This document summarizes an ethnobotanical survey of edible wild plants used by Tiv communities in Benue State, Nigeria. Researchers conducted interviews and field walks in three local government areas to identify wild plants consumed. A total of 42 species across 27 families were recorded as edible. Plants were used as vegetables, fruits, animal fodder, or for multiple purposes. In Guma LGA specifically, 32 species across 21 families provided food, including leaves, fruits, and browse. Documenting these resources can aid conservation, nutrition, and food security efforts in the region.
Genetic Variability, Heritability And Genetic Advance For Vegetable Yield And...Premier Publishers
The present study was carried out to estimate the genetic variability for vegetable yield and yield-related traits among Ethiopian kale accessions. The experiment was carried out using 7x7 simple lattice design at Debre zeit Agricultural Research Center during 2017 main cropping season. The analysis of variance revealed highly significant differences (p<0.01) among accessions for all traits except days to second leaf picking. High genotypic coefficient of variation and phenotypic coefficient of variation were estimated for the number of leaves per plant, fresh leaf weight, dry leaf matter content, fresh biomass and leaf yield. High broad sense heritability coupled with high Genetic advance as the percent of mean were obtained for the number of leaves per plant, fresh leaf weight, dry leaf matter content, leaf width, leaf petiole length, leaf petiole thickness, fresh biomass and leaf yield. It can be concluded that variation generated for these traits is mainly due to genetic and moderate role of environmental factors and these were the most important for selection criteria in developing high yielding Ethiopian kale accession. In general, the present study revealed the presence of variability among accession for most studied traits.
Contribution of the non timber forest products to the local communities in th...Alexander Decker
The document discusses non-timber forest products (NTFPs) and their contribution to local communities in Dawro Zone, Ethiopia. It finds that 11 NTFPs are used for subsistence and income, including honey, spices, and forest coffee. Majority of respondents use NTFPs for both home consumption and commercial purposes. However, medicinal plants are seldom used. The study also finds that bamboo is underutilized despite its potential. It recommends efforts to plant utilized species on farms and increase bamboo products to enhance livelihoods.
This document summarizes a study that isolated and identified yeast species involved in the fermentation of kocho and bulla, traditional Ethiopian foods made from enset. 300 samples of kocho and bulla were collected from different areas and stages of fermentation. Yeasts were isolated on potato dextrose agar and identified using morphological analysis and Biolog microplate tests. Seven yeast species were accurately identified, including Trichosporon beigelii and Candida zylandase. Identification of microorganisms involved in fermentation can help improve and standardize traditional processes to enhance food quality, quantity, and safety.
Cassava variety tolerance to spider mite attack in relation to leaf cyanide l...Alexander Decker
This study evaluated how cyanide content in cassava leaves influences damage from the cassava green mite, Mononychellus progresivus. Nine cassava varieties from different regions were planted and infested with M. progresivus. Mite populations and leaf damage were monitored over 55 days. Varieties differed in time taken to reach peak mite densities and damage levels. Higher cyanide content in leaves was positively correlated with greater biomass loss and mite population increase. This information can help breeders develop varieties tolerant to the cassava green mite that are also safe for human consumption.
Analysis of forest tree species retention and cultivation in rural farming sy...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that assessed forest tree species retention and cultivation in rural farming systems in Cross River State, Nigeria. The study found that tree retention and cultivation is influenced by their roles in soil protection, climate moderation, and biodiversity conservation. Trees were found to significantly predict the quantity and income of forest products. However, trees in high forest areas provided greater quantity and income than trees on farmlands. While trees on both farmlands and in forests contribute to rural incomes, trees in forests had a higher contribution. The study recommends improving tree retention and cultivation on farmlands to increase benefits and reduce pressure on primary forests.
1) Five yeast species were isolated and identified from coffee waste collected in Ethiopia using morphological characterization and Biolog microstation analysis.
2) The identified species were Hanseiaspora valbyensis, Hyphopichia burtonii A, Rhodotorula hylophila, Rhodotrula aurantiaca A, and Pichia amenthionina var. menthionina.
3) The yeast species were further characterized based on their ability to assimilate and oxidize different carbon sources using Biolog microplate assays.
Moringa tree-poverty-alleviation-and-rural-developmentSilentdisco Berlin
Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
Genetic Variability, Heritability And Genetic Advance For Vegetable Yield And...Premier Publishers
The present study was carried out to estimate the genetic variability for vegetable yield and yield-related traits among Ethiopian kale accessions. The experiment was carried out using 7x7 simple lattice design at Debre zeit Agricultural Research Center during 2017 main cropping season. The analysis of variance revealed highly significant differences (p<0.01) among accessions for all traits except days to second leaf picking. High genotypic coefficient of variation and phenotypic coefficient of variation were estimated for the number of leaves per plant, fresh leaf weight, dry leaf matter content, fresh biomass and leaf yield. High broad sense heritability coupled with high Genetic advance as the percent of mean were obtained for the number of leaves per plant, fresh leaf weight, dry leaf matter content, leaf width, leaf petiole length, leaf petiole thickness, fresh biomass and leaf yield. It can be concluded that variation generated for these traits is mainly due to genetic and moderate role of environmental factors and these were the most important for selection criteria in developing high yielding Ethiopian kale accession. In general, the present study revealed the presence of variability among accession for most studied traits.
Contribution of the non timber forest products to the local communities in th...Alexander Decker
The document discusses non-timber forest products (NTFPs) and their contribution to local communities in Dawro Zone, Ethiopia. It finds that 11 NTFPs are used for subsistence and income, including honey, spices, and forest coffee. Majority of respondents use NTFPs for both home consumption and commercial purposes. However, medicinal plants are seldom used. The study also finds that bamboo is underutilized despite its potential. It recommends efforts to plant utilized species on farms and increase bamboo products to enhance livelihoods.
This document summarizes a study that isolated and identified yeast species involved in the fermentation of kocho and bulla, traditional Ethiopian foods made from enset. 300 samples of kocho and bulla were collected from different areas and stages of fermentation. Yeasts were isolated on potato dextrose agar and identified using morphological analysis and Biolog microplate tests. Seven yeast species were accurately identified, including Trichosporon beigelii and Candida zylandase. Identification of microorganisms involved in fermentation can help improve and standardize traditional processes to enhance food quality, quantity, and safety.
Cassava variety tolerance to spider mite attack in relation to leaf cyanide l...Alexander Decker
This study evaluated how cyanide content in cassava leaves influences damage from the cassava green mite, Mononychellus progresivus. Nine cassava varieties from different regions were planted and infested with M. progresivus. Mite populations and leaf damage were monitored over 55 days. Varieties differed in time taken to reach peak mite densities and damage levels. Higher cyanide content in leaves was positively correlated with greater biomass loss and mite population increase. This information can help breeders develop varieties tolerant to the cassava green mite that are also safe for human consumption.
Analysis of forest tree species retention and cultivation in rural farming sy...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that assessed forest tree species retention and cultivation in rural farming systems in Cross River State, Nigeria. The study found that tree retention and cultivation is influenced by their roles in soil protection, climate moderation, and biodiversity conservation. Trees were found to significantly predict the quantity and income of forest products. However, trees in high forest areas provided greater quantity and income than trees on farmlands. While trees on both farmlands and in forests contribute to rural incomes, trees in forests had a higher contribution. The study recommends improving tree retention and cultivation on farmlands to increase benefits and reduce pressure on primary forests.
1) Five yeast species were isolated and identified from coffee waste collected in Ethiopia using morphological characterization and Biolog microstation analysis.
2) The identified species were Hanseiaspora valbyensis, Hyphopichia burtonii A, Rhodotorula hylophila, Rhodotrula aurantiaca A, and Pichia amenthionina var. menthionina.
3) The yeast species were further characterized based on their ability to assimilate and oxidize different carbon sources using Biolog microplate assays.
Moringa tree-poverty-alleviation-and-rural-developmentSilentdisco Berlin
Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
This document discusses Arthrospira, commonly known as spirulina, which is a type of blue-green algae. It summarizes that Arthrospira is a nutritious food source high in protein, vitamins, and minerals. It naturally grows in alkaline lakes in places like Africa and Mexico. The document provides details on the morphology, life cycle, ecology, and taxonomy of Arthrospira. It notes that Arthrospira can help improve food security and create jobs. The production of Arthrospira requires less land and water than other crops and can grow in climates where other crops cannot.
