Multidisciplinary Journal Supported by TETFund. The journals would publish papers covering a wide range of subjects in journal science, management science, educational, agricultural, architectural, accounting and finance, business administration, entrepreneurship, business education, all journals
Sources of Risk and Management Strategies among Farmers in Rice Post Harvest ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— The study examined sources of risk and management strategies among farmers in rice post harvest management in Niger State. The research was undertaken in five Local Government Areas of Niger State, namely Katcha, Lavun, Paikoro, Shiroro and Wushishi. Data obtained for the research was achieved through questionnaires administered to 200 farmers selected using multi-stage sampling techniques. Descriptive statistics was used for data analysis. The study showed that rice post harvest management is carried out by subsistence farmer with average farm size of 2.7ha and are of active productive age of 31-50 years, who have 24 years farming experience in the rice post harvest management. The study revealed that farmers in the study area are affected by production risk, financial risk, human or personal risk, market or price risk and technological risk sources. The farmers have adopted prevention, mitigation and coping with risk as management strategies. Based on the findings the study recommended provision of credit facilities, rice post harvest machineries at subsidized rate, rural infrastructures, cooperative formation, use of extension officer and proper storage facilities.
Farmers’ constraints in rice production in South-East Nigeriaresearchagriculture
The study was carried out in South East Nigeria to evaluate the socioeconomic attributes of rice farmers and identify the major constraints facing the rice enterprise in the area. The study relied mainly on primary data obtained by questionnaire and interview administered on a total of 158 farmers across four states that constitute the South East Agro-ecological area. Descriptive statistics was mainly used to analyze the data collected. Findings show that farmers in rice production were dominated by married, literate, male farmers. Major constraints to rice production include poor extension contact, lack of finance, high cost of agrochemical, lack of inorganic fertilizer, lack of processing facilities/ standard measure for rice, lack of credit, and delay in supply of improved rice varieties. It was recommended that the government should expose farmers to skills and knowledge required to overcome the constraints in rice production through the development of extension training/ teaching service, development of rural infrastructure, irrigation/storage/processing facilities and credit supply at affordable interest rates.
Article Citation:
Emodi AI.
Farmers’ Constraints In Rice Production In South-East Nigeria.
Journal of Research in Agriculture (2012) 1(2): 114-123.
Full Text:
http://www.jagri.info/documents/AG0026.pdf
Farmers’ Constraints In Rice Production In South - East Nigeriaresearchagriculture
The study was carried out in South East Nigeria to evaluate the
socioeconomic attributes of rice farmers and identify the major constraints facing the
rice enterprise in the area. The study relied mainly on primary data obtained by
questionnaire and interview administered on a total of 158 farmers across four states
that constitute the South East Agro
-
ecological area. Descriptive statistics was mainly
used to analyze the data collected. Findings show that farmers in rice production were
dominated by married, literate, male farmers. Major constraints to rice production
include poor extension contact, lack of finance, high cost of agrochemical, lack of
inorganic fertilizer, lack of processing facilities/ standard measure for rice, lack of
credit, and delay in supply of improved rice varieties. It was recommended that the
government should expose farmers to skills and knowledge required to overcome the
constraints in rice production through the development of extension
training/ teaching service, development of rural infrastructure, irrigation/storage/
processing facilities and credit supply at affordable interest rates.
Analysis of Resource Use Efficiency in Small-Scale Maize Production in Tafawa...IOSRJAVS
his paper analyzed the resource-use efficiency of small-scale Maize production in Tafawa-Balewa local government area of Bauchi State. Data were collected from a sample of 120 Maize farmers selected through multi-stage sampling procedure using questionnaire and analyzed using simple descriptive statistics, double-log function and marginal value productivity analysis. The result showed that 90.17% had formal education; 51.67% were males; 90.17% were between the ages of 21-50. Majority 72.50% were married. In terms of farming experience, majority (86.67%) of the respondent had farming experience between 5-20 years. 75.00% had no contact with extension. The double-log function gave the best fit with Adjusted R2 of 81.16%. Production inputs such as seed, fertilizer, labour affected output significantly. Maize production in the study area has an increasing return to scale from the sum of elasticity of production (1.747). Seed and fertilizer were underutilized in Maize production, whereas labour was over used. The major problem confronting the farmers include high cost of inputs (77.50%); Untimely disbursement of credit/inputs (62.50; inadequate extension services (59.17); unstable price (41.67%); draught (33.33%), inadequate credit facilities (31.67%) etc. Profit could be enhanced by increasing the quantity used of seed and fertilizer inputs, its timely supply. Labour should be reduced to optimum level for increase output and total revenue respectively. It is also recommended that extension education and financial support to farmers be improved to allow them increase output and total revenue. There is need for adjustment in resource use in order to improve farm profit at this level of technology used by Maize farmers in the study area.
Assessment of losses of jackfruit as perceived by the farmersAlexander Decker
The document summarizes a study that assessed losses of jackfruit as perceived by farmers in Bangladesh. The study found that the majority (71.7%) of farmers perceived medium jackfruit losses, while 17.5% perceived high losses. Total losses averaged 18.61% of production. Losses were highest during production (13.3% of total) due to lack of cultural practices and pest/insect attacks. The study also examined relationships between farmer characteristics and perceived losses. It found that higher income, experience, and knowledge correlated with lower losses, while more problems faced correlated with higher losses.
This document summarizes a study comparing the production and economics of Bt cotton versus conventional cotton in Khairpur District, Sindh, Pakistan. The study aimed to examine factors influencing cotton yields, assess the financial gains of Bt cotton compared to conventional cotton, determine the impact of early Bt cotton sowing, and suggest policy measures. Primary data was collected through surveys of 60 cotton farmers. A Cobb-Douglas production function was used to analyze yields and a logit model was used to determine the probability of choosing Bt cotton. Results found higher total costs but also higher average yields and profits for Bt cotton compared to conventional cotton. Early sowing of Bt cotton also impacted yields. The study concluded with recommendations
Analysis of Resource Use Efficiency in Small-Scale Maize Production in Tafawa...IOSRJAVS
This paper analyzed the resource-use efficiency of small-scale Maize production in Tafawa-Balewa local government area of Bauchi State. Data were collected from a sample of 120 Maize farmers selected through multi-stage sampling procedure using questionnaire and analyzed using simple descriptive statistics, double-log function and marginal value productivity analysis. The result showed that 90.17% had formal education; 51.67% were males; 90.17% were between the ages of 21-50. Majority 72.50% were married. In terms of farming experience, majority (86.67%) of the respondent had farming experience between 5-20 years. 75.00% had no contact with extension. The double-log function gave the best fit with Adjusted R2 of 81.16%. Production inputs such as seed, fertilizer, labour affected output significantly. Maize production in the study area has an increasing return to scale from the sum of elasticity of production (1.747). Seed and fertilizer were underutilized in Maize production, whereas labour was over used. The major problem confronting the farmers include high cost of inputs (77.50%); Untimely disbursement of credit/inputs (62.50; inadequate extension services (59.17); unstable price (41.67%); draught (33.33%), inadequate credit facilities (31.67%) etc. Profit could be enhanced by increasing the quantity used of seed and fertilizer inputs, its timely supply. Labour should be reduced to optimum level for increase output and total revenue respectively. It is also recommended that extension education and financial support to farmers be improved to allow them increase output and total revenue. There is need for adjustment in resource use in order to improve farm profit at this level of technology used by Maize farmers in the study area.
