- Around 43% of households had acceptable food consumption before the floods, while 29% had poor consumption and 30% were borderline. The floods destroyed food stocks and crops, greatly worsening food security. - Most households lost on average 14.6 months of food stocks in the floods. At the time of the survey, households only had enough food for about a week on average. Over half could not ensure food for the next 2 months and over 75% could not until the next harvest. - Livelihoods were heavily impacted as farming was the primary source of income for 60% of households before the floods, but this fell to only 13% after due to lost crops, seeds, and irrigation damages. C

1. ŸAround 42.6% of the households were found to have
acceptable food consumption, 29% had poor food
consumptionand30%wereinborderline.
ŸAround 60 % of households were farmers (small, medium
and large holders) before the flooding. At the time of the
survey, only 13 % said they are farming for their income,
which signals a 43% reduction. There is an estimated 28%
decrease in wheat cultivation: due to the lack of inputs,
irrigation damages and loss of seed stocks, which
representsasignificantfoodandincomesource.
ŸAs a result of the floods, 53% are relying on day labor as a
sourceofincome.
ŸAbout 52% own lands and 38% are sharecroppers, due to
heavy seed stock losses in the flooding, farmers need seed
andfertilizersupportcoupledwithrepairtoirrigation.
ŸLivestock ownership, particularly of large ruminants has
dropped by 40%, small ruminants by 45% and poultry by
56%, which is devastating to household food security and
livelihoods.
Ÿ
ŸAs per their top three needs, some 70% of the households
reported food as their most immediate need, followed by
cash grants (63%), building materials (43%), and health
services (41%). In agriculture needs, seeds (87%) and
fertilizers (81%) are the top priorities whereas for livestock
needs, fodder (64%) and livestock restocking (55%) are
priorities.
Food assistance was the main assistance in the early days
of the emergency: over 80% of households reported
receivingassistance.
HIGHLIGHTS BACKGROUND
Flash floods and hill torrents triggered by heavy monsoon rains
once again fell across Pakistan in early September 2012, claiming
over 400 lives and causing further widespread damage to
livelihoods and infrastructure, particularly in Balochistan, Sindh
and Punjab provinces; many of the affected districts, particularly
in Balochistan and Sindh, are still struggling to recover from the
floodsof2010and2011.
AttherequestoftheGovernmentofPakistan(GoP),theNational
Disaster Management Authority/Provincial Disaster
Management Authority (PDMA) collaborated with humanitarian
partners to pilot the Multi-sector Initial Rapid Assessment
(MIRA) in five of the most-affected districts: Jaffarabad and
Naseerabad (in Balochistan); Rajanpur (in Punjab); and
Jacobabad and Kashmore (in Sindh). According to the MIRA
[1]
findings ,thefloodingin2012affectedsome2.02millionpeople
and destroyed about 80% of standing crops (including cotton,
rice, sorghum, pulses and vegetables) and 73% to 96% of fodder
stocks.
Many markets were badly affected and left with very limited. The
loss of cash crops not only creates immediate food gaps but also
undermines the affected population's ability to cultivate staple
(wheat) during the Rabi season commencing in November. With
such widespread loss of food stocks, livestock and standing
crops, flood victims are finding it increasingly difficult to meet
their basic needs. According to the MIRA findings, 91 percent of
the affected population has reduced the number of meals as a
coping strategy – severely undermining their health and
nutritional status, particularly for children under 14 who
constitute36-39percentoftheaffectedpopulation.
Draft for
Comments
29 January 2013
for 2012 Monsoon Affected Districts of Punjab, Sindh and Balochistan
Detailed Food Security Assessment
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Designby:ShahidAhmed(FAO)
European Commission

2. TOOLS AND METHODOLOGY
The DFSA consisted of household survey in affected villages
and survey of markets in nearbyareas. The sample size of DFSA
is sufficient to achieve 90% reliability of results at district level
and 95% at province level. A total of 1880 households were
covered in household survey and 91 markets were assessed.
For the market survey, a place where 3 or more shops were
available was considered as a market. The market check list
consists of observation of enumerator teams, an interview
with a key informant and at least two interviews with
shopkeepers. The field work started on December 6, 2012 and
was completed on 14 December. Results of survey are
describedbelow.
