
(257) (257) (199) (57) (135) a a a a b 4,21
Ficus gnaphalocarpa 9 33 11 NP NP Ziziphus 11.7 9.1 7.9 4.0 8.9 ***
Sale 0.493 *** 0.132 * NS NS NS NS 0.339 ** Soil fertility 4.8 8.2 NP 10.9 20.9 ***
improvement a ab b c 3,14
Guiera senegalensis 21 24 22 NP 3 mauritiana a a a 4,30
(352) (352) (82)
Sale 9.7 13.7 15.5 LP NP * Khaya senegalensis 17 15 17 3 42
Functions: HFood = human food, Med = medicine, AFood = animal food, WEF =
Lannea microcarpa NP 11 4 6 18 P = Probability: *** P < 0.001, ** P < 0.01, NS P > 0.05. Df = degrees of freedom. Regions with the
wood/energy/fiber, SoilF = soil fertility improvement, SoilWC = soil/water conservation, Shade = a ab b 2,11
Parkia biglobosa 6 6 2 2 25 same letter do not differ significantly (P > 0.05). Species with non‐significant differences among
shade, Sale = revenue. Probability: *** P < 0.001, ** P < 0.01, * P < 0.05, NS P > 0.05. Sample size P = Probability: *** P < 0.001, ** P < 0.01, * P < 0.05. Df = degrees of freedom. Regions with the
same letter do not differ significantly (P > 0.05). NP = function not cited as priority in the region. LP Piliostigma reticulatum 17 17 13 5 3 regions: Acacia nilotica, Acacia senegal, Cassia sieberiana, Combretum micranthum, Detarium
in parentheses.
= function cited as priority in only one village and not included in the analysis. Numbers for Prosopis africana NP 28 43 NP 1 microcarpum, Diospyros mespiliformis, Faidherbia albida, Khaya senegalensis, Piliostigma
soil/water conservation did not differ significantly among regions (P > 0.05). Pterocarpus erinaceus NP 9 30 21 51 reticulatum, Sclerocarya birrea, Vitex doniana.
Pterocarpus lucens NP 8 20 NP NP
Saba senegalensis NP 9 14 NP NP
Sclerocarya birrea 31 12 15 12 8
Tamarindus indica 3 3 3 4 14
Vitellaria paradoxa NP 1 1 1 21
Mali
Niger
Vitex doniana 10 25 21 19 17
Ziziphus mauritiana 2 2 6 13 2
1
Senegal
KAOLACK
Rankings of the top‐ten species in each region are underlined in bold font, and rankings of the
SEGOU
2 SAN
3
OUHIGOUHA 5 AGUIE
other species are shown in regular font. NP = species not cited as priority in the region.
4
Burkina Faso FADA
NGOURMA
Figure 1. Study regions in West Africa.
Research funded by the International Fund for Agricultural Development. Research article citations: Forests, Trees and Livelihoods (2010) in
press, Development in Practice (2010) 20:428‐434. Contact mbene.faye@coraf.org or johncrweber@aol.com for further details.