Morphological Characterization and Proximate Analysis of Three Edible Mushroo...Premier Publishers
The study examined the morphological and proximate compositions of three edible mushrooms including Termitomyces clypeatus R. Heim, Lentinus squarrosulus Mont. and Lentinus tigrinus (Bull.) Fr. in Plateau and Kogi States, Nigeria. The collection of the fruiting bodies was done at random during the rainy season (July to September). The fruiting bodies of the macrofungi at the point of collection were photographed on site and the important morphological features were recorded before collection and packaging. The moisture content, protein content, total carbohydrate, ash content, crude fiber and crude fat compositions of the edible mushrooms were determined. T. clypeatus mushroom had a significantly (p≤0.05) higher moisture content (91.67%) and lower crude protein content (2.5%), compared to L. tigrinus and L. squarrosulus. T. clypeatus mushroom had a significantly (p≤0.05) lower crude fiber (2.10%) and crude fat (2.27%) contents, compared to the significantly higher (p≤0.05) crude fiber and crude fat compositions of L. tigrinus and L. squarrosulus. The ash content and carbohydrate content of the mushrooms species ranged from 0.90% to 20.33% and 6.88% to 26.18% respectively. Based on the high nutritional value of the three edible mushrooms assessed, it can thus be inferred that the mushrooms are valuable diet assets.
This document summarizes a study on floral resources used by insects in a grassland community in southern Brazil. The study identified 106 plant species from 73 genera and 34 families that were visited by 219 insect species. Bees visited 91.5% of plant species, while flies visited 53.8% and wasps visited 34.9%. The family Asteraceae, with 38 species, was the richest and most visited family. Bees were the most representative insect visitors. Forty plant species were considered important resources due to the high number of insect species and individuals recorded on their flowers.
The document summarizes a study on seed dispersal by frugivorous bats in Guyana. The study found:
- 20 plant species were identified in bat fecal and stomach samples, with the most common being Ficus nymphaeifolia, Piper bartlingianum, Cecropia latiloba, and C. sciadophylla.
- Cecropia latiloba, an early successional plant species, was previously unknown to be dispersed by bats.
- Bats of the genera Artibeus and Carollia accounted for most sample collections, with Artibeus associated with dispersing Ficus and Cecropia, while Carollia dispersed Piper and Solanum
Behavior of Bees Associated with the Wild Blueberry Agro-ecosystem in the USAPremier Publishers
Greenhouse and field studies were conducted between 1996 and 2014 in Maine to assess the behavior of selected bee taxa that visit wild blueberry, Vaccinium angustifolium (Ericaceae) Aiton. Some of my findings are as follows. When individual foraging efficiency was assessed on wild blueberry for four common bee pollinators, bumble bees were most efficient and honey bees were the least efficient in terms of the number of pollen grains deposited on a stigma in a single visit (P< 0.0001). However, I also found that the prior bumble bee visitation to flowers enhanced the pollination efficacy of honey bees. Field observations suggested that bumble bees recruit to plants with higher floral density and that bumble bees and andrenids forage for longer periods of time in the day than sweat bees and Osmia leaf cutting bees; honey bees showed intermediate foraging durations. Honey bees and solitary native bees were found to forage at an increasing rate with increasing air temperature, while bumble bee queens tended to forage independently of air temperature. Foraging patterns among the following bee taxa such as bumble bees, andrenids, megachilids, and honey bees also varied and the implications of these differing foraging patterns relative to pollination are discussed.
First record of Euphorbia golondrina L. C. Wheeler (Euphorbiaceae) in CameroonInnspub Net
New record of Euphorbia golondrina L.C. Wheeler, a species previously recorded as endemic for Mexico and the United States of America during the late 1930s and subsequently considered extirpated is presented for Cameroon and Africa. The present record obtained from a phytodiversity inventory carried out in Wabane sub division of the mount Bambouto Caldera and other sites in Cameroon, extends the distribution of E. golondrina to the southwest region of Cameroon and adds new marginal occurrence sites for this species. This study presents taxonomic comments, distribution maps and pictures of the species. The affinities of this species are discussed and its position within Chamaesyce’s subgenus of the genus Euphorbia is indicated. The current status of the species in Cameroon is elucidated, and recommendations for its conservation are offered.
Selection of Drought Tolerant Mutant of Amaranthus Cruentus L. in Green HousePremier Publishers
Water deficit is one of the significant environmental factors limiting plant production. This stress occurs during drought period. The aim of this study was to select gamma irradiation-induced drought tolerant mutant drought lines during vegetative stage. Seeds of the reference cultivar were gamma irradiated using the gamma irradiated facility at the IAEA to induce genetic variation. Four selected lines based on their high biomass (L2, L17, L18 and L23) and the reference cultivar (L0) were grown under four irrigation frequencies: 2, 4, 8 and 12 days with 200 ml as standard water regime for 24 days after transplanting. Completely randomized block design with 3 repetitions was applied. Data related to Relative Plant Height Growth, Relative Leaf Number Growth, Relative Shoot Fresh Mass Growth and Relative Root Length Growth were determined. The results indicated a significant effect of water deficit on all considered parameters by limiting the growth. Reduction observed were less accentuated in lines L2. Line L2 showed a significant difference for root growth indicating the adaptability of drought. Based on drought tolerant index, L2 was the most tolerant. At this stage, lines L2 appeared to be the most promising for the creation of new drought-tolerant amaranth varieties.
Selection of Drought Tolerant Mutant of Amaranthus Cruentus L. in Green HousePremier Publishers
Water deficit is one of the significant environmental factors limiting plant production. This stress occurs during drought period. The aim of this study was to select gamma irradiation-induced drought tolerant mutant drought lines during vegetative stage. Seeds of the reference cultivar were gamma irradiated using the gamma irradiated facility at the IAEA to induce genetic variation. Four selected lines based on their high biomass (L2, L17, L18 and L23) and the reference cultivar (L0) were grown under four irrigation frequencies: 2, 4, 8 and 12 days with 200 ml as standard water regime for 24 days after transplanting. Completely randomized block design with 3 repetitions was applied. Data related to Relative Plant Height Growth, Relative Leaf Number Growth, Relative Shoot Fresh Mass Growth and Relative Root Length Growth were determined. The results indicated a significant effect of water deficit on all considered parameters by limiting the growth. Reduction observed were less accentuated in lines L2. Line L2 showed a significant difference for root growth indicating the adaptability of drought. Based on drought tolerant index, L2 was the most tolerant. At this stage, lines L2 appeared to be the most promising for the creation of new drought-tolerant amaranth varieties.
Population Structure and Threats to Sustainable Management of Woody Plant Spe...Innspub Net
This study was conducted to assess population structure and threat to the sustainable management of woody species in the various ago-ecosystems in Dutsin-Ma Local Government Area (LGA) Katsina State, Nigeria. Purposive and stratified random sampling techniques were used to collect data from 21 randomly demarcated 100m × 100m sample plots. All woody plant species found in the sample plots with stem diameter >2 cm at 20cm above ground, were recorded. Population structure was summarized by diameter classes. For the identification of threats, field and questionnaire surveys were used. A total of 50 questionnaires were distributed at ten questionnaires per ward in five out of the 11 wards in the LGA. The highest numbers (350) of small diameter trees (0.1-1.0cm) were recorded in the agrosilvopastoral system. This was followed by silvopastoral and agrisilviculture systems with 89 and 85, respectively. However, the highest number of large diameter woody tree species was recorded in the silvopastoral system followed by agrosilvopastoral and agrisilviculture systems. The regular reverse J-shaped and fairly regular reverse J-shaped size class distribution observed for agrosilvopastoral and silvopastoral respectively, suggest a recuperating population. Over exploitation, debarking, de-branching, root- digging, leaf harvesting, seed harvesting, poor regeneration, slow rate of growth, wind effect and bush burning were the major threats to sustainable management of woody plant species in the study area. The implications of our findings for sustainable management of woody plant species in the study area are discussed and recommendations made.
Price determination of garcinia kola (bitter kola) and aframomum melegueta (a...Alexander Decker
This document discusses a study analyzing factors that influence the price of bitter kola and alligator pepper in markets in Ibadan, Nigeria. The study found that the markets are dominated by female sellers with over 20 years of experience but little formal education. Price for the products is determined by the age, education level, and cost price of the sellers as well as years of experience for bitter kola and transportation costs for alligator pepper. The document recommends improving storage, encouraging cooperatives, and promoting sustainability of the species.