DEMOGRAPHICS
Similarly, the loss of fodder stocks and standing fodder crops
will exert additional pressures on resource-poor flood victims
who are likely to adopt negative coping strategies such as
distresssellingorslaughteringoftheirproductivelivestock.
As the primary focus of MIRA was to identify the immediate
needs in emergency and cannot provide indication about
recovery and long term needs of the population, detailed
cluster specific sectoral assessments were proposed as the
second assessment within the MIRA methodology. In
addition, MIRA was based upon the interviews of key
informants in rural community, so it cannot shed light on
household related issues of the disaster. To overcome this, the
Detailed Food Security Assessment (DFSA) was proposed
based upon household interviews. At the time of MIRA, most
of the area was inundated and consequently some areas were
not assessed due to accessibility problems. These areas were
covered in DFSA later on which makes the assessment more
comprehensive. Moreover, districts D. G. Khan and Shikarpur
whichwerenotcoveredinMIRAwerethenincludedinDFSA.
Sex disaggregation by households Sindh Balochistan Punjab Total
Male headed households (%)
Female Headed Household (%)
Age of head of household (Average)
Household size (Average)
Education of male headed HHs (Average year of schooling)
Education of female headed HHs (Average year of schooling)
Number of pregnant and lactating women (Average per HH)
Number of disabled persons (Average per HH)
81.8%
18.2
42
8.72
2.90
.77
.47
.09
87.9%
12.1
44
9.11
3.82
.90
.43
.03
84.9%
15.1
46
8.52
3.16
.23
.44
.09
84.4%
15.6
44
8.77
3.20
.69
.38
.07
About 90% of the respondents of DFSA were head of
Table 1. Demographics of DFSA households
DURATION OF FLOOD WATER
In most of cases, the recession of flood water took more than two
weeks. At the time of the survey, most of the water receded in
Punjab whereas 24% households in Balochistan and 35% of the
householdsinSindhreportedthatthewaterwasnotfullyreceded
from their areas. It is also visible from satellite imagery that many
areas of district Jacobabad, Jaffarabad and Kashmore were
inundatedduringfirstandsecondweekofDecember.
FOOD AVAILABILITY AT THE HOUSEHOLD LEVEL
Due to the flood, very substantial losses of food stocks at the
household level were reported. Households lost in average 14.6
mounds (1 mund = 40 kgs) of food stock, thereby making them
extremelyvulnerabletofoodsecurity.
25.0
20.0
15.0
10.0
5.0
10.9
18.3
14.3
17.9
20.3
11.6
8.7
14.6
Jacobabad Kashmore Shikarpur Jafferabad Rajanpur DG khan TotalNaseerabad
Average food stock losses
(in munds per household)
As a consequence, after the onset of floods, most households
were left with very little or no food stock at all. There was some
improvement in the situation after the flood response,
particularly with the provision of food assistance. During the time
of the survey, households reported that in average they have food
stock sufficient to meet their needs for about one week. The
average food stock at the household varied from about 5 days in
Shikarpurto9daysinRajanpur.
Figure 1. Food stock losses by districts (munds per household)
About 90% of the respondents of DFSA were head of households,
the remaining were spouse and son/daughter of head of
household. Ratio of female headed households in sample was
15%.Averagehouseholdsizeofthesamplewas8.7.
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3. In addition, when households were asked their prospects for
adequatefood,about57%ofthemreportedlycannotensurefood
availabilityforthenext2months.Similarly,77%ofthehouseholds
are not able to ensure food for their needs until the next
harvesting season. This reflects an important need for continued
supporttomeethouseholdfoodneeds.
Total
DG khan
Rajanpur
Naseerabad
Jafferabad
Shikarpur
Kashmore
Jacobabad
0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0
7.2
8.5
8.9
6.7
6.5
4.9
7.4
7.7
For how long will current food stack last?