Assessment of Indigenous Knowledge of Smallholder Farmers on Intercropping Pr...Premier Publishers
This document summarizes a study on indigenous knowledge of intercropping practices among smallholder farmers in West Hararghe Zone, Ethiopia. The study identified maize intercropped with haricot bean and sorghum intercropped with haricot bean as the most common intercropping systems. It found that drought, lack of knowledge about soil fertility management, and lack of improved technologies for intercropped crops were major constraints. However, declining land sizes due to population growth and early maturity of legume crops provided opportunities for intercropping. The study concluded that future research should incorporate farmers' practices and promote soil fertility management to improve intercropping in the area.
Sources of Risk and Management Strategies among Farmers in Rice Post Harvest ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— The study examined sources of risk and management strategies among farmers in rice post harvest management in Niger State. The research was undertaken in five Local Government Areas of Niger State, namely Katcha, Lavun, Paikoro, Shiroro and Wushishi. Data obtained for the research was achieved through questionnaires administered to 200 farmers selected using multi-stage sampling techniques. Descriptive statistics was used for data analysis. The study showed that rice post harvest management is carried out by subsistence farmer with average farm size of 2.7ha and are of active productive age of 31-50 years, who have 24 years farming experience in the rice post harvest management. The study revealed that farmers in the study area are affected by production risk, financial risk, human or personal risk, market or price risk and technological risk sources. The farmers have adopted prevention, mitigation and coping with risk as management strategies. Based on the findings the study recommended provision of credit facilities, rice post harvest machineries at subsidized rate, rural infrastructures, cooperative formation, use of extension officer and proper storage facilities.
Farmers’ constraints in rice production in South-East Nigeriaresearchagriculture
The study was carried out in South East Nigeria to evaluate the socioeconomic attributes of rice farmers and identify the major constraints facing the rice enterprise in the area. The study relied mainly on primary data obtained by questionnaire and interview administered on a total of 158 farmers across four states that constitute the South East Agro-ecological area. Descriptive statistics was mainly used to analyze the data collected. Findings show that farmers in rice production were dominated by married, literate, male farmers. Major constraints to rice production include poor extension contact, lack of finance, high cost of agrochemical, lack of inorganic fertilizer, lack of processing facilities/ standard measure for rice, lack of credit, and delay in supply of improved rice varieties. It was recommended that the government should expose farmers to skills and knowledge required to overcome the constraints in rice production through the development of extension training/ teaching service, development of rural infrastructure, irrigation/storage/processing facilities and credit supply at affordable interest rates.
Article Citation:
Emodi AI.
Farmers’ Constraints In Rice Production In South-East Nigeria.
Journal of Research in Agriculture (2012) 1(2): 114-123.
Full Text:
http://www.jagri.info/documents/AG0026.pdf
Farmers’ Constraints In Rice Production In South - East Nigeriaresearchagriculture
The study was carried out in South East Nigeria to evaluate the
socioeconomic attributes of rice farmers and identify the major constraints facing the
rice enterprise in the area. The study relied mainly on primary data obtained by
questionnaire and interview administered on a total of 158 farmers across four states
that constitute the South East Agro
-
ecological area. Descriptive statistics was mainly
used to analyze the data collected. Findings show that farmers in rice production were
dominated by married, literate, male farmers. Major constraints to rice production
include poor extension contact, lack of finance, high cost of agrochemical, lack of
inorganic fertilizer, lack of processing facilities/ standard measure for rice, lack of
credit, and delay in supply of improved rice varieties. It was recommended that the
government should expose farmers to skills and knowledge required to overcome the
constraints in rice production through the development of extension
training/ teaching service, development of rural infrastructure, irrigation/storage/
processing facilities and credit supply at affordable interest rates.
Analysis of Resource Use Efficiency in Small-Scale Maize Production in Tafawa...IOSRJAVS
his paper analyzed the resource-use efficiency of small-scale Maize production in Tafawa-Balewa local government area of Bauchi State. Data were collected from a sample of 120 Maize farmers selected through multi-stage sampling procedure using questionnaire and analyzed using simple descriptive statistics, double-log function and marginal value productivity analysis. The result showed that 90.17% had formal education; 51.67% were males; 90.17% were between the ages of 21-50. Majority 72.50% were married. In terms of farming experience, majority (86.67%) of the respondent had farming experience between 5-20 years. 75.00% had no contact with extension. The double-log function gave the best fit with Adjusted R2 of 81.16%. Production inputs such as seed, fertilizer, labour affected output significantly. Maize production in the study area has an increasing return to scale from the sum of elasticity of production (1.747). Seed and fertilizer were underutilized in Maize production, whereas labour was over used. The major problem confronting the farmers include high cost of inputs (77.50%); Untimely disbursement of credit/inputs (62.50; inadequate extension services (59.17); unstable price (41.67%); draught (33.33%), inadequate credit facilities (31.67%) etc. Profit could be enhanced by increasing the quantity used of seed and fertilizer inputs, its timely supply. Labour should be reduced to optimum level for increase output and total revenue respectively. It is also recommended that extension education and financial support to farmers be improved to allow them increase output and total revenue. There is need for adjustment in resource use in order to improve farm profit at this level of technology used by Maize farmers in the study area.
Assessment of losses of jackfruit as perceived by the farmersAlexander Decker
The document summarizes a study that assessed losses of jackfruit as perceived by farmers in Bangladesh. The study found that the majority (71.7%) of farmers perceived medium jackfruit losses, while 17.5% perceived high losses. Total losses averaged 18.61% of production. Losses were highest during production (13.3% of total) due to lack of cultural practices and pest/insect attacks. The study also examined relationships between farmer characteristics and perceived losses. It found that higher income, experience, and knowledge correlated with lower losses, while more problems faced correlated with higher losses.
This document summarizes a study comparing the production and economics of Bt cotton versus conventional cotton in Khairpur District, Sindh, Pakistan. The study aimed to examine factors influencing cotton yields, assess the financial gains of Bt cotton compared to conventional cotton, determine the impact of early Bt cotton sowing, and suggest policy measures. Primary data was collected through surveys of 60 cotton farmers. A Cobb-Douglas production function was used to analyze yields and a logit model was used to determine the probability of choosing Bt cotton. Results found higher total costs but also higher average yields and profits for Bt cotton compared to conventional cotton. Early sowing of Bt cotton also impacted yields. The study concluded with recommendations
Analysis of Resource Use Efficiency in Small-Scale Maize Production in Tafawa...IOSRJAVS
This paper analyzed the resource-use efficiency of small-scale Maize production in Tafawa-Balewa local government area of Bauchi State. Data were collected from a sample of 120 Maize farmers selected through multi-stage sampling procedure using questionnaire and analyzed using simple descriptive statistics, double-log function and marginal value productivity analysis. The result showed that 90.17% had formal education; 51.67% were males; 90.17% were between the ages of 21-50. Majority 72.50% were married. In terms of farming experience, majority (86.67%) of the respondent had farming experience between 5-20 years. 75.00% had no contact with extension. The double-log function gave the best fit with Adjusted R2 of 81.16%. Production inputs such as seed, fertilizer, labour affected output significantly. Maize production in the study area has an increasing return to scale from the sum of elasticity of production (1.747). Seed and fertilizer were underutilized in Maize production, whereas labour was over used. The major problem confronting the farmers include high cost of inputs (77.50%); Untimely disbursement of credit/inputs (62.50; inadequate extension services (59.17); unstable price (41.67%); draught (33.33%), inadequate credit facilities (31.67%) etc. Profit could be enhanced by increasing the quantity used of seed and fertilizer inputs, its timely supply. Labour should be reduced to optimum level for increase output and total revenue respectively. It is also recommended that extension education and financial support to farmers be improved to allow them increase output and total revenue. There is need for adjustment in resource use in order to improve farm profit at this level of technology used by Maize farmers in the study area.