Nutritious foods from Forests Side Event took place at FAO on 11 October, 2013.
Forests harbour a large number of woody plants, climbers, herbs, insects and wild animals that provide nutritious foods, important for the diets of many people in developing countries.
The International Conference on Forests for Food Security and Nutrition hosted by FAO in May 2013, highlighted the important role of forests, agroforestry systems and trees on farm for food security and nutrition The side event aims at increasing the understanding of the contribution of forests and trees to sustainable diets by sharing lessons from the field.
In this presentation Bioversity International researcher and 'Beyond Timber' project coordinator discusses the traditional management systems of forest-based foods and a case study from the Congo Basin.
Read more about Bioversity's work in forest foods: http://www.bioversityinternational.org/trees-for-food/
Natural regeneration of some commercial timber tree species following selecti...Innspub Net
A critical step in sustainable forest management is to ensure the establishment and regeneration of seedlings and sapling of exploitable tree species following logging. Since selective logging is one of the main silvicultural practices in Cameroon, a detailed understanding of regeneration following selective logging is vital. This study evaluated the natural regeneration of some commercial timber species in logged and unlogged forest types in two forest management units (FMU) in the East Region of Cameroon (FMU 10052 and 10025). Two transects of 5000 x 50m each were established in logged and unlogged forest types. Eleven commercial tree species were assessed for fruit fall, the number of seedlings established and the height increment of the established seedlings. Three of these commercial tree species fruited in both forest types. Fruit fall was significantly higher (p≤0.001)in the logged forest (492 fruits/ha)than in the unlogged forest (52 fruits/ha). Comparing species that fruited in both forest types Klainedoxa gabonensis recorded the highest number of fruit fall(84 fruits/ha) and least (0.24 fruits/ha) in the logged and unlogged forest types respectively. Seedling establishment was significantly higher (p≤0.001) in the unlogged forest (404 seedlings/ha) than in the logged forest (72 seedlings /ha). Seedling performance was better in the unlogged forest compared to the logged forest (low mortality rate). Due to the low seedling establishment and performance of these species in the logged forest, seed trees should be marked and protected prior and after logging as prescribed in the sustainable forest management.
Vegetation analysis of the pasonanca natural park, zamboanga city, philippinesAlexander Decker
This study analyzed the vegetation at three sites within the Pasonanca Natural Park in Zamboanga City, Philippines. A total of 283 individual plants from 45 species, 27 genera and 25 families were recorded across the three sites. Species diversity was found to be high at all three sites based on species composition, distribution, importance values, and diversity indices. While species evenness varied between the sites depending on the measure used, all three sites showed fairly high species evenness overall. Few species were found to be threatened, while many were not threatened or not evaluated. The study provides information that can aid local conservation efforts.
This document summarizes a study on women's roles in home garden agroforestry systems in Sidama, Ethiopia. The study found that women contribute about half of the labor for home gardens and spend more time than men on pre-harvesting activities. Women are responsible for tasks like weeding, fertilizing, watering and soil fertility maintenance. Crops for household consumption are primarily managed by women, while cash crops are managed jointly or by men. Women control resources that provide for daily needs, like vegetables, spices and animal products. They earn income from crops and products they control, making up 25-41% of total home garden income depending on farm size. The roles of men and women in home garden management differ
Chemical composition, anti nutritive substances and in situ digestion kinetic...Alexander Decker
This study evaluated four Ziziphus species leaves (Ziziphus abyssinica, Ziziphus mauritiana, Ziziphus
mucronata, and Ziziphus spinachristi) as potential fodder for ruminants in semi-arid Nigeria. Chemical analyses
found the leaves to be high in crude protein but also contain anti-nutritional factors like tannins and saponins. In
situ digestion experiments showed dry matter disappearance increased over time, with 71.29% degradation of
Ziziphus abyssinica at 96 hours. Rates of dry matter degradation varied between species. Overall, the leaves
show potential as a supplementary feed for
In situ/On farm Conservation and Use of Agricultural Biodiversity (Horticultu...Bioversity International
This document discusses the in situ and on-farm conservation of agricultural biodiversity in Central Asia. It notes that Central Asia contains over 8,100 plant species and is a center of origin for many globally important crops. However, the replacement of local varieties and land degradation threaten biodiversity. The project worked in 5 Central Asian countries to conserve diversity of 10 fruit crops on farms and in nature. It established 58 nurseries and 72 demonstration plots conserving over 1,500 local varieties. The project increased knowledge of crop diversity and developed guidelines to protect farmers' rights and access and benefit sharing. Case studies showed how using local drought-resistant fruit varieties helped restore degraded lands and improve livelihoods in the region.
The diversity of wild edible fruit plants and traditional knowledge in west a...Adi Bejo Suwardi
Rural communities in the West Aceh region continue to collect and consume many edible wild fruit plants as a food source. This study was an account of the traditional knowledge and use of wild edible fruit plants by local people in the West Aceh region. The study was conducted in Sungai Mas and Pante Ceureumen, West Aceh Regency, between April and June 2019. Plant specimens have been gathered from the forest, agroforestry and home garden. A total of 100 informants (50 informants at each site) were involved in the survey of Ethnobotanical data. The questionnaires used to investigate the local name of the species, the habitats, the location of the collection, the season of collection, the parts used, the categories of use and the manner of fruit consumption. A total of 44 species of edible fruit plants recorded in West Aceh region, Aceh Province, Indonesia. The Myrtaceae and Malvaceae were the most represented families. Baccaurea motleyana, Durio zibethinus, Garcinia mangostana, Lansium domesticum, Mangifera odorata, and Mangifera foetida were the top six most common wild edible fruits in this region. The local community uses wild edible fruit species for food (44 species), medicine (11 species), construction materials (9 species), furniture (9 species) and firewood. D. zibethinus, M. foetida, M. odorata, M. quadrifida, B. motleyana, L. domesticum, G. xanthochymus, and G. mangostana are also commonly traded in traditional markets.
Resource potential of non timber forest products in dawro zone, south ethiopiaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on non-timber forest products in Dawro Zone, South Ethiopia. A total of 11 non-timber forest products were recorded in the study area, including medicinal plants, spices, and bamboo. Most products are used for subsistence purposes like housing materials and medicines. However, the study found that bamboo and some spice species are underutilized and mismanaged. It was suggested that better management strategies are needed to diversify the benefits of these forest products for local communities.
Ethnobotanical documentation of some plants among Igala people of Kogi Statetheijes
This document summarizes an ethnobotanical study conducted among the Igala people of Kogi State, Nigeria. The researchers documented 130 plant species from 53 families that are used for ethnomedicinal and cultural purposes. Some key findings include:
- Many plant species have multiple uses as medicines and for other cultural activities. Leaves are the most commonly used plant part.
- Younger generations have less knowledge about the traditional uses of plants, threatening the loss of important indigenous knowledge.
- Proper documentation is needed to preserve ethnobotanical knowledge and promote conservation of local biodiversity for future generations.
This document discusses Arthrospira, commonly known as spirulina, which is a type of blue-green algae. It summarizes that Arthrospira is a nutritious food source high in protein, vitamins, and minerals. It naturally grows in alkaline lakes in places like Africa and Mexico. The document provides details on the morphology, life cycle, ecology, and taxonomy of Arthrospira. It notes that Arthrospira can help improve food security and create jobs. The production of Arthrospira requires less land and water than other crops and can grow in climates where other crops cannot.
Morphological Characterization and Proximate Analysis of Three Edible Mushroo...Premier Publishers
The study examined the morphological and proximate compositions of three edible mushrooms including Termitomyces clypeatus R. Heim, Lentinus squarrosulus Mont. and Lentinus tigrinus (Bull.) Fr. in Plateau and Kogi States, Nigeria. The collection of the fruiting bodies was done at random during the rainy season (July to September). The fruiting bodies of the macrofungi at the point of collection were photographed on site and the important morphological features were recorded before collection and packaging. The moisture content, protein content, total carbohydrate, ash content, crude fiber and crude fat compositions of the edible mushrooms were determined. T. clypeatus mushroom had a significantly (p≤0.05) higher moisture content (91.67%) and lower crude protein content (2.5%), compared to L. tigrinus and L. squarrosulus. T. clypeatus mushroom had a significantly (p≤0.05) lower crude fiber (2.10%) and crude fat (2.27%) contents, compared to the significantly higher (p≤0.05) crude fiber and crude fat compositions of L. tigrinus and L. squarrosulus. The ash content and carbohydrate content of the mushrooms species ranged from 0.90% to 20.33% and 6.88% to 26.18% respectively. Based on the high nutritional value of the three edible mushrooms assessed, it can thus be inferred that the mushrooms are valuable diet assets.