(Average number of days)
Figure 2. Current food stock availability by districts
(average number of days per household)
Provinces
For next 2 weeks Up to next harvesting season
Households who cannot ensure food availability
Sindh
Balochistan
Punjab
Total
52.4%
59.9%
60.3%
56.8%
80.3%
73.8%
75.2%
77.0%
Table 2. Households who cannot ensure food availability
(percentage)
FOOD CONSUMPTION AND SOURCES
Based on the frequency of various food groups consumed in the
past seven days in the household as recalled by the respondents,
only 42.6% of the households were found to have had acceptable
food consumption, 29% had poor food consumption and 30%
were on the borderline. It is worth noting that this classification
based on food consumption score is only based on the frequency
of different food groups eaten over a seven on-day recall period
and does not consider the quantity consumed. Given the scarce
availability of food at the household, the food security situation in
terms of caloric intake can be considered to be in a very poor state
giventhelowerquantityoffoodavailable.
As for the sources of food consumed in last week, market
purchase was the primary source contributing to 61% of cereals,
72% of pulses and 43% of dairy products consumed at the
households. As, they have lost most of their food stocks in flood,
consumption of own produced food items is minimal. Households
ownproductioncontributedtoonly17%ofcereals,3.5%ofpulses
and 26% of dairy products. The third most important source of
household food for consumption was from food aid and work for
food. About 7% of the cereals and 6% of the pulses consumed at
the sampled households were from the food aid. Similarly, work
for food contributed to another 4% of their cereals and 6% of
pulses consumed. Other sources included work for food,
borrowing/debtandgift/zakat.
Given their low income situation, such a high reliance on the
market for their food needs is an indication of the vulnerability
of households. Almost 60% of the households reported
spending more than 40% of their total expenditure on food
only. Two third of the households survey reported that they
borrowed money to fulfill their needs after the floods and the
singlemostimportantreasonforthiswastobuyfood(66.6%).
Figure 3. Sources of food consumed at the household
level (percentage)
products
Pulses
Cereals
Market/shop purchase Own production Food aid
Work for food Borrowing/debt Gift, Zakat
Others
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
42.6 35.8 1.4 8.0
2.6
1.6
8.5
72.3 3.9 5.6 6.4 5.0
1.9
4.8
61.7 16.2 7.3 3.8
3.7
1.8
5.4
COPING STRATEGIES
The severity of the food insecurity is very evident from the
coping practices used by the populations affected. More than
75% of the households reported problems in meeting their
food needs in the past one month period. Various coping
strategies practiced in the face of food problems, skipping
meals (75% of the respondents practiced skipping a meal in a
day, while some 62% reported skipping meals for entire days),
relying on less preferred and less expensive food (about 66%),
limiting potion size at meals (65%), restricting consumption by
adults to let small children eat (47%) were the most common
measures as reported by both male and female headed
households.
Other practices included seeking alternate or additional jobs
(25% for male and 10% female headed households) and food
oncreditorborrowingcashtobuyfood (41%formaleand21%
for female headed households), and relying on free food or
needed Zakat for food purchases (about 17%). It is worth
noting that while other coping practices remained similar,
seeking alternative or additional jobs and obtaining food on
credit or borrowing cash for food purchase was significantly
lower in female headed households, which is a clear indication
of their higher vulnerability. Significant proportion of
respondents reported serious and unsustainable coping
strategies. Around 43% households are consuming seed stock
held for next season, 28% households are selling productive
assets, 22% households are selling agricultural assets, 18%
households are removing children from school, 22%
households are selling domestic assets and even 5%
householdsaresellingland.
Dairy
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4. female(%)
male(%)
Sell land
Sell domestic assets
Remove childrern from school
Sell agriculture assets
Sell productive assets
Consume seed stock held for next session
Rely on free food or needed Zakat for food
Food on credit and borrow cash to buy food
Seek alternative or additional job
Restrict consumption by adults for small
Limit portion size at meal
Rely on less preferred and less expensive
Skip meals for entire day
Skip one meal in a day
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80%
Figure 4. Coping practices used by households to meet their food needs (Sex disaggregated households' percentage)
NUTRITION IMPLICATIONS
The survey did not provide conclusive information on the
nutrition situation due to the limitations of the survey.
However, given the already serious malnutrition situation in
the area even before the floods, and high coping strategies
practiced by households including reducing potion sizes,
skipping meals etc, the malnutrition situation is believed to
have further worsened. According to the National Nutrition
Survey of 2010/11, the prevalence of Global Acute
Malnutrition rates is 18% for Sindh, which was already above
the emergency threshold as per WHO recommendations.