Assessment of Indigenous Knowledge of Smallholder Farmers on Intercropping Pr...Premier Publishers
This document summarizes a study on indigenous knowledge of intercropping practices among smallholder farmers in West Hararghe Zone, Ethiopia. The study identified maize intercropped with haricot bean and sorghum intercropped with haricot bean as the most common intercropping systems. It found that drought, lack of knowledge about soil fertility management, and lack of improved technologies for intercropped crops were major constraints. However, declining land sizes due to population growth and early maturity of legume crops provided opportunities for intercropping. The study concluded that future research should incorporate farmers' practices and promote soil fertility management to improve intercropping in the area.
Influence of farmer characteristics on the production of groundnuts, a case o...paperpublications3
Abstract: Groundnut (Arachis hypogea L.) is a major annual oilseed crop and its economic and nutritive quality makes the crop a beneficial enterprise for rural farmers in Ndhiwa Sub-County. Researchers have recommended adoption of technology and increased contact with extension agents as one way of increasing production but productivity remains low. Crop productivity or yield is a function of environment, plant, management and socio-economic factors that interact at optimum levels to give maximum yields. The study focused on farmer characteristics which are part of socio-economic factors using the ex-post facto research design. The objective was to determine the influence of farmer characteristics on the production of groundnuts in Ndhiwa Sub County, Kenya. Purposive, multistage and simple random sampling was used in the study. Data on famer characteristics was obtained from 323 farmers out of the population of 21,820 farmers involved in groundnut production during the 2014 main cropping season. Document analysis was used to collate and analyze secondary data. Cobb-Douglas production function model and multiple regression analysis were used to study the behaviour and effects of independent variables on the dependent variable and test hypotheses. The results of the study showed that majority of the farmers were in households that were male headed with an average of seven persons. The household heads were middle aged, experienced in groundnut farming and had low levels of formal education. Age, gender of head of household, household size, level of formal education and experience in farming all had a positive relationship with groundnut production. However, only gender and experience in farming were significant at p <0.05 level of significance. Based on the findings the study recommended that interventions that target female headed households and improvement of farmers’ traditional knowledge on production should be put in place to improve production.
This document discusses an approach for enhancing agroforestry systems through market opportunities. It involves 3 components: 1) conducting market studies to understand demand for agroforestry products and identify opportunities, 2) providing extension to farmer groups on technical skills like nursery management to improve production, and 3) supporting the development of farmer enterprises when appropriate. The approach aims to address farmers' lack of market information and skills by strengthening their ability to reliably produce and sell high-quality products.
Importance of non wood forest based industry in indianParvati Tamrakar
non- wood forest products, economic importance, socioeconomic benefits, tribal community, production and trade of nwfp- national and international, recent economic patterns of nwfp, india's noteworthy produce
2nd september ,2020 daily global regional local rice e newsletterRiceplus Magazine
The quality of locally processed rice in Nigeria is poor due to inefficient processing techniques. Small-scale rice processors in Nigeria, who make up over 80% of local production, have limited access to modern processing equipment due to financial constraints. This leads to rice that is more expensive and lower quality than imported rice. To improve quality and increase local production, the Nigerian government needs to support rice processors by providing improved processing equipment and empowering farmers' cooperatives with access to credit and input supplies.
1. A state level workshop was organized in Assam to discuss challenges facing agriculture and potential solutions like SRI (System of Rice Intensification).
2. Representatives from government, NGOs, and farmers discussed issues such as traditional farming techniques, low productivity, and lack of infrastructure in Assam's agriculture sector which many livelihoods depend on.
3. Speakers highlighted opportunities for agriculture in Assam as well as challenges including low incomes, poor soil health, lack of quality inputs, and market risks for rice farmers with procurement issues. Adoption of new methods like SRI and diversification were suggested to address sustainability issues.
National Chickpea Innovation Platform: Way forward in EthiopiaTropical Legumes III
Bringing together all actors in the chickpea value chain was a key focus for setting up a National Chickpea Innovation Platform. Other new initiatives include enhancing chickpea productivity and marketing based on the targets of the Ethiopian Growth and Transformation Plan 2 (GTP2) and enhancing household consumption for nutrition and food security– were discussed at a recent workshop in Ethiopia.
Analysis of Yam Marketing in Akoko North-East Local Government Area of Ondo S...Ochuko Siemuri
The study analysed the marketing of yam in Akoko North East Local Government Area of Ondo State. It specifically described the socio-economic characteristics of yam marketers and determined the marketing margin, marketing cost, markup, operational efficiency and the constraints faced by yam marketers in the area. Data used for the study were generated through the administration of structured questionnaire. A total of 90 respondents comprising of 30 yam wholesalers and 60 retailers, were randomly sampled from three purposively selected major yam markets. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Concentration Ratio, Gini Coefficient and Operational Efficiency Model. The results showed variation in marketing cost, marketing margin, marketing profit, and markup for both wholesale and retail yam markets. Gini Coefficients of 0.307 and 0.307 were obtained for wholesaler and retailer respectively. This indicated high level of competition in the industry. Retailers were more operationally efficient than wholesalers, but wholesalers’ marketing profit and markup were higher than that of retailers. Wholesalers complained of insecurity, price uncertainty, high cost of yam and, transportation cost. Also, high capital requirement is considered as a serious constraint, while retailers complained of high cost of yam, price uncertainty, capital intensity and insecurity as very serious constraints. Alleviating some of the challenges, would therefore lead to more efficiency in yam business, while improving on the welfare of yam marketers.
Coconut Farming Industry in Dingalan, Aurora: Practices and ChallengesIJAEMSJORNAL
This document summarizes a study on coconut farming practices and challenges in Dingalan, Aurora, Philippines. The study found that most coconut farms were small (1-1.5 hectares) and yields were low (average of 107 nuts per tree annually). Few farmers used pesticides or disease control chemicals. Most did not apply fertilizer. Major challenges included low yields, lack of technical assistance, and limited political support for the industry. The study recommended establishing training programs for farmers and strengthening political support for marketing and improved practices.
The study assessed the socio economic variables of cashew farmers in Oyo State. Two towns within
Ibarapa East Local Government Area (Temidire and Eruwa) were purposively sampled. These areas are known
for the cultivation, production and marketing of this crop. A total sampling frame of fifty-six respondents was
used.
1) Women's participation in agroforestry in Africa is generally lower than men's, especially in activities considered men's domains like woodlot production. However, women are highly involved in fodder production and indigenous fruit collection.
2) While both men and women can manage agroforestry technologies, women often have smaller land plots and fewer trees. They also receive less extension information than men.
3) The report recommends improving women's access to extension services, finance, and markets in order to promote gender equity in agroforestry and ensure greater benefits for women.