This document summarizes a study on floral resources used by insects in a grassland community in southern Brazil. The study identified 106 plant species from 73 genera and 34 families that were visited by 219 insect species. Bees visited 91.5% of plant species, while flies visited 53.8% and wasps visited 34.9%. The family Asteraceae, with 38 species, was the richest and most visited family. Bees were the most representative insect visitors. Forty plant species were considered important resources due to the high number of insect species and individuals recorded on their flowers.
The document summarizes a study on seed dispersal by frugivorous bats in Guyana. The study found:
- 20 plant species were identified in bat fecal and stomach samples, with the most common being Ficus nymphaeifolia, Piper bartlingianum, Cecropia latiloba, and C. sciadophylla.
- Cecropia latiloba, an early successional plant species, was previously unknown to be dispersed by bats.
- Bats of the genera Artibeus and Carollia accounted for most sample collections, with Artibeus associated with dispersing Ficus and Cecropia, while Carollia dispersed Piper and Solanum
Behavior of Bees Associated with the Wild Blueberry Agro-ecosystem in the USAPremier Publishers
Greenhouse and field studies were conducted between 1996 and 2014 in Maine to assess the behavior of selected bee taxa that visit wild blueberry, Vaccinium angustifolium (Ericaceae) Aiton. Some of my findings are as follows. When individual foraging efficiency was assessed on wild blueberry for four common bee pollinators, bumble bees were most efficient and honey bees were the least efficient in terms of the number of pollen grains deposited on a stigma in a single visit (P< 0.0001). However, I also found that the prior bumble bee visitation to flowers enhanced the pollination efficacy of honey bees. Field observations suggested that bumble bees recruit to plants with higher floral density and that bumble bees and andrenids forage for longer periods of time in the day than sweat bees and Osmia leaf cutting bees; honey bees showed intermediate foraging durations. Honey bees and solitary native bees were found to forage at an increasing rate with increasing air temperature, while bumble bee queens tended to forage independently of air temperature. Foraging patterns among the following bee taxa such as bumble bees, andrenids, megachilids, and honey bees also varied and the implications of these differing foraging patterns relative to pollination are discussed.
First record of Euphorbia golondrina L. C. Wheeler (Euphorbiaceae) in CameroonInnspub Net
New record of Euphorbia golondrina L.C. Wheeler, a species previously recorded as endemic for Mexico and the United States of America during the late 1930s and subsequently considered extirpated is presented for Cameroon and Africa. The present record obtained from a phytodiversity inventory carried out in Wabane sub division of the mount Bambouto Caldera and other sites in Cameroon, extends the distribution of E. golondrina to the southwest region of Cameroon and adds new marginal occurrence sites for this species. This study presents taxonomic comments, distribution maps and pictures of the species. The affinities of this species are discussed and its position within Chamaesyce’s subgenus of the genus Euphorbia is indicated. The current status of the species in Cameroon is elucidated, and recommendations for its conservation are offered.
Selection of Drought Tolerant Mutant of Amaranthus Cruentus L. in Green HousePremier Publishers
Water deficit is one of the significant environmental factors limiting plant production. This stress occurs during drought period. The aim of this study was to select gamma irradiation-induced drought tolerant mutant drought lines during vegetative stage. Seeds of the reference cultivar were gamma irradiated using the gamma irradiated facility at the IAEA to induce genetic variation. Four selected lines based on their high biomass (L2, L17, L18 and L23) and the reference cultivar (L0) were grown under four irrigation frequencies: 2, 4, 8 and 12 days with 200 ml as standard water regime for 24 days after transplanting. Completely randomized block design with 3 repetitions was applied. Data related to Relative Plant Height Growth, Relative Leaf Number Growth, Relative Shoot Fresh Mass Growth and Relative Root Length Growth were determined. The results indicated a significant effect of water deficit on all considered parameters by limiting the growth. Reduction observed were less accentuated in lines L2. Line L2 showed a significant difference for root growth indicating the adaptability of drought. Based on drought tolerant index, L2 was the most tolerant. At this stage, lines L2 appeared to be the most promising for the creation of new drought-tolerant amaranth varieties.
Selection of Drought Tolerant Mutant of Amaranthus Cruentus L. in Green HousePremier Publishers
Water deficit is one of the significant environmental factors limiting plant production. This stress occurs during drought period. The aim of this study was to select gamma irradiation-induced drought tolerant mutant drought lines during vegetative stage. Seeds of the reference cultivar were gamma irradiated using the gamma irradiated facility at the IAEA to induce genetic variation. Four selected lines based on their high biomass (L2, L17, L18 and L23) and the reference cultivar (L0) were grown under four irrigation frequencies: 2, 4, 8 and 12 days with 200 ml as standard water regime for 24 days after transplanting. Completely randomized block design with 3 repetitions was applied. Data related to Relative Plant Height Growth, Relative Leaf Number Growth, Relative Shoot Fresh Mass Growth and Relative Root Length Growth were determined. The results indicated a significant effect of water deficit on all considered parameters by limiting the growth. Reduction observed were less accentuated in lines L2. Line L2 showed a significant difference for root growth indicating the adaptability of drought. Based on drought tolerant index, L2 was the most tolerant. At this stage, lines L2 appeared to be the most promising for the creation of new drought-tolerant amaranth varieties.
Population Structure and Threats to Sustainable Management of Woody Plant Spe...Innspub Net
This study was conducted to assess population structure and threat to the sustainable management of woody species in the various ago-ecosystems in Dutsin-Ma Local Government Area (LGA) Katsina State, Nigeria. Purposive and stratified random sampling techniques were used to collect data from 21 randomly demarcated 100m × 100m sample plots. All woody plant species found in the sample plots with stem diameter >2 cm at 20cm above ground, were recorded. Population structure was summarized by diameter classes. For the identification of threats, field and questionnaire surveys were used. A total of 50 questionnaires were distributed at ten questionnaires per ward in five out of the 11 wards in the LGA. The highest numbers (350) of small diameter trees (0.1-1.0cm) were recorded in the agrosilvopastoral system. This was followed by silvopastoral and agrisilviculture systems with 89 and 85, respectively. However, the highest number of large diameter woody tree species was recorded in the silvopastoral system followed by agrosilvopastoral and agrisilviculture systems. The regular reverse J-shaped and fairly regular reverse J-shaped size class distribution observed for agrosilvopastoral and silvopastoral respectively, suggest a recuperating population. Over exploitation, debarking, de-branching, root- digging, leaf harvesting, seed harvesting, poor regeneration, slow rate of growth, wind effect and bush burning were the major threats to sustainable management of woody plant species in the study area. The implications of our findings for sustainable management of woody plant species in the study area are discussed and recommendations made.
Price determination of garcinia kola (bitter kola) and aframomum melegueta (a...Alexander Decker
This document discusses a study analyzing factors that influence the price of bitter kola and alligator pepper in markets in Ibadan, Nigeria. The study found that the markets are dominated by female sellers with over 20 years of experience but little formal education. Price for the products is determined by the age, education level, and cost price of the sellers as well as years of experience for bitter kola and transportation costs for alligator pepper. The document recommends improving storage, encouraging cooperatives, and promoting sustainability of the species.
Nutritious foods from Forests Side Event took place at FAO on 11 October, 2013.
Forests harbour a large number of woody plants, climbers, herbs, insects and wild animals that provide nutritious foods, important for the diets of many people in developing countries.
The International Conference on Forests for Food Security and Nutrition hosted by FAO in May 2013, highlighted the important role of forests, agroforestry systems and trees on farm for food security and nutrition The side event aims at increasing the understanding of the contribution of forests and trees to sustainable diets by sharing lessons from the field.
In this presentation Bioversity International researcher and 'Beyond Timber' project coordinator discusses the traditional management systems of forest-based foods and a case study from the Congo Basin.