Also from the survey conducted in September 2012 covering
about 8,000 households in 22 districts affected by 2010 and
2011 floods had shown about 19% of the children below the
age of five with MUAC (Measurement of Upper Arm
Circumference) less than 11.5 cm, a threshold used for
screening acute malnutrition in children. The disaster of
September2012haslikelycausedfurtherdeteriorationinthe
situation,andthusimprovingthenutritionsituationdeserves
ahighpriority.
AGRICULTURE MAIN SOURCE OF LIVELIHOODS
Thefloodhasnegativelyimpactedsourcesoflivelihoods,including
agriculture around 60% of households were farmers (small,
mediumandlargeholders)beforetheflooding.
Beforethefloods, agriculturewas themainsourceof livelihoodfor
the affected communities. From the households interviewed,
about60%ofhouseholdsreportedfarmingastheirprimarysource
of income. In addition, around 16% of households were associated
with farming as a skilled or un-skilled agriculture labor. The ratio of
female headed households was slightly higher in home
based/handicraft income earning (13% female vs. 2% male) and
lowers in agriculture farming (45% female vs. 62% male). The
disaster's effects on livelihood are wide-ranging and alter the pre-
flood pattern. In some cases, affected households were pushed to
change their source of income. At the time of the survey, only 13%
said they are farming for their income, which signals a 43%
reduction of those who shifted to day laboring. Only 5% female
headed households shifted from agriculture to home based
gardening. The ratio of households with no source of income was
veryhighinSindh27%thanotherprovinces.
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5. Sindh Balochistan Punjab Total
No Reduction Reduced one source of income Reduce all sources
Reduction in livelihood opportunities
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Primary source of income
Before flood After flood
Smallholder
farmers
Medium/large
scalefarmers
Agriculture
basedlabour
Bussiness
/trade
Non-
agriculture
labour
Salaried
employee
Home
based/Handi
craft
Others
32%
7%
28%
6%
16%
21%
4% 5%
12%
32%
2% 4% 3%
8%
3%
17%
Figure 5. Coping practices used by households to meet their
food needs (Sex disaggregated households' percentage)
In addition, in many cases, reduction in number of income
generatingactivitieswasreported.Around71%ofthehouseholds
reported that they have reduced one source of income and about
18% reported that they have reduced all sources and have no
livelihood after the flood. Ratio of households with no source of
incomewasveryhighinSindh(27%)thanotherprovinces.
Figure 6. Reduction in livelihood opportunities by province
(percentage)
27%
57%
15%
12%
75%
13%
9%
86%
5%
18%
71%
12%
A third effect on livelihood was reduction in income due to the
consequencesofflooding:morethan80%ofhouseholdsreported
effectontheirlivelihood.
Nearly 79% of the respondents reported that they are associated
with agriculture farming for their primary or secondary source of
income. Out of these farmers 52% are owner, 38% are
tenant/share-cropper, 5% owner as well as tenant and 4% are
farmingonleasedland.
About 54% of the households own some land, and the average
cultivable agriculture land is 12.7 acres. Average land owned for
female headed households is significantly lower than of male
headedhouseholds(7.2vs.13.8acres).
Ofthosewhoownland,around44%aresmallfarmersowningless
than5%oftheland.Thedistrictwisefiguresaregivenbelow:
53%
46%
38%
43%
5% 4% 4% 6%
1% 1%
Male Female
Type of ownership
Other
Owner
Tenant/Sha
recropper
Ownerand
tenant
Leasedthe
land
Figure 7. Type of ownership with sex disaggregation
(households' percentage)
Percent of households
who own land
Average cultivable land
(acres per HHs)
Ratio of small farmers
(less than 5 acres)District
49%
59%
59%
49%
46%
57%
60%
54%
17.62
14.06
13.38
6.94
22.45
8.58
6.97
12.74
45%
40%
41%
46%
39%
49%
46%
44%
Table 3. Land ownership and cultivable land per
household district wise (percentage)
AGRICULTURE LOSSES: KHARIF SEASON
The flood left devastating effects on the agriculture sector:
according to DFSA, around 93% of the Kharif standing crops
were affected. In the affected districts, rice is the primary
Kharif crop so mainly the rice fields were affected. Out of the
total affected area, 80% were rice fields and 12% were cotton
fields.