An Empirical Study of Shifting Cultivation in Kombo Jinyo Village under West ...ijtsrd
Jhum cultivation or shifting swidden cultivation is prevalent since ancient time. It plays an important role for providing livelihood and food security to many people in hilly areas where the other opportunity of cultivation is not feasible. For Jhumias Jhum cultivators the importance of shifting cultivation goes beyond mere economic concerns. Jhum crops are adjusted to local condition and chemical for pests diseases control is not required. Traditionally, Jhumias specially belong to hilly region are totally dependent on Jhum cultivation because Jhum fields are source for many food and non-food crops which helps farmer to maintain their livelihood. Earlier Jhum was only for subsistence purpose, even in present era the output from Jhum is extremely limited and various programmes and policies implemented by Government is unsatisfactory, but Jhumias are sustaining its livelihood by changing its cropping pattern and land use management. Shifting cultivation is connected to local and regional commodity where cultivator are increasingly integrated to cash crops that are traded locally, regionally which provide resources to themselves and to the society. In the current era deforestation is a challenging one and Jhum cultivation is prevalent in study area. But we cannot incriminate such practice as a sole responsible for deforestation. Margum Ado | Marpi Bagra "An Empirical Study of Shifting Cultivation in Kombo Jinyo Village under West Siang Region of Arunachal Pradesh" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-1 , December 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd19014.pdf
http://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/other/19014/an-empirical-study-of-shifting-cultivation-in-kombo-jinyo-village-under-west-siang-region-of-arunachal-pradesh/margum-ado
status of india in agriculture production mehtagoldy456
This document provides an overview of India's status in agricultural production. Some key points:
- Agriculture is a strong sector in India's economy, providing livelihoods for over 58% of the population.
- India ranks 2nd globally in farm output and is a top producer of crops like rice, wheat, sugar, fruits and vegetables. Milk production is the highest in the world.
- Initiatives like the Green Revolution have helped increase food grain production and self-sufficiency. However, average yields remain lower than other countries.
- Ongoing issues include inadequate irrigation, low productivity, and the decline of agriculture as a share of GDP. The document outlines opportunities to boost the sector through technology, exports,
This document provides background information on agribusiness and rabbit farming. It discusses how agribusiness involves the entire supply chain from farm to consumer. Rabbit farming offers opportunities as a small-scale enterprise that provides nutrition and income. The study focuses on factors influencing the unwillingness of farmers in Marondera District, Zimbabwe to adopt commercial rabbit keeping despite its benefits. Previous related studies identified challenges like limited access to information, breeding issues, and lack of support services. The objectives are to profile rabbit producers, examine relationships between farmer characteristics and adoption, and assess rabbit production's impact on livelihoods. The study aims to inform policies to promote rabbit keeping and rural development goals.
Seed Diversity in the Drylands: Women and FarmingSeeds
This document discusses women's roles in seed saving and crop diversity in South India. It finds that women play a key role in maintaining seed varieties adapted to dryland conditions through practices like seed selection and storage. However, commercialization of the seed sector is undermining these practices and women's autonomy. As hybrid and private seeds replace traditional varieties, it threatens crop diversity, food security, and women's knowledge and livelihoods. The author argues for policies that support decentralized seed systems and diversity-based agriculture to alleviate poverty and conserve biodiversity.
Present status and future prospects of modern day horticulturehabibullah181
This document discusses the present status and future prospects of modern horticulture. It begins with definitions of horticulture and describes its importance in Pakistan, where 42.3% of the workforce is related to horticulture. Specific data is provided on fruit production, including mangoes, apples, bananas, potatoes, and citrus. Problems facing the horticulture industry are outlined, along with recommendations to address them, such as improving infrastructure, packaging facilities, and seed policies. New technologies are also described, such as robots for harvesting, disease detection, and trimming, as well as sensors to reduce food waste by better predicting shelf life. In conclusion, controlling the climate through greenhouses has allowed growing plant varieties that could
This document discusses sustainable agriculture in India. It notes that while India's food grain production has increased fivefold since the Green Revolution, hunger and inefficiencies remain. It then discusses India's status as a major global producer of many foods, as well as ongoing challenges like low yields, water scarcity, and post-harvest losses. The document advocates for policies and practices that conserve natural resources, use new technologies, and link farmers to information to promote more sustainable agricultural development in India.
This document discusses seeds, cropping, and marketing in agriculture. It notes that seeds must be properly tested and certified to ensure quality and traceability. Spurious and low quality seeds can damage farmer incomes. The document also discusses factors that influence cropping patterns like climate and demand. Different cropping systems are mentioned, including monocropping, intercropping, and crop rotation. Finally, it outlines some key challenges for agricultural marketing like market information, infrastructure, storage, transportation, middlemen, and demand and supply dynamics.
This document discusses the promotion of honey production in Fedis District, Eastern Hararghe Zone, Oromia Region, Ethiopia. It provides background on traditional and modern beekeeping systems in Ethiopia. The objectives are to enhance honey production from 10kg to 50kg per beekeeper by promoting modern beehive types and production. Key challenges to honey production identified include lack of capacity building, pesticide and herbicide use, shortage of bee forage, bee pests/diseases, and drought. The study aims to understand constraints and suggest solutions to maximize honey output and improve livelihoods in the region.
This document discusses the promotion of honey production in Fedis District, Eastern Hararghe Zone, Oromia Region, Ethiopia. It provides background on traditional and modern beekeeping systems in Ethiopia. The objectives are to enhance honey production from 10kg to 50kg per beekeeper by promoting modern beehive types and production. Key challenges to honey production identified include lack of capacity building, pesticide and herbicide use, shortage of bee forage, bee pests/diseases, and drought. The study aims to understand constraints and suggest solutions to maximize honey output and improve livelihoods in the region.
Rural women processing cassava in doma local government area of central niger...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on rural women processing cassava in Doma Local Government Area of central Nigeria. The study found that 84% of respondents claimed there were no modern processing technologies recommended in the area. Women primarily used traditional processing methods, which are laborious, time-consuming and provide low yields. The study recommends that relevant authorities work with researchers to develop appropriate processing technologies tailored to the literacy levels and skills of processors. This would help minimize constraints and allow women to realize higher benefits from their cassava processing activities.
Influence of farmer characteristics on the production of groundnuts, a case o...paperpublications3
Abstract: Groundnut (Arachis hypogea L.) is a major annual oilseed crop and its economic and nutritive quality makes the crop a beneficial enterprise for rural farmers in Ndhiwa Sub-County. Researchers have recommended adoption of technology and increased contact with extension agents as one way of increasing production but productivity remains low. Crop productivity or yield is a function of environment, plant, management and socio-economic factors that interact at optimum levels to give maximum yields. The study focused on farmer characteristics which are part of socio-economic factors using the ex-post facto research design. The objective was to determine the influence of farmer characteristics on the production of groundnuts in Ndhiwa Sub County, Kenya. Purposive, multistage and simple random sampling was used in the study. Data on famer characteristics was obtained from 323 farmers out of the population of 21,820 farmers involved in groundnut production during the 2014 main cropping season. Document analysis was used to collate and analyze secondary data. Cobb-Douglas production function model and multiple regression analysis were used to study the behaviour and effects of independent variables on the dependent variable and test hypotheses. The results of the study showed that majority of the farmers were in households that were male headed with an average of seven persons. The household heads were middle aged, experienced in groundnut farming and had low levels of formal education. Age, gender of head of household, household size, level of formal education and experience in farming all had a positive relationship with groundnut production. However, only gender and experience in farming were significant at p <0.05 level of significance. Based on the findings the study recommended that interventions that target female headed households and improvement of farmers’ traditional knowledge on production should be put in place to improve production.