Read more about Bioversity's work in forest foods: http://www.bioversityinternational.org/trees-for-food/
Natural regeneration of some commercial timber tree species following selecti...Innspub Net
A critical step in sustainable forest management is to ensure the establishment and regeneration of seedlings and sapling of exploitable tree species following logging. Since selective logging is one of the main silvicultural practices in Cameroon, a detailed understanding of regeneration following selective logging is vital. This study evaluated the natural regeneration of some commercial timber species in logged and unlogged forest types in two forest management units (FMU) in the East Region of Cameroon (FMU 10052 and 10025). Two transects of 5000 x 50m each were established in logged and unlogged forest types. Eleven commercial tree species were assessed for fruit fall, the number of seedlings established and the height increment of the established seedlings. Three of these commercial tree species fruited in both forest types. Fruit fall was significantly higher (p≤0.001)in the logged forest (492 fruits/ha)than in the unlogged forest (52 fruits/ha). Comparing species that fruited in both forest types Klainedoxa gabonensis recorded the highest number of fruit fall(84 fruits/ha) and least (0.24 fruits/ha) in the logged and unlogged forest types respectively. Seedling establishment was significantly higher (p≤0.001) in the unlogged forest (404 seedlings/ha) than in the logged forest (72 seedlings /ha). Seedling performance was better in the unlogged forest compared to the logged forest (low mortality rate). Due to the low seedling establishment and performance of these species in the logged forest, seed trees should be marked and protected prior and after logging as prescribed in the sustainable forest management.
Vegetation analysis of the pasonanca natural park, zamboanga city, philippinesAlexander Decker
This study analyzed the vegetation at three sites within the Pasonanca Natural Park in Zamboanga City, Philippines. A total of 283 individual plants from 45 species, 27 genera and 25 families were recorded across the three sites. Species diversity was found to be high at all three sites based on species composition, distribution, importance values, and diversity indices. While species evenness varied between the sites depending on the measure used, all three sites showed fairly high species evenness overall. Few species were found to be threatened, while many were not threatened or not evaluated. The study provides information that can aid local conservation efforts.
This document summarizes a study on women's roles in home garden agroforestry systems in Sidama, Ethiopia. The study found that women contribute about half of the labor for home gardens and spend more time than men on pre-harvesting activities. Women are responsible for tasks like weeding, fertilizing, watering and soil fertility maintenance. Crops for household consumption are primarily managed by women, while cash crops are managed jointly or by men. Women control resources that provide for daily needs, like vegetables, spices and animal products. They earn income from crops and products they control, making up 25-41% of total home garden income depending on farm size. The roles of men and women in home garden management differ
Chemical composition, anti nutritive substances and in situ digestion kinetic...Alexander Decker
This study evaluated four Ziziphus species leaves (Ziziphus abyssinica, Ziziphus mauritiana, Ziziphus
mucronata, and Ziziphus spinachristi) as potential fodder for ruminants in semi-arid Nigeria. Chemical analyses
found the leaves to be high in crude protein but also contain anti-nutritional factors like tannins and saponins. In
situ digestion experiments showed dry matter disappearance increased over time, with 71.29% degradation of
Ziziphus abyssinica at 96 hours. Rates of dry matter degradation varied between species. Overall, the leaves
show potential as a supplementary feed for
In situ/On farm Conservation and Use of Agricultural Biodiversity (Horticultu...Bioversity International
This document discusses the in situ and on-farm conservation of agricultural biodiversity in Central Asia. It notes that Central Asia contains over 8,100 plant species and is a center of origin for many globally important crops. However, the replacement of local varieties and land degradation threaten biodiversity. The project worked in 5 Central Asian countries to conserve diversity of 10 fruit crops on farms and in nature. It established 58 nurseries and 72 demonstration plots conserving over 1,500 local varieties. The project increased knowledge of crop diversity and developed guidelines to protect farmers' rights and access and benefit sharing. Case studies showed how using local drought-resistant fruit varieties helped restore degraded lands and improve livelihoods in the region.
The diversity of wild edible fruit plants and traditional knowledge in west a...Adi Bejo Suwardi
Rural communities in the West Aceh region continue to collect and consume many edible wild fruit plants as a food source. This study was an account of the traditional knowledge and use of wild edible fruit plants by local people in the West Aceh region. The study was conducted in Sungai Mas and Pante Ceureumen, West Aceh Regency, between April and June 2019. Plant specimens have been gathered from the forest, agroforestry and home garden. A total of 100 informants (50 informants at each site) were involved in the survey of Ethnobotanical data. The questionnaires used to investigate the local name of the species, the habitats, the location of the collection, the season of collection, the parts used, the categories of use and the manner of fruit consumption. A total of 44 species of edible fruit plants recorded in West Aceh region, Aceh Province, Indonesia. The Myrtaceae and Malvaceae were the most represented families. Baccaurea motleyana, Durio zibethinus, Garcinia mangostana, Lansium domesticum, Mangifera odorata, and Mangifera foetida were the top six most common wild edible fruits in this region. The local community uses wild edible fruit species for food (44 species), medicine (11 species), construction materials (9 species), furniture (9 species) and firewood. D. zibethinus, M. foetida, M. odorata, M. quadrifida, B. motleyana, L. domesticum, G. xanthochymus, and G. mangostana are also commonly traded in traditional markets.
Resource potential of non timber forest products in dawro zone, south ethiopiaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on non-timber forest products in Dawro Zone, South Ethiopia. A total of 11 non-timber forest products were recorded in the study area, including medicinal plants, spices, and bamboo. Most products are used for subsistence purposes like housing materials and medicines. However, the study found that bamboo and some spice species are underutilized and mismanaged. It was suggested that better management strategies are needed to diversify the benefits of these forest products for local communities.
Ethnobotanical documentation of some plants among Igala people of Kogi Statetheijes
This document summarizes an ethnobotanical study conducted among the Igala people of Kogi State, Nigeria. The researchers documented 130 plant species from 53 families that are used for ethnomedicinal and cultural purposes. Some key findings include:
- Many plant species have multiple uses as medicines and for other cultural activities. Leaves are the most commonly used plant part.
- Younger generations have less knowledge about the traditional uses of plants, threatening the loss of important indigenous knowledge.
- Proper documentation is needed to preserve ethnobotanical knowledge and promote conservation of local biodiversity for future generations.
Identification, domestication and conservation of plants used in managing rum...Premier Publishers
Field studies were conducted to investigate the medicinal plants through identification, collection and domestication of plants in Southwestern, Nigeria.
Semi-structured Questionnaires, personal interview, group consensus and review of available records showed that 52 botanicals belonging to 29 families were used in treating different ailments affecting ruminant animals in the study area. It was observed that 22 of the botanicals were described as being abundant. Eight out of all the botanicals were endangered and domesticated. The initial growth of the domesticated plants shows that the plants have relatively slow growth of survival, thus conservation measures were proposed. Various sources at which the identified plants could be derived were ranging from forest area, common area, household farm, household area while some were purchased. The type of plants found in a location is dependent on the geographical location. Thus, 38.9 % of the plants species were found at the primary source and this form the highest among the various sources. It was also discovered that the medicinal plants were used for other purposes such as erosion control, shade, wind breaker, boundary demarcation, animal fodder among others.
Acceptance of aerial yam (dioscorea bulbifera l.) for food in biu emirate cou...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the acceptance and nutritional value of aerial yam in Biu Emirate Council, Borno State, Nigeria. The study found that 85% of respondents eat aerial yam as a supplement, especially in the dry season when it is common and cheap. Most consumers are 36 years or older. Opinions on taste varied, with 58.82% finding it tasteless. Nutritional analysis found aerial yam to be high in dry matter and carbohydrates, with moderate protein, fat, and fiber. The document recommends incorporating aerial yam into cropping systems given its nutritional profile and ease of production.
Woody plant inventory and diversity in traditional agroforestry of selected p...Alexander Decker
The document discusses a study that assessed traditional agroforestry practices and tree composition in six peasant associations in South Gonder Zone, Ethiopia. The study found that home gardens, farm boundaries, crop lands, grazing lands, and degraded lands are common agroforestry niches in the area. Tree inventories were conducted in these niches and Shannon diversity indices were calculated to compare diversity between niches. Grazing lands had the highest diversity, followed by crop lands then home gardens. The researchers recommend further studying individual tree species' contributions to soil, animals, and ecology to aid conservation and development efforts.