Jacobabad
Kashmore
Shikarpur
Jaffarabad
Naseerabad
Rajanpur
D G Khan
Total
Jacobabad
Kashmore
Shikarpur
Jaffarabad
Naseerabad
Rajanpur
D G Khan
Total
District
Cultivated
area Kharif
2012
Kharif area
affected
2012
Percent area
affected
- Rice
Percent area
affected-
Vegetables
Percent area
affected-
Cotton
Percent area
affected-
Other crops
Average
acres
Average
acres
Percent Percent Percent Percent
9.77
10.18
9.37
8.44
11.89
8.78
8.44
9.55
9.02
9.42
9.13
8.10
10.86
7.66
8.36
8.93
84.3
82.2
82.2
74.5
84.9
77.4
72.2
80.1
1.8
5.5
2.8
0.7
0.5
2.4
5.0
2.6
6.8
6.9
8.5
21.8
12.9
14.2
13.6
11.9
7.13
5.40
6.44
2.97
1.74
6.07
9.18
5.4
Table 4. Agriculture losses – Kharif season in affected
districts (average and percentage)
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6. losses. As reported earlier, in some areas water was notreceded
by the time of Rabi cultivation, so the decrease in Rabi cultivation
was reported almost everywhere. In the surveyed areas, Rabi
cultivation usually starts in October and late Rabi can be
continued up to the end of December. At the time of the survey,
farmers had either already cultivated Rabi crops or were planning
forit.Withviewofthesituationandfarmers'perceptualplacesfor
next two weeks, around 17% reduction in Rabi cultivation was
expected.Adecreaseinwheatcultivationwasexpectedtobehigh
andestimated28%decrease.
In addition, 76% of the households reported some seed stock
Decrease in Rabi cultivation
Average cultivated land
during normal Rabi(Acres)
Average cultivated land
during Rabi 2012(Acres)
Sindh Balochistan Punjab Total
10.00
9.00
8.00
7.00
6.00
5.00
4.00
3.00
2.00
1.00
.00
Figure 8. Type of ownership with sex disaggregation
(households' percentage)
Wheat covers roughly 90% of Rabi cultivation and the decrease in
wheat cultivation pose some serious consequences on household
food security in coming months as most of them depend upon
theirownproductionforhouseholdneedofcereal.
Irrigation
damages
Agriculture
inputs lost
Loss of seed
stock
Land still under
water
Not returned in
time for planting
Cannot afford to
buy inputs
47%
43%
30%
43%
23%
43%
23%
14%
23%
14% 15%
29%
Male Female
Reason of decrease in wheat cultivation
Figure 9. Reason of decrease in wheat cultivation
(percentage)
Main reason of decrease in wheat cultivation is the irrigation
damages (46%), Agriculture input losses (31.5%) and losses of
seed stocks (25.9%). A total of 22.2% of the households also
reported inundated water was the main cause of decreased
cultivation and same number of households reported that due to
displacement, they were not able to cultivate land. For female
headed households, reason for decrease in wheat cultivation is
morefinancerelatedthanofmaleheadedhouseholds.
Planning to cultivate Zaid-Rabi crop
Jacobabad
Kashmore
Shikarpur
Jaffarabad
Naseerabad
Rajanpur
D G Khan 39%
32%
32%
53%
Percent of HHs
Figure 10. Households planning to cultivate Zaid-Rabi crop
by districts (percentage)
Zaid Rabi is an alternate option for those farmers who were
unable to cultivate Rabi crops. Around 40% of the farmers
reported that they were planning to cultivate some zaid Rabi
crop in upcoming season. The most important zaid Rabi crops
areoilseeds,vegetablesandtomato.
IRRIGATION
Before the flood, around 94% of the agriculture based
households had access to irrigation water either by canals or
by tube wells. From the households surveyed, around 60 %
reported total or heavy damages and only 40% reported
reparable damages to their irrigation channels and water
sources.
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 60% 70% 80%50%
36%
33%
25%
46%
24%
21%
31%
32%
38%
36%
22%
8%
8%
8%
7%25%
90% 100%
Sindh
Balochistan
Punjab
Total
Totally destroyed
Damaged but can be repaired
Heavily damaged
Limited damage
Damages to irrigation infrestructure
Figure 11. Damages of irrigation infrastructure by province
(percentage)
LIVESTOCK AND POULTRY LOSSES
The livestock and poultry represent an important source of
household food security and a living asset for rural families.