This document discusses an approach for enhancing agroforestry systems through market opportunities. It involves 3 components: 1) conducting market studies to understand demand for agroforestry products and identify opportunities, 2) providing extension to farmer groups on technical skills like nursery management to improve production, and 3) supporting the development of farmer enterprises when appropriate. The approach aims to address farmers' lack of market information and skills by strengthening their ability to reliably produce and sell high-quality products.
Importance of non wood forest based industry in indianParvati Tamrakar
non- wood forest products, economic importance, socioeconomic benefits, tribal community, production and trade of nwfp- national and international, recent economic patterns of nwfp, india's noteworthy produce
2nd september ,2020 daily global regional local rice e newsletterRiceplus Magazine
The quality of locally processed rice in Nigeria is poor due to inefficient processing techniques. Small-scale rice processors in Nigeria, who make up over 80% of local production, have limited access to modern processing equipment due to financial constraints. This leads to rice that is more expensive and lower quality than imported rice. To improve quality and increase local production, the Nigerian government needs to support rice processors by providing improved processing equipment and empowering farmers' cooperatives with access to credit and input supplies.
1. A state level workshop was organized in Assam to discuss challenges facing agriculture and potential solutions like SRI (System of Rice Intensification).
2. Representatives from government, NGOs, and farmers discussed issues such as traditional farming techniques, low productivity, and lack of infrastructure in Assam's agriculture sector which many livelihoods depend on.
3. Speakers highlighted opportunities for agriculture in Assam as well as challenges including low incomes, poor soil health, lack of quality inputs, and market risks for rice farmers with procurement issues. Adoption of new methods like SRI and diversification were suggested to address sustainability issues.
National Chickpea Innovation Platform: Way forward in EthiopiaTropical Legumes III
Bringing together all actors in the chickpea value chain was a key focus for setting up a National Chickpea Innovation Platform. Other new initiatives include enhancing chickpea productivity and marketing based on the targets of the Ethiopian Growth and Transformation Plan 2 (GTP2) and enhancing household consumption for nutrition and food security– were discussed at a recent workshop in Ethiopia.
Analysis of Yam Marketing in Akoko North-East Local Government Area of Ondo S...Ochuko Siemuri
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This document summarizes a study on coconut farming practices and challenges in Dingalan, Aurora, Philippines. The study found that most coconut farms were small (1-1.5 hectares) and yields were low (average of 107 nuts per tree annually). Few farmers used pesticides or disease control chemicals. Most did not apply fertilizer. Major challenges included low yields, lack of technical assistance, and limited political support for the industry. The study recommended establishing training programs for farmers and strengthening political support for marketing and improved practices.
The study assessed the socio economic variables of cashew farmers in Oyo State. Two towns within
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for the cultivation, production and marketing of this crop. A total sampling frame of fifty-six respondents was
used.
1) Women's participation in agroforestry in Africa is generally lower than men's, especially in activities considered men's domains like woodlot production. However, women are highly involved in fodder production and indigenous fruit collection.
2) While both men and women can manage agroforestry technologies, women often have smaller land plots and fewer trees. They also receive less extension information than men.
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An Empirical Study of Shifting Cultivation in Kombo Jinyo Village under West ...ijtsrd
Jhum cultivation or shifting swidden cultivation is prevalent since ancient time. It plays an important role for providing livelihood and food security to many people in hilly areas where the other opportunity of cultivation is not feasible. For Jhumias Jhum cultivators the importance of shifting cultivation goes beyond mere economic concerns. Jhum crops are adjusted to local condition and chemical for pests diseases control is not required. Traditionally, Jhumias specially belong to hilly region are totally dependent on Jhum cultivation because Jhum fields are source for many food and non-food crops which helps farmer to maintain their livelihood. Earlier Jhum was only for subsistence purpose, even in present era the output from Jhum is extremely limited and various programmes and policies implemented by Government is unsatisfactory, but Jhumias are sustaining its livelihood by changing its cropping pattern and land use management. Shifting cultivation is connected to local and regional commodity where cultivator are increasingly integrated to cash crops that are traded locally, regionally which provide resources to themselves and to the society. In the current era deforestation is a challenging one and Jhum cultivation is prevalent in study area. But we cannot incriminate such practice as a sole responsible for deforestation. Margum Ado | Marpi Bagra "An Empirical Study of Shifting Cultivation in Kombo Jinyo Village under West Siang Region of Arunachal Pradesh" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-1 , December 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd19014.pdf
http://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/other/19014/an-empirical-study-of-shifting-cultivation-in-kombo-jinyo-village-under-west-siang-region-of-arunachal-pradesh/margum-ado
status of india in agriculture production mehtagoldy456
This document provides an overview of India's status in agricultural production. Some key points:
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This document discusses the promotion of honey production in Fedis District, Eastern Hararghe Zone, Oromia Region, Ethiopia. It provides background on traditional and modern beekeeping systems in Ethiopia. The objectives are to enhance honey production from 10kg to 50kg per beekeeper by promoting modern beehive types and production. Key challenges to honey production identified include lack of capacity building, pesticide and herbicide use, shortage of bee forage, bee pests/diseases, and drought. The study aims to understand constraints and suggest solutions to maximize honey output and improve livelihoods in the region.
Rural women processing cassava in doma local government area of central niger...Alexander Decker
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Farmers’ assessment of the government spraying program in ghanaAlexander Decker
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Socio-Economic Characterization of Local Guinea Fowl (Numida meleagris) Populations in three Agro-Ecological Zones of Burkina Faso
http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/SSR-IIJLS.2019.5.2.6
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AN ASSESSMENT OF PROFITABILITY OF GROUNDNUT PRODUCTION USING GROSS MARGIN, TH...paperpublications3
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Cassava farmers' perception of cassava initiative implication for cassava tr...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on cassava farmers' perceptions of a cassava initiative in Nigeria. Some key findings include:
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Vca beekeeping & honey kinangop and kakamega-july 2008 final_for shareanyonasimon
This document summarizes a value chain analysis of the honey production and marketing sectors in Kinangop and Kakamega, Kenya. The analysis was conducted by Resource Mobilization Center and prepared for Nature Kenya under a USAID-funded civil society strengthening program. The analysis found that beekeeping has potential economic and environmental benefits but entrepreneurs lack business skills. It mapped the key actors and identified challenges including poor quality control, low yields, and limited access to extension services and financing. Opportunities for improving the sectors are also discussed, such as intensifying production, developing value-added products, and commercializing extension services.
Market structure, conduct and performance of gari processing industry in sout...Alexander Decker
This document analyzes the gari processing industry in Southwestern Nigeria using a Structure-Conduct-Performance framework. It finds that the average gari marketer earns a gross margin of N4,812.05 per week, indicating profitability. A Gini coefficient of 0.4256 shows a high level of concentration in the gari market. The study examines the socioeconomic characteristics, profitability, and market structure/conduct of gari processors in the region.
11.market structure, conduct and performance of gari processing industry in s...Alexander Decker
This document analyzes the gari processing industry in Southwestern Nigeria using a Structure-Conduct-Performance framework. It finds that the average gari marketer earns a gross margin of N4,812.05 per week, indicating profitability. A Gini coefficient of 0.4256 shows a high level of concentration in the gari market. Most gari marketers are women between 30-50 years old with primary education. The study aims to provide insights into the industry's market structure and performance to help policymakers.