Ethnobotanical survey of some medicinal plants for curing pile or hemorrhoids...Alexander Decker
This document reports on an ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants used to treat pile or hemorrhoids in five villages around Ago-Owu forest reserve in Osun State, Nigeria. Questionnaires were administered to 110 respondents, including farmers, herbalists, and others. Twenty medicinal plants were identified to treat hemorrhoids. Leaves from ten of the plants were collected and screened for phytochemicals and nutritional values. The plants contained various percentages of alkaloids, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, and polyphenols. They also contained crude protein, moisture, crude fiber, ash, and carbohydrates, indicating they are nutritious and have anti-
The document discusses the potential of the Moringa tree for poverty alleviation and rural development. It reviews evidence on the various uses of Moringa tree parts, such as leaves, flowers, fruits, seeds, roots, and their byproducts. The Moringa tree is shown to be a highly nutritious food source and a promising tool for combating malnutrition. It can potentially increase the income of farmers and be utilized in many aspects of life in developing areas.
Use of Raffias’ species (Raphia spp.) and its impact on socioeconomic charact...Open Access Research Paper
Raffias’ species are used in handcrafts, constructions, food processing etc. But in Benin, any quantitative ethnobotanical study was not evaluated for their use and socioeconomic impact of uses on average income. This study investigated the importance of use of raffias’ species and the impact of socioeconomic characteristics of informants on the household income. Ethnobotany quantitative approach was used and data on use, products prices and the quantity sold were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire administered during an interview. The result showed that raffias’ species in Benin are used principally for craft (CI = 1.41 for R. hookeri and 1.68 for R. sudanica), but R. hookeri was most important for people in Guinean zone than those in soudanian and soudano-guinean zones. The frequently uses were the beds, mats, baskets and roofs. The most part of the plant used is the rachis for both species and the less used is the nut. Education level, gender and main activities were socioeconomic variable which influenced the annual income from exploitation of raffias species. The uneducated, men and farmers took more income from raffias’ species than others. Also, the development level of areas where the species are found, influence the income from their exploitations. To evaluate better the contribution of raffias’ species to regional and national gross product, it will be necessary to study the value chain of the main products, but also take into account the informant categories defined in this study regarding operators.
This document summarizes a study on the indigenous knowledge of traditional fermented enset product preparation and utilization in Gedeo Zone, Ethiopia. It describes the major steps in enset processing including selection of mature plants, surface fermentation preparation, pulverization, decortication, and bulla extraction. It notes that 49.24% of respondents were male and 50.56% female, mostly from the Gedeo ethnic group. Common enset clones used were identified based on fast fermentation, quality, medicinal properties, drought resistance and yield. The document concludes that understanding these traditional practices and documenting the indigenous knowledge is important.
Non timber forest products a viable option.pdfAkrator1
This study documents wild edible plants in central Himalaya that have potential for enhancing livelihoods and biodiversity conservation. Several wild fruits were selected and their distribution, phenology, traditional uses, and economic potential were analyzed. Value-added products like juice, squash, jam were prepared from the fruits and cost-benefit analyses revealed they provided high monetary returns. The study provides a framework for participatory conservation of wild edibles through involving local communities, and suggests these resources could link livelihoods with conservation if sustainably utilized.
Feed resources and seasonal nutrient composition of predominant forages for s...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes two studies on feed resources and seasonal nutrient composition of forages for small ruminant production in Iwo Local Government Area of Osun state, Nigeria. Study I found that male respondents reared sheep while females reared goats. Animals grazed natural grasslands and were sometimes supplemented with kitchen wastes, cassava, and corn gluten. Study II analyzed predominant forages in wet and dry seasons and found grasses, legumes and shrubs present only in wet season. Browse plants were available year-round. Nutrient composition varied between seasons and forage types, with crude protein and ether extract generally lower in dry season. The document concludes farmers should improve housing, feeding, and provide dry
Gender analysis of rural dwellers accessibility to free natural resources in ...Alexander Decker
This document analyzes gender differences in access to free natural resources among rural dwellers in Ussa Local Government Area of Taraba State, Nigeria. It finds that both men and women access resources like fruits, fish, and fuelwood, but men have greater access to bush meat, honey, and materials for housing and tools, while women focus more on vegetables, mushrooms, and medicinal plants. It also finds that women take more of the resources they gather home for household consumption, while men sell a larger portion for income. The document recommends increased gender-based training to encourage sustainable management of natural resources and contribute to food security and poverty reduction.
Women and Biodiversity: The Core of ExistenceSeeds
The document discusses women's close relationship with biodiversity and how it contributes to their survival, well-being, and empowerment. It describes how women have historically gathered plants for food, medicine, and other uses. Even today, women continue to rely on biodiversity by collecting wild foods, managing home gardens, farming, breeding livestock, and gathering medicinal plants. Their knowledge of biodiversity is extensive and plays a key role in conservation. However, factors like development are threatening women's central role in managing genetic resources and biodiversity.
Diversity of edible and medicinal wild mushrooms of Bilaspur District of Chha...Open Access Research Paper
India is a tropical country with a wide range of climatic conditions; it is a natural habitat for a large range of wild mushrooms. Chhattisgarh, which is the central part of India, has Tropical Forests providing ideal growing conditions for diverse wild mushrooms flora including many edible and therapeutic fungi. The present study explores the biodiversity of naturally growing wild edible and medicinal fungi from the different forest-associated tribal/rural areas in Bilaspur. A total of 15 species of wild edible mushrooms including 8 fungi having therapeutic properties were collected and identified. The identified species were found saprophytic and mycorrhizal. Moreover, the majority of popular edible mushroom species were recorded during either the early or the late rainy season. Therefore, the present study generated a database on mushrooms diversity in the Bilaspur District of Chhattisgarh that will help for its sustainable management.
Biodiversity Exploitation for Traditional Healthcare Delivery in Montane Fore...AI Publications
Biodiversity exploitation in montane highlands remain an important source of raw materials for traditional healthcare delivery, survival and sustenance of the population in communities that are reliant thereof. Belo and Njinikom Sub-Divisions on the fringes of the Ijim Montane forest stronghold are rich in biodiversity resources though under degradation. The exploitation of the biodiversity have thrived a spectre of traditional healing practices hatched by indigenous knowledge. The edgy perception of being socially irrelevant, illusory and ill-suited by the state and modern hospitals are sullying this practice. This study was based on the premise that traditional healing practices are the major ways in which biodiversity is exploited and used for traditional healthcare provision. The methodology uses correlational and comparative research designs of field investigations. Purposive random sampling technique was used to administer 250 questionnaires to selected key respondents from the entire population. Findings reveal that the practice of traditional healing is enshrined in the mysteries of indigenous knowledge which is methodical in concoctions, decoctions, injections, ritual practices and incantations, which to an extent have bestowed effective healthcare to contemporary communities through resources they find it hard to stay aloof. This study posits that if the state, modern hospitals and tradi-practitioners holistically find common ground through collaborative agreements, such issuant and commonplace signatures would continue to support the current shady healthcare tragedy. It shall provide the communities with solutions to some indigenous diseases still portraying dreadful hallmarks and being a nuisance to the population where general welfare of all and sundry ought to be esteemed and primeval.
This study evaluated the response of seedlings from five Faidherbia albida provenances (Taveta, Wangingombe, Lupaso, Kuiseb, and Manapools) to different watering regimes. The provenances showed significant differences in seedling height, diameter, and leaf number in response to water availability. Seedling height had the highest correlation with other growth variables. Genetic variation was highest for seedling height. Cluster analysis grouped the provenances into three clusters based on genetic distance, with the widest distance between clusters I (Manapools) and III (Taveta, Kuiseb, Lupaso), indicating potential for hybridization between provenances from these clusters.
Similar to Ethnobotanical survey of edible wild plants in tiv communities of benue state, nigeria (20)
Abnormalities of hormones and inflammatory cytokines in women affected with p...Alexander Decker
Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have elevated levels of hormones like luteinizing hormone and testosterone, as well as higher levels of insulin and insulin resistance compared to healthy women. They also have increased levels of inflammatory markers like C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and leptin. This study found these abnormalities in the hormones and inflammatory cytokines of women with PCOS ages 23-40, indicating that hormone imbalances associated with insulin resistance and elevated inflammatory markers may worsen infertility in women with PCOS.
A usability evaluation framework for b2 c e commerce websitesAlexander Decker
This document presents a framework for evaluating the usability of B2C e-commerce websites. It involves user testing methods like usability testing and interviews to identify usability problems in areas like navigation, design, purchasing processes, and customer service. The framework specifies goals for the evaluation, determines which website aspects to evaluate, and identifies target users. It then describes collecting data through user testing and analyzing the results to identify usability problems and suggest improvements.
A universal model for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document discusses a study that aimed to synthesize motivation theories into a universal model for managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was guided by Maslow and McGregor's theories. A sample of 303 marketing executives was used. The results showed that managers will be most effective at motivating marketing executives if they consider individual needs and create challenging but attainable goals. The emerged model suggests managers should provide job satisfaction by tailoring assignments to abilities and monitoring performance with feedback. This addresses confusion faced by Nigerian bank managers in determining effective motivation strategies.
A unique common fixed point theorems in generalized dAlexander Decker
This document presents definitions and properties related to generalized D*-metric spaces and establishes some common fixed point theorems for contractive type mappings in these spaces. It begins by introducing D*-metric spaces and generalized D*-metric spaces, defines concepts like convergence and Cauchy sequences. It presents lemmas showing the uniqueness of limits in these spaces and the equivalence of different definitions of convergence. The goal of the paper is then stated as obtaining a unique common fixed point theorem for generalized D*-metric spaces.
A trends of salmonella and antibiotic resistanceAlexander Decker
This document provides a review of trends in Salmonella and antibiotic resistance. It begins with an introduction to Salmonella as a facultative anaerobe that causes nontyphoidal salmonellosis. The emergence of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella is then discussed. The document proceeds to cover the historical perspective and classification of Salmonella, definitions of antimicrobials and antibiotic resistance, and mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella including modification or destruction of antimicrobial agents, efflux pumps, modification of antibiotic targets, and decreased membrane permeability. Specific resistance mechanisms are discussed for several classes of antimicrobials.
A transformational generative approach towards understanding al-istifhamAlexander Decker
This document discusses a transformational-generative approach to understanding Al-Istifham, which refers to interrogative sentences in Arabic. It begins with an introduction to the origin and development of Arabic grammar. The paper then explains the theoretical framework of transformational-generative grammar that is used. Basic linguistic concepts and terms related to Arabic grammar are defined. The document analyzes how interrogative sentences in Arabic can be derived and transformed via tools from transformational-generative grammar, categorizing Al-Istifham into linguistic and literary questions.
A time series analysis of the determinants of savings in namibiaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the determinants of savings in Namibia from 1991 to 2012. It reviews previous literature on savings determinants in developing countries. The study uses time series analysis including unit root tests, cointegration, and error correction models to analyze the relationship between savings and variables like income, inflation, population growth, deposit rates, and financial deepening in Namibia. The results found inflation and income have a positive impact on savings, while population growth negatively impacts savings. Deposit rates and financial deepening were found to have no significant impact. The study reinforces previous work and emphasizes the importance of improving income levels to achieve higher savings rates in Namibia.
A therapy for physical and mental fitness of school childrenAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the importance of exercise in maintaining physical and mental fitness for school children. It discusses how physical and mental fitness are developed through participation in regular physical exercises and cannot be achieved solely through classroom learning. The document outlines different types and components of fitness and argues that developing fitness should be a key objective of education systems. It recommends that schools ensure pupils engage in graded physical activities and exercises to support their overall development.
A theory of efficiency for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study examining efficiency in managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was examined through the lenses of Kaizen theory (continuous improvement) and efficiency theory. A survey of 303 marketing executives from Nigerian banks found that management plays a key role in identifying and implementing efficiency improvements. The document recommends adopting a "3H grand strategy" to improve the heads, hearts, and hands of management and marketing executives by enhancing their knowledge, attitudes, and tools.
This document discusses evaluating the link budget for effective 900MHz GSM communication. It describes the basic parameters needed for a high-level link budget calculation, including transmitter power, antenna gains, path loss, and propagation models. Common propagation models for 900MHz that are described include Okumura model for urban areas and Hata model for urban, suburban, and open areas. Rain attenuation is also incorporated using the updated ITU model to improve communication during rainfall.
A synthetic review of contraceptive supplies in punjabAlexander Decker
This document discusses contraceptive use in Punjab, Pakistan. It begins by providing background on the benefits of family planning and contraceptive use for maternal and child health. It then analyzes contraceptive commodity data from Punjab, finding that use is still low despite efforts to improve access. The document concludes by emphasizing the need for strategies to bridge gaps and meet the unmet need for effective and affordable contraceptive methods and supplies in Punjab in order to improve health outcomes.
A synthesis of taylor’s and fayol’s management approaches for managing market...Alexander Decker
1) The document discusses synthesizing Taylor's scientific management approach and Fayol's process management approach to identify an effective way to manage marketing executives in Nigerian banks.
2) It reviews Taylor's emphasis on efficiency and breaking tasks into small parts, and Fayol's focus on developing general management principles.
3) The study administered a survey to 303 marketing executives in Nigerian banks to test if combining elements of Taylor and Fayol's approaches would help manage their performance through clear roles, accountability, and motivation. Statistical analysis supported combining the two approaches.
A survey paper on sequence pattern mining with incrementalAlexander Decker
This document summarizes four algorithms for sequential pattern mining: GSP, ISM, FreeSpan, and PrefixSpan. GSP is an Apriori-based algorithm that incorporates time constraints. ISM extends SPADE to incrementally update patterns after database changes. FreeSpan uses frequent items to recursively project databases and grow subsequences. PrefixSpan also uses projection but claims to not require candidate generation. It recursively projects databases based on short prefix patterns. The document concludes by stating the goal was to find an efficient scheme for extracting sequential patterns from transactional datasets.
A survey on live virtual machine migrations and its techniquesAlexander Decker
This document summarizes several techniques for live virtual machine migration in cloud computing. It discusses works that have proposed affinity-aware migration models to improve resource utilization, energy efficient migration approaches using storage migration and live VM migration, and a dynamic consolidation technique using migration control to avoid unnecessary migrations. The document also summarizes works that have designed methods to minimize migration downtime and network traffic, proposed a resource reservation framework for efficient migration of multiple VMs, and addressed real-time issues in live migration. Finally, it provides a table summarizing the techniques, tools used, and potential future work or gaps identified for each discussed work.
A survey on data mining and analysis in hadoop and mongo dbAlexander Decker
This document discusses data mining of big data using Hadoop and MongoDB. It provides an overview of Hadoop and MongoDB and their uses in big data analysis. Specifically, it proposes using Hadoop for distributed processing and MongoDB for data storage and input. The document reviews several related works that discuss big data analysis using these tools, as well as their capabilities for scalable data storage and mining. It aims to improve computational time and fault tolerance for big data analysis by mining data stored in Hadoop using MongoDB and MapReduce.
1. The document discusses several challenges for integrating media with cloud computing including media content convergence, scalability and expandability, finding appropriate applications, and reliability.
2. Media content convergence challenges include dealing with the heterogeneity of media types, services, networks, devices, and quality of service requirements as well as integrating technologies used by media providers and consumers.
3. Scalability and expandability challenges involve adapting to the increasing volume of media content and being able to support new media formats and outlets over time.
This document surveys trust architectures that leverage provenance in wireless sensor networks. It begins with background on provenance, which refers to the documented history or derivation of data. Provenance can be used to assess trust by providing metadata about how data was processed. The document then discusses challenges for using provenance to establish trust in wireless sensor networks, which have constraints on energy and computation. Finally, it provides background on trust, which is the subjective probability that a node will behave dependably. Trust architectures need to be lightweight to account for the constraints of wireless sensor networks.
This document discusses private equity investments in Kenya. It provides background on private equity and discusses trends in various regions. The objectives of the study discussed are to establish the extent of private equity adoption in Kenya, identify common forms of private equity utilized, and determine typical exit strategies. Private equity can involve venture capital, leveraged buyouts, or mezzanine financing. Exits allow recycling of capital into new opportunities. The document provides context on private equity globally and in developing markets like Africa to frame the goals of the study.
This document discusses a study that analyzes the financial health of the Indian logistics industry from 2005-2012 using Altman's Z-score model. The study finds that the average Z-score for selected logistics firms was in the healthy to very healthy range during the study period. The average Z-score increased from 2006 to 2010 when the Indian economy was hit by the global recession, indicating the overall performance of the Indian logistics industry was good. The document reviews previous literature on measuring financial performance and distress using ratios and Z-scores, and outlines the objectives and methodology used in the current study.
Threats to mobile devices are more prevalent and increasing in scope and complexity. Users of mobile devices desire to take full advantage of the features
available on those devices, but many of the features provide convenience and capability but sacrifice security. This best practices guide outlines steps the users can take to better protect personal devices and information.
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdfPaige Cruz
Monitoring and observability aren’t traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current company’s observability stack.
While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
I, a former op, would like to extend an invitation to all application developers to join the observability party will share these foundational concepts to build on:
Building RAG with self-deployed Milvus vector database and Snowpark Container...Zilliz
This talk will give hands-on advice on building RAG applications with an open-source Milvus database deployed as a docker container. We will also introduce the integration of Milvus with Snowpark Container Services.
Pushing the limits of ePRTC: 100ns holdover for 100 daysAdtran
At WSTS 2024, Alon Stern explored the topic of parametric holdover and explained how recent research findings can be implemented in real-world PNT networks to achieve 100 nanoseconds of accuracy for up to 100 days.
Unlocking Productivity: Leveraging the Potential of Copilot in Microsoft 365, a presentation by Christoforos Vlachos, Senior Solutions Manager – Modern Workplace, Uni Systems
Sudheer Mechineni, Head of Application Frameworks, Standard Chartered Bank
Discover how Standard Chartered Bank harnessed the power of Neo4j to transform complex data access challenges into a dynamic, scalable graph database solution. This keynote will cover their journey from initial adoption to deploying a fully automated, enterprise-grade causal cluster, highlighting key strategies for modelling organisational changes and ensuring robust disaster recovery. Learn how these innovations have not only enhanced Standard Chartered Bank’s data infrastructure but also positioned them as pioneers in the banking sector’s adoption of graph technology.
TrustArc Webinar - 2024 Global Privacy SurveyTrustArc
How does your privacy program stack up against your peers? What challenges are privacy teams tackling and prioritizing in 2024?
In the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey, we asked over 1,800 global privacy professionals and business executives to share their perspectives on the current state of privacy inside and outside of their organizations. This year’s report focused on emerging areas of importance for privacy and compliance professionals, including considerations and implications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies, building brand trust, and different approaches for achieving higher privacy competence scores.
See how organizational priorities and strategic approaches to data security and privacy are evolving around the globe.
This webinar will review:
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Ethnobotanical survey of edible wild plants in tiv communities of benue state, nigeria
1. Journal of Natural Sciences Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3186 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0921 (Online)
Vol.3, No.7, 2013
17
Ethnobotanical Survey of Edible Wild Plants in Tiv Communities
of Benue State, Nigeria
Shomkegh, Simon Alyegba1
*, Mbakwe Roy2
, Dagba, Benjamin Ioryem1
1.Department of Social & Environmental Forestry, University of Agriculture,
P.M.B 2373 Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria
2.Department of Forestry and Environmental Management, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture
P.M.B 7267 Umudike, Abia State, Nigeria
*E-mail of corresponding author: sshomkegh@gmail.com
Abstract
Many people in rural communities of developing countries rely on wild edible plants for food especially during
crop failures, famine or periods just before new harvests when many families run out of foodstuff. Documenting
wild edible plants of indigenous groups can provide information for planning, conservation and further research
especially in propagation, domestication and evaluation of nutritional profiles to obtain nutrient composition. In
Tiv communities of Benue State, there is no documented quantitative or qualitative information on available
wild edible plants. The aim of the research was to identify wild edible plants consumed in Tiv communities of
Benue State and also obtain their uses/use categories. Ethnobotanical data was obtained through field walks and
semi-structured interviews with active users made up of adults and young people. Through the free listing
method, each community provided information on wild edible plants utilized and collections were made and
preserved for future study. A total of 42 wild plants species in 27 families were identified as edible plants
utilized by the local people and ruminants. The plants were eaten as vegetables/soup, fruits and animal food
while others had multiple edible uses. The development of these plant species through determination of
nutritional profiles will enhance nutrition and food security. Conservation practices and domestication
programmes are also required for sustained availability and increase in dietary diversity.
Keywords:Ethnobotanical survey, Edible wild plants, Use categories, Browse plants, Tiv communities
Background
Millions of people in many developing countries do not have enough food to meet their daily requirements and a
further more people are deficient in one or more micronutrients (FAO, 2004). According to Balemie and
Kebebew (2006), rural communities in most cases depend on wild resources including wild edible plants to meet
their food needs in periods of food crisis. Utilization of wild edible plants as a food source is an integral part of
the culture of indigenous people that dwell in the rain forests of Africa and South America (Friedman et al 1993,
Bussmann et al 2006, Grivetti and Ogle, 2000, Medley and Kalibo, 2007). A study conducted in Zimbabwe
revealed that some poor households relied on wild fruits as an alternative to cultivated food for a quarter of all
dry season's meals (Wilson, 1990). Similarly, in Northern Nigeria, leafy vegetables and other bush foods were
collected as daily supplements to relishes and soups (Loghurst, 1986). Many wild edible plants are nutritionally
rich (Ogle et al, 1985) and can supplement nutritional requirements, especially vitamins and micronutrients
(Mohammed et al, 2008). Kabuye (1997) states that nutritional analysis of some wild food plants demonstrates
that in many cases the nutritional quality of wild plants is comparable and in some cases even superior to
domesticated varieties. Information on wild edible plants according to Tilahun and Mirutse (2010) may be useful
in identifying wild edible plants that can improve nutrition, increase dietary diversity and may also have the
potential to be valuable food sources if cultivated, becoming an important strategy in tackling food insecurity.
Methodology
Study area
Benue state is located in the derived/guinea savannah region of Nigeria. It lies between latitudes 60
25’N and
80
8’S and longitudes 60
25’N and 100
E. The climate is characterized by wet and dry seasons. The rainy season is
brought about by moisture laden south westerly monsoon winds from the Atlantic Ocean, while the dry dust
laden harmattan prevailing North- Easterly winds heralds the dry season. The vegetation in the State decreases in
thickness from the derived savannah in the south to the guinea savannah in the north (Verinumbe et al. 2002)
and comprises of forests (mostly riparian forests along rivers, streams and relics of the rain forest in the south)
and scattered trees in grasslands. The State is made up of 23 local Government Areas (LGAs), out of which 14
LGAs (comprising Tarka, Ukum, Gboko, Guma, Logo, Buruku, Katsina-Ala, Kwande, Vandeikya, Gwer, Gwer-
West, Makurdi, Ushongo and Konshisha LGAs) are within the ethnic territory of the Tiv people while 9 are for
the Idoma and Igede ethnic groups.
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Field study
Ethno-botanical data was obtained through the collection of plant specimens and semi- structured interviews
with elders and other local users (Tesfaye et al, 2009, Perez- Negron and Casas, 2007) using group discussions
(Tilahun and Mirutse, 2010). Three Local Government Areas (LGAs) in Benue State namely; Guma (Benue-
North), Gboko (Benue -central) and Kwande (Benue-South) within the Tiv territory were purposely selected to
reflect the vegetation stratification in Benue State, North Central Nigeria. Three sub-tribes were randomly
selected in each of the selected LGAs within the Tiv territory to identify wild edible plants and their uses/use
categories. Men, women and young people involved in the use of wild edible plants in each of the sub-tribes
selected were engaged in group discussions to elicit community-level information on plants species eaten in each
community.
In each community group discussion, the purpose of the study was clearly explained and a verbal Prior Informed
Consent (PIC) was obtained before the commencement of interviews in each of the sub-tribes (Jain et al, 2011,
Alessandro et al, 2012). The free listing method (Reyes-Gracia et al, 2006, Agbogidi, 2010) which required
participants to list the names of all wild edible plants collected in their communities was adopted. Once they
stopped naming, they were prompted to list more by asking if they could remember any other wild plant eaten in
the community. Volunteers among the users in the community were requested for a walk into the field
(forestlands, farmlands and fallow lands) for the collection of the plants listed and any other edible plant found
that was not listed. Whole plants/ plant parts such as small branches with leaves, flowers, fruits and bark (where
necessary) were collected. During the interviews, each plant was picked and the people gave information on
which part was eaten. The sessions were tape recorded and notes taken were read out to the community people at
the end of each session for local validation. Plant species collected were identified by their local names (Agishi,
2010), standard texts (Arbonnier, 2004, Keay, 