Before the floods, 3 out of 4 households own some livestock
or poultry: The average numbers of large ruminants was
around 4.28 per household, small ruminants was about 5.77
andpoultrybirdsnumbered4.53perhousehold.Duetoflood,
huge losses of livestock and distress selling were reported. On
aggregate, 40% reduction in large ruminants was reported,
whereas 45% reduction in small ruminants and 56% reduction
inpoultrywerealsoreported.
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7. 7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Livestock ownership before and after flood
Before the flood After the flood
Large ruminants
Small ruminants
Poultry
3.09
2.5
1.97
5.77
4.53
4.28
Due to the floods and displacement, the affected communities
had lost significant amount of productive and domestic assets.
Around 42% of households reported some loss of domestic assets
and 54% households reported losses of productive assets.
Productive assets include farm machinery, agriculture tools,
sewing machine, etc; whereas, domestic assets include cooking
range,stove,car,cellphones,etc.
LOSS OF ASSETS AND DEBT BURDEN
Figure 12. Status of livestock ownership in pre and
post flood (average)
Figure 13. Domestic assets lost per household by province
(average)
Before the flood After the flood
Effect of flood on domestic assets per HH
Sindh Balochistan Punjab
4.5
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
.5
0
Avg.noofassets
4.0
3.3
2.5
2.1
1.9
1.8
Figure 14. Loss of productive assets by province (average)
Sindh Balochistan Punjab
Avg.noofassets
Before the flood After the flood
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0
Loss of productive assets per HH
4.6
4.3
4.0
2.1
2.0
1.7
Two third of the respondents borrowed some money to fulfill
their needs after flood. The most important reason for
borrowing was to fulfill the food needs of the household. In
addition, half of them also borrowed some money to cover
their health expenses. Some 68.7% of households said they
have contracted new debts sincethe floods (more in Sindh at
73.4%). The main reason cited for debt was to buy food
(66.6%); second is to cover health expenses (42.5%). The
sources of loans are 38% from shopkeepers and 17.5 % from
landowners and 15.6 % from relatives or friends.
Figure 15. Main reasons for new debt (percentage)
MARKET ACCESSIBILITY
One third of the surveyed households can access their markets easily, remaining has some problems/constraints but with partial
access. Only 3% of the households reported that they have no access to market. Destruction of access roads (76% of HHs) and high
transportation cost (62% of HHs) are major constraints while accessing markets. Despite these two major problems, the security
issues (20%), non-functionality of markets (14%) and the damages of market infrastructure (13%) were also reported by the
households.
76%
52%
19% 18%
To buy food To cover health expenses To cover domestic
expenses
To buy agriculture inputs
Main reason for new debt
Figure 16. Status of market accessibility (percentage)
Easily accessible
32%
65%
3%
76%
62%
20%
14% 13%
3%
Problems in market accessibility
Accessroads
aredestroyed
Costof
transportation
isveryhigh
Security
issues
Marketisnot
functioning
Market
destroyed
duetoflood
others
Figure 17. Problems to access markets (percentage)
Accessible but
face problem to
reach
Inaccessible
Market accessibility
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8. Jacobabad
Kashmore
Shikarpur
Jaffarabad
Naseerabad
Rajanpur
DGKhan
Total
2.1
12.8
9.9
34.8
10.4
20.0
6.6
18.3
8.1
23.6
2.4
19.3
13.1
19.9
7.3
20.6
Average distance of market from village (KM)
Distance of market Distance of alternate markets
Figure 19. Distance of markets from villages (average)
About82%oftheshopkeepersreportedthatsupplyofgoodswere
affected by the destruction of local stocks , infrastructure,
financial constraints and supply lines due to less venders in
markets. For all of the markets, shop keepers generally purchase
food items from local farmers, as all of the shopkeepers reported
that they purchased locally: in all markets, around 100% of
shopkeepers stated they purchase food and 96% purchase fodder
from farmers. Also, in most of the markets, financial services like
banks, ATM machines, telephone banking and post offices are
available. In half of them, female generally do not avail the
services.