Smallholders socio-economic characteristics of oil palm value chain: Constrai...Innspub Net
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Investing in rural women: An investment in a whole communityICRISAT
Rural women farmers in Kano, Nigeria are being trained in technologies to enhance the sorghum value chain, including using sorghum to make bakery products, bio-charcoal, and food safety practices. This helps fulfill the objective of the Nigeria Sorghum Transformation Value Chain project in reducing poverty, improving food security, nutrition and health. The demand for finger millet is increasing in Western Kenya, and women are benefiting from new high-yielding varieties that allow them to increase production. A watershed project in India has helped women farmers conserve water, grow new crops, and transform their thinking about agriculture.
Agroecological socio-economics. Impacts and principlesFAO
http://www.fao.org/about/meetings/afns/en/
Presentation from Gaëtan Vanloqueren (University of Louvain, Belgium) describes some of the economic benefits of Agroecology in terms of increased income, employment and savings, as well as its positive externalities in environmental terms. The presentation was prepared and delivered in occasion of the International Symposium on Agroecology for Food Security and Nutrition, held at FAO in Rome on 18-19 September 2014.
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Analysis of contribution of beekeeping practices to poverty alleviation in zangon kataf local government area kaduna state nigeria
1. Nuhu Bamalli Polytechnic Multidisciplinary Journal 2: (2) 82-97 Dauda et al. (2017)
82
ANALYSIS OF CONTRIBUTION OF BEEKEEPING PRACTICES TO POVERTY
ALLEVIATION IN ZANGON-KATAF LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, KADUNA
STATE, NIGERIA
Dauda La’ah1
*, Daniel Audu2
, Biong’ahu Danladi2
,
Useni Sambo2
& Sylvester Garba Birat2
1. Department of Agricultural Extension & Management
2. Departmement of Basic & Remedial Studies2
School of Agricultural Technology
Nuhu Bamalli Polytechnic Zaria
Samaru-Kataf Campus, Zonkwa, Kaduna State, Nigeria
* Corresponding Author: laahdauda@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
The study analyses contribution of beekeeping practices to poverty alleviation in Zangon-Kataf
LGA. One hundred and forty one (141) questionnaires were administered to respondents in the
study area. The results proved that majority of the bee farmers were men (73.1%), from 21 to 30
years (27.6%), not educated (43.5%), experienced beekeepers (53.8%), participating in honey
production as part-time enterprise (90%), depending mostly on personal savings to acquire bee
inputs and adopt beekeeping innovation (45.8), using inherited land for beekeeping practices
(40.7%), using traditional equipment (74.1%), average number of beekeepers that owned
traditional hives were 65.2% and the contribution of beekeeping practices to poverty among
farmers in the study area ranged from 14.3% to 56.2%. Therefore, the results for contribution of
beekeeping practices to poverty alleviation in Zangon-Kataf revealed that there is significant
association by measures of contributions among professionals of beekeeping practices to poverty
alleviation in Zangon-Kataf LGA and beyond. When the hypothesis was subjected to test, the
outcome was statistically not significant. Hence, it is recommended that beekeepers should be
provided with common facilities and adequate training on the basics of low bee farming
technology using community based/informal education.
Key words: Agriculture, Beekeeping practices, Poverty alleviation.
2. Nuhu Bamalli Polytechnic Multidisciplinary Journal 2: (2) 82-97 Dauda et al. (2017)
83
INTRODUCTION
An important area of agriculture, which has not received sufficient attention in the past, is
beekeeping – which is the practice and management of honeybees in the hive. The six important
products identified from the bee include honey, comb/beeswax, propolis, pollen, bee venom and
royal jelly. There are basically two methods of honey gathering. These are the bee hunting and
modern beekeeping.
Bee hunting involves sideline beekeeping with just a few hives to harvest the colony. Traditional
beekeepers in Nigeria use log hives, baskets, mud pots, gourds and other materials that cannot be
opened for easy inspection and harvest (Matanmi at el., 2008). This exercise of bee hunting has
been criticized on the ground that it is destructive both to the surrounding and the stability of the
ecosystem.
Modern beekeeping involves the science and culture of honeybees and their management. In the
modern practice, housing the bees is not difficult to embark upon because investment needed to
procure artificial equipment to rear honeybees for highly desirable products is small. It has low
start-up costs and occupies negligible land space (Oluwole, 1999). The bees are reared in
sophisticated hives that allow combs to be easily removed while the uncapped ones are thrown
away. In the modern type of beekeeping practice, bees are encouraged to construct their combs
from the underside of a series of top bars, thus allowing for periodic inspection of combs so as to
monitor the performance of established colonies by the beekeepers (Matanmi at el., 2008). Honey
is extracted either by squeezing it out of the combs using hand or honey extractor – which allows
for large-scale bee farming. Modern beekeeping also involves the use of bee suit consisting of bee
dress, hand gloves, boots and veil (all these protect the bee farmer against bee sting). In modern
beekeeping, bees could be fed with sugar solution or diluted honey which is provided in a trough.
In the dry savannah region of Nigeria where the atmosphere is dry, it may be necessary to provide
bees with drinking water which is provided with a trough to avoid bee drifting or absconding.
Between 1000 and 1500 AD Arab travelers in West Africa, which included the present day
Northern region of Nigeria were involved in the trade. One of the valuable items of trade recorded
was the use of honey as a fermented beverage made of water and honey (mead or locally known
3. Nuhu Bamalli Polytechnic Multidisciplinary Journal 2: (2) 82-97 Dauda et al. (2017)
84
as Buza) and the presence of honey in the region acknowledged the existence of bee hives, from
where honey was produced (Azaiki, 2013).
This discovery eventually progressed to beekeeping in Zangon-Kataf LGA. Gradually, the practice
of beekeeping spread to so many villages and farmers adopted various practices. Beekeeping in
the traditional practice is well known in Zangon-Kataf Local Government Area (LGA). As early
as 1941, modern practices in beekeeping and honey extraction were introduced in Zaria and parts
of Zangon-Kataf LGAs (Oyekan, 2003). Although they started with native skep whereby the inner
part would be lined with cow dung, this hive was later improved upon by introducing another
basket disc to serve as a queen excluder to confine the queen to the bottom part.
Today, many areas of Kaduna State are involved in the deliberate process of Beekeeping. Although
modern Beekeeping is still young in the agricultural system, it is gradually growing especially
when viewed against the background of the usefulness of honey, a valuable by-product of bee
farming. In fact, there are model apiaries set each at the three (3) zonal headquarters of KADP
located in Birnin Gwari, Lere and Samaru-Kataf. As part of Kaduna State Government’s effort to
promote modern beekeeping practices and foreign exchange earnings, the Kaduna State Ministry
of Agriculture in collaboration with Food Advancement Initiative and RQ-Honey (Gidan-Zuma)
Afaka-Kaduna also trained and empower traditional beekeepers, village extension Agents, youths
and women in 2012 to set up apiaries (Bee farms) at villages in and around Zangon-Kataf LGA
(Obed, 2013). This has contributed immensely to the development of beekeeping in the area. In
realization of this fact the Government of Kaduna State (Agricultural Development Project) and
Leventis Foundation in Dogon Dawa in collaboration with the IITA Ibadan drew out programmes
that trained bee-hunters in modern practices of beekeeping.