Figure 21. Effect on supply of goods (percentage)
Local production/stock affected
own stock lost
infrastructure affected
Less availability of loan
Less vendors in market
Effect on supply of goods
(% of markets)
Food Agri inputs
82%
73%
75%
73%
86%
77%
85%
75%
84%
77%
Figure 22. Effect on demand of goods (percentage)
Increase price due to disaster
Reduce availability of loan
Loss of income
Fewer customer due to displacement
70% 75% 80% 85% 90% 95%
79%
86%
81%
87%
82%
93%
79%
88%
Effect on demand of goods
(% of markets)
Agro-inputs Food
According to the perceptionsof shop keepers, demand and supply
of food items and agriculture inputs were affected by the disaster.
The effects of flood are higher on demand and supply of food
items than of agriculture items. About 82% of the shopkeepers
felt that supply of good affected because local stocks were
destroyed, infrastructure was affected, financial constraints and
supply line was affected due to less venders in market. For
decrease in demand of goods, the loss of income was perceived as
amostimportantfactor,followedbydisplacementandinflation.
Market functioning (%)
100
90
75
88
100 94 100 93
The markets were deemed as functional operating at 83%, with
Jaffarabad only rating 75% as functional. If three or less shops
were available in the village then these were not covered by the
marketchecklists.
Figure 18. Status of markets functioning by districts
(percentage)
Jacobabad
Kashmore
Shikarpur
Jaffarabad
Naseerabad
Rajanpur
DGKhan
Total
The average distance of the closest market is very high. In 20%
of the cases, distance of market is more than 10 KMs. Most of
the markets (75%) are used to open daily and the remaining is
used to open on weekly basis. Very few of them are irregular
markets. Almost in all cases, there are some livestock markets
(Mandi) near the village or main market, where livestock used
to be sold and purchased while in 60% of the markets, women
andchildrenavailtheservicesonlyhalfthetime.
Figure 20. Availability and usage of financial services
by women (percentage)
87
47
86
52
84
33
47
71
82
46
86
49
85
52
Available Commonly use by women
Public bank Private bank ATM Hawala Money lender Telephone
bank
Post office
Availability of financial services and use by women(% of villages)
ASSISTANCE RECEIVED
Since the floods, the respondents mainly received food aid as an
external assistance. Around 64% received some type of assistance,
35.4% said they received no assistance, which was the same across
allprovincesexceptPunjabwhichwasslightlymoreassistedwhere
67% said they received some assistance. Some 18.5% of food was
for 2012 Monsoon Affected Districts of Punjab, Sindh and Balochistan
Detailed Food Security Assessment
http://pakresponse.info/MonsoonUpdates2012/Clusters/FoodSecurity.aspx
European Commission

9. provided by the government in which 14.7 % of special food for
women and children. The UN and NGOs provided around 76.9 %
of general food distribution and 91.3% of special food for women
and children. Other than food, they received tent/shelter and
some medical treatment. The assistance for their livelihood
recoverywasnegligible.
The households were asked to name their top three needs. The
most important need according to respondents was food,
which is supported by the stated loss of food stocks, the loss of
household income, high prices in markets pushed them to
reduce their meals and food consumption. Due to loss of the
income source, they were borrowing money to fulfill their food
needs. The situation of food security seems to be more
vulnerableinnearfutureduetothereductioninRabicrops.
Cash grants were the second priority for the affected
population, followed by the building material and health
services. One third of the respondents asked for agriculture
inputs and one fifth asked for safe drinking water. Females that
are land owners and share croppers need to be targeted for
agricultural packages not just vegetable gardening.The
households were asked their immediate needs in all areas. As
pertheirtopthreeneeds,some70%ofthehouseholdreported
food as their most immediate need, followed by cash
grants(63%), building materials (43%) and health services
(41%). In agriculture needs, seeds (87%) and fertilizers (81%)
are the top priorities whereas for livestock needs, fodder (64%)
andlivestockrestocking(55%)arepriorities.