Ojeleye (2003) observed that, modern beekeeping was almost non-existent in Zangon-Kataf LGA
despite the potentials of honey production like flora and fauna diversity until recently. The local
government had relied on honey from other areas to meet the growing domestic demand for this
product. Many bee farmers run away from honey hunting because of the fear of honeybee sting.
The local output of honey comes only from the few honey hunters and traditional bee farmers.
These farmers use traditional harvesting and processing practices, which always lead to poor-
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85
quality honey even when undiluted. The practice also does not sustain the hive system, as the
young bees are destroyed.
In most cases, the rural areas harbour the larger majority of the poor, accounting for more than
70% of the world total population of this category of people (World Bank, 1999). Reducing rural
poverty has for this reason been a long-standing concern, motivating an array of initiatives by
governments, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and international development agencies.
Beekeeping for honey production has been identified as one of the activities that could serve both
purposes of providing employment and reducing poverty among rural dwellers in Nigeria. In the
19th century, when refined sugar became available, honey was the world’s most popular sweetener
and today, it is still being use as cake, tea, cereals, jam and jelly sweetener – which is a major
source of extra income to the farmers.
The objectives of the paper are two-fold. First, we assessed the socio-economic characteristics of
small-scale beekeepers in Zangon-Kataf LGA. Second, we analysed the contribution of
beekeeping practices to poverty alleviation.
METHODOLOGY
Study area
The study was carried out in Zangon Kataf Local Government Area (LGA) of Kaduna state.
Geographically, it is located between 90
25/
N and 100
20/
N and longitude 70
45/
E and 80
40/
E is
bounded by Kaura LGA in the North, Jama’a in the South, Kachia in the West and Kauru LGA in
the East. The local Government has an area of 5,625 Square Kilometers (The Information Division
of Zangon-Kataf Secretariat, 1999). The population size is 316,370 persons [National Population
Commission (NPC), 2007]. The area was chosen due to the fact that honey production is growing
because of the prevalence of smallholder beekeepers. Farm enterprises are generally small-scaled,
so that farming families often engage in other income generating activities, like beekeeping, to
supplement farm income.
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Sampling technique and sample size
The study builds on a purposeful sample of one hundred and forty one (141) smallholder
beekeepers selected from eight (8) districts in Zangon-Kataf LGA.
Data Collection
Data were collected in 2015, using Likert questionnaire with a scale ranged of 1 for Strongly Agree
(SA), 2 for Agree (A), 3 for Undecided (UN), 4 for Disagree (D), and 5 for Strongly Disagree
(SD). Information on socio-economic characteristics of beekeepers and the contribution of
beekeeping practices in honey production to poverty alleviation were collected. Personal data,
socio-economic characteristics of beekeepers and contributions of beekeeping practices to poverty
alleviation in Zangon-Kataf LGA were collected and analysed.
Statistical analysis
The data collected for the study was subjected to the both descriptive and quantitative analysis.
The descriptive statistics; frequencies, percentages and mean tables was used to compute the socio-
economic characteristic of Beekeepers in Zangon-Kataf LGA, While, the Chi-square test of
significance was also used to analyze the subsidiary occupations of traditional beekeeping
practices to poverty alleviation in the study area.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Socio-Economic Characteristic of Beekeepers in the Study Area
Majority of the beekeepers are males, nevertheless about 26.9% of these beekeepers are women
(see table 1). Table 1 show the mean age of the beekeepers ranged from 21 to 30 years with a
percentage of 27.6.
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Table 1: Socio-Economic Characteristics of Beekeepers in the Study Area
S/N Characteristics Frequency Percentages Mean Value
1. Gender:
a. Male 103 73.10
b. Female 38 26.90
Sub-Total 141 100.00 70.5
2. Age of Beekeeper:
a. Less than 20 years 15 10.34
b. 21 – 30 39 27.59
c. 31 – 40 29 20.69
d. 41 – 50 34 24.14
e. 51 years and above 24 17.24
Sub-Total 141 100.00 54.4
3. Education of Beekeeper:
a. No formal education 61 43.48
b. Primary Education 49 34.78
c. Secondary Education 18 13.04
c. Tertiary education 13 8.70
Sub-Total 141 100.00 2.3
4. Experience in Beekeeping:
a. Less than 2 years 22 15.39
b. 3 – 5 years 76 53.84
c. 5 years and above 43 30.77
Sub-Total 141 100.00 4.8
5. Nature of Honey Production:
a. Part-time 127 90.00
b. Full-time 14 10.00
Sub-Total 141 100.00 1.1
6. Sources of Financial Capital:
a. Personal savings 65 45.83
b. Cooperative loans 41 29.17
c. Bank loans 24 16.67
d. Other loans 11 8.33
Sub-Total 141 100.00 2.2
7. Non-Beekeeping Income:
a. Other farming activities 83 58.6
b. Carpentry 19 13.1
c. Blacksmith 25 18.2
d. Salary Earner 10 7.6
e. Trading 4 2.5
Sub-Total 141 100.00 1.5
Source: Data Analysis, 2015
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This implies that beekeeping is prominent among young people. Ceteris paribus, labour
productivity is a function of age because it is believed that old people tends to adhere strictly to
traditional methods of production while young people tends to be more willing to adopt new
production methods in order to increase their output. The adoption categories of the beekeepers in
the study area revealed that 34.8% bee-farmers accepted modern beekeeping at an early stage,
while 1.4% where probably civil servants or innovators engaged in beekeeping practices (table 2).
Table 2: Adoption Categories of the Beekeepers in the Study Area
Category Frequency Percentage (%)
Innovators 2 1.4
Early Adopters 14 9.9
Early Majority 49 34.8
Late Majority 50 35.5
Leggards 26 18.4
Total 141 100.00
In addition, if productive age group is defined as 20 − 60 years, the mean age of 54 years implies
that majority of beekeepers though, in active age, but tends towards the unproductive age and,
therefore may not be able to imbibe new ideas and innovations to enhance increased productivity
in the bee industry. This implies that majority of beekeepers were above middle age. The finding
is similar to Chala et al. (2013). The maximum percentage of the education of beekeepers in the
study area was 43.48% for ‘no formal education’. The maximum value falls below 2009−2012
UNDP percentage education index of 5 years for Nigeria, which includes Zangon-Kataf LGA.
This could have affected their chances of shifting from traditional beekeeping to modern
beekeeping practices. Modern beekeeping requires skilled training and modern techniques. Since
studies have shown that education is positively related to adoption of innovation (Balogun, 2000).
These skills are required to enable beekeepers in the area boost bee practices and hence, alleviate
poverty to its barest minimum; all other factors remaining unchanged. This is synonymous with
Ajao and Oladimeji (2013). The length of time during which beekeepers had been engaged in bee
culturing is a measure of their experiences and also a reflection of their skills in beekeeping
practice. The average value of beekeeping experience was approximately 6 years with a percentage
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of 53.84%. The mean value for access to credit was ₦10,000.00 and ranges from zero to
₦20,000.00. The proceed from non farm income can assist the farmers to procure the needed
inputs such as hive box, boots, bee suits, baits and hired labour which are timely required in
beekeeping practices. The result was similar to finding by Babatunde et al. (2013). However, small
scale beekeepers have largely been by-passed by formal financial lenders because, among other
problems, they lack the collateral demanded by financial institutions. This category of beekeepers
is therefore left to their own devices to overcome shortages of capital in farming operations.
Table 3: Characteristics of the Beekeepers in the Study Area
S/N Characteristics Frequency Percentages Mean Value
1. Household Size:
a. Less than 4 people
b. 5 – 9 111 78.7
c. 10 – 14 19 13.5
d. 15 – 19 8 5.7
e. 20 – 24 3 2.1
Sub-Total 141 100.00 8.6
2. Sources of Land Where Bees are Kept:
a. Inherited land 57 40.74
b. Gifted land 47 33.3
c. Rented land 11 7.4
d. Purchased land 26 18.5
Sub-Total 141 100.00 5.2
3. Types of Hives Use in Beekeeping:
a. Traditional Hives 105 74.1
b. Kenyan/Tanzania-Top-Bar 31 22.2
c. Langstroth 5 3.7
Sub-Total 141 100.00 21.0
4. Ranges of Hives Owned:
a. 1 – 20 92 65.2
b. 21 – 40 37 26.1
c. 41 and above 12 8.7
Sub-Total 141 100.00 7.7
Source: Data Analysis, 2015.
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The result for access to credit shows that beekeepers depend largely on personal saving to purchase
bee inputs and adopt beekeeping innovation. On nature of honey production practices, majority of
the respondents were part-time beekeepers that spent more than 7 years of experience in
beekeeping practices. Their personal saving is the major source of financial capital in beekeeping
with a maximum percentage of 43.5 (table 1). Close to half of the beekeepers in Zangon-Kataf
LGA rely on their own capital for financing beekeeping enterprises. These bee farmers have their
apiaries on inherited (40.7%) and gifted (33.3%) land, the other half are using rented and purchased
land. A similar result was observed by Oladimeji et al., (2013) who confirmed that most artisans
in Zangon-Kataf LGA particularly beekeepers do not have access to production loan from formal
credit institutions. The table 3 also presents the types and occurrence of hives as reflected by the
respondents in the study area. Table showed that the respondents used more traditional hives
(74.1%) as bee hive than Kenyan or Tanzanian (22.2%). This showed that most of the traditional
beekeepers still depend on local materials as these cost less than materials used for the construction
of modern beehives. The modern hives such as Langstroth, Kenya-top-bar and Tanzania-top-bar
are very costly and not within the reach of the bee farmers.
Given the opportunities to employ the modern beehives and new developments techniques, bee
farmers in the study area could make the sector highly commercially viable enterprise for export.
In addition, majority of the Bee farmers had advantages of using inherited land for beekeeping
practices (40.7%). Because most of the beekeepers have access to free land of their own or donated
by neighbours, it reduced the cost of production, increased the income from honey production and
thereby alleviating the poverty of so many farm families engaged in the practices of beekeeping in
the area of study.
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Table 4: Contribution of Beekeeping Practices to Poverty Among the Farmers
Chiefdom
Districts:
Totally
Poor (%)
Moderately
Poor (%)
Non Poor
(%)
Percentages
(%)
No. Sample B A B A B A B A
Atyap 16 Gan-Gora 1.7 2.0 5.0 6.1 2.1 3.3 8.8 11.4
Manyi-Aghui 3.2 3.6 2.5 3.0 0.9 1.3 6.6 7.9
Bajju 18 Fadan Kaje 3.9 4.5 4.4 5.4 1.9 2.9 10.2 12.8
Fadia 4.8 5.5 1.9 2.4 1.0 1.6 7.7 9.5
Ikulu 10 Boto 9.8 11.3 0.9 1.1 0.5 0.6 11.2 13.0
Gidan Bako 8.6 10.0 3.7 4.5 1.5 2.4 13.8 16.9
Kamantan 8 Tudun Wada 7.1 8.3 4.1 5.1 1.7 2.7 12.9 16.1
Yangal 8.2 9.5 1.6 1.9 0.6 1.0 10.4 12.4
Total 52 47.3 54.7 24.1 29.5 10.2 15.8 81.6 100
56.2 29.5 14.3 100.00
Source: Data Analysis, 2015. A = After beekeeping, B = Before beekeeping practices.
The contribution of beekeeping practices to poverty among farmers in Zangon-Kataf LGA ranged
from 14.3% to 56.2% (see table 4). This is in agreement with Oladimeji et al., (2013) that, for
farmers that rely on single crop farming, diversification of income generating activities helps to
break out of the cycle of poverty.
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Table 5: Subsidiary Occupations of Traditional Beekeeping Practices to Poverty Alleviation in
the Study Area
Position of respondent:
C/Servants Farmers Sellers Consumers
Respons
e
Oif Eif Oif Eif Oif Eif Oif Eif RT DF Χ2
c Χ2
p
Decisio
SA
2 (2.66) 3 (3.01) 9 (7.45) 11 (12.23
)
25 12 130.3 21.
0
NS
A
4 (7.49) 7 (8.44) 10 (20.85
)
49 (34.26
)
70
U
N
1 (1.06) 2 (1.21) 3 (0.99) 4 (4.89) 10
D
3 (1.91) 1 (2.17) 12 (1.79) 2 (8.81) 18
S
D
5 (1.91) 4 (2.17) 8 (1.79) 1 (8.81) 18
CT
15 17 42 69 141
N
Level of significance (α) at P ≤ 0.05.
In table 5, results reveal that the association is not significant (N. S.) as Χ2
c (130.3) was greater
than Χ2
p (21.0). This means that there is significant relationship by measures of contributions of
beekeeping practices to poverty alleviation in Zangon-Kataf LGA and beyond. Thus, the study
confirms that beekeeping practices have the potential for poverty reduction among farm families.
Lalaka et al. (2009) confirm that this study demonstrated the economic and social contributions of
beekeeping practices as it is considered to be a means of obliterating poverty and of raising the
standard of living of farm families in the study area. This is achieved through increases in
household income, biodiversity conservation, food and nutritional security, raw material for
industries and enhances environmental resilience. Despite the significant contribution of
beekeeping practices to household income and poverty alleviation in Zangon-Kataf LGA, the
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ability to produce maximum output from a given set of inputs, given the available beekeeping
technology has not been fully understood by bee farmers in the study area.
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Conclusion
The study analyses the socio-economic characteristics and contributions of beekeeping practices
to poverty alleviation in randomly selected bee farmers of Zangon-Kataf LGA. Also, the result
revealed that honeybee farming is a major and most important occupation that alleviates poverty
in the study. The estimated mean years of schooling of beekeepers in the study area was 2 years,
which has fallen below 2009−2012 UNDP mean education index of 5 years for Nigeria. This could
have affected their chances of shifting from traditional beekeeping to the modern practice. The
results for contribution of beekeeping practices to poverty alleviation in the study area shows that
there is significant association by measures of contributions among professionals of beekeeping
practices to poverty alleviation in Zangon-Kataf LGA and beyond.
Recommendations
Based on the findings of this study, it is recommended by the researchers that:
1. there should be provision of social services and adequate training on the rudiments of
traditional bee farming using community based/informal education. This will ensure proper
understanding of modern equipments and adopt technology capable of alleviating not only the
poverty bee farmers but also improve the standard of living of farm families;
2. there should be establishments of beekeepers’ co-operative societies for annexing financial
aids, marketing information and inputs from government and non-government organizations
through poverty alleviation Agencies;
3. there should be creation of market channels that will take care of commensurate prices for
contributions/products of new beekeeping enterprises;
4. Government at all levels should endeavour to stimulate farmers to boost beekeeping practices
by providing and subsidize if need be, necessary infrastructures and enabling environment
from traditional to modern beekeeping easy.
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