Sindh Balochistan Punjab
100.0%
80.0%
60.0%
40.0%
20.0%
0.0%
Assistance received
Fooddistribution
Specialfoodfor
childrenandwomen
Livestock
vaccination
Livestockfodder
Agricultureinputs
Unconditionalcash
Livestockshelter
Tent/shelter
Medicaltreatment
SchoolEducation
IMMEDIATE ASSISTANCE NEEDS
Figure 23. Status of assistance received by province
(percentage)
Figure 24. Immediate needs of flood affectes
(percentage)
70%
63%
43% 41%
30%
21%
16% 15% 15%
9% 8% 6%
Immediate needs
Foodaid
Cashgrant
Buildingmaterial
Healthservices
Agricultureinputs
Drinkingwater
Credit
Functioningschools
Repairoffeeder
roads
Helpwithdebris
removal
Employment/job
others
NEEDS IN THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR
Around 30% of the respondents stated credit/capital as their
important need, which will enable them to purchase
agriculture input according to their choice. Other important
needs are the repair of irrigation channels, agriculture
services,toolsandincreaseinstoragecapacity.
87.2%
80.6%
30.5%
17.5% 16.9% 11.6% 10.4% 7.8%
Seeds
Fertilizer
Credit
Repairoftertiary
irrigationchannels
Agricultural
services
Tools
Repairsofsecondary
irrigationchannels
Storage
Most important agriculture needs
Figure 25. Agricultural needs of flood affectees
(percentage)
The households were asked to name their top three needs.
According to farmers, the most important needs are
agriculture services, tools, seed and fertilizer, followed by the
creditand irrigationchannelsrepair.Thesedesiresareobvious
as most of them had lost their seed stocks and fertilizers were
valuable inputs. About 30% of the respondents stated
credit/capital as their important need, which can make it
convenient for them to purchase agriculture input according
totheirchoice.
Figure 26. Livestock needs of flood affectees
(percentage)
64%
55%
49%
44%
36%
25%
8%
Most important livestock needs
Fodder
Livestock
restocking
Fodderseeds
Vaccines
Concentrated
feed
Medicines
Minerals
for 2012 Monsoon Affected Districts of Punjab, Sindh and Balochistan
Detailed Food Security Assessment
http://pakresponse.info/MonsoonUpdates2012/Clusters/FoodSecurity.aspx
European Commission

10. The fodder was the most important livestock related need. Around 64% of the households asked for fodder, 34% asked for
concentrated feed and 51% asked for fodder seed. Apart from these livestock restocking is another important priority of the
householdsas59%ofthehouseholdsaskedforit.Theotherlivestockneedsarevaccine,medicinesandminerals.
NGOs Participating in DFSA
A total of 15 organizations [Qatar Charity, Help Foundation, Save the Children,
Courage Development Foundation, Roshni Pakistan, Muslim Aid, Oxfam GB, Basic Human Rights, Acted, International Rescue
Committee (IRC), Azat Foundation, Yar Muhammad Samejo Educational Society & Development Organization (YMSESDO),
Mohammad Azam Palal Social Development Organization (MAPSDO), Society for Awareness, Advocacy and Development (SAAD)
and Women Development Organization (WDO)]. For questions on the DFSA, please contact Yasir Riaz
Khan fromFAO,orRizwanBajwa fromWFP.
participated in Detailed Food Security Assessment
or Ruby(yasir.riaz@fao.org)
(ruby.khan@fao.org) (rizwan.bajwa@wfp.org)
Detailed Food Security Assessment Districts - Monsoon 2012
for 2012 Monsoon Affected Districts of Punjab, Sindh and Balochistan
Detailed Food Security Assessment
The Food Security Cluster is co-chaired by NDMA and co-led by FAO and WFP provides a forum for strategic needs analysis,
response planning and dissemination of timely information to ensure for equitable distribution of humanitarian assistance among
the affected populations. More than 300 organizations are members of the Food Security cluster in various capacities, including
international, national and local NGOs, government authorities of National and Provincial Disaster Management Authorities and
line departments, including Agriculture and Livestock and Dairy Development Department, donors and UN agencies. In 2010
floods,itwastheagricultureandfoodclusterandinearlyrecovery2011theycametogetherasaFoodSecurityClusterrepresented
at national and provincial levels except Punjab since 2010 floods (Food Security cluster from September 2011 onwards) and active
in providing coordination support humanitarian response in different parts of the country. The Food Security Cluster is committed
toaddressingthecrosscuttingissuesofgender,protection,nutritionanddisasterriskreduction.
http://pakresponse.info/MonsoonUpdates2012/Clusters/FoodSecurity.aspx
European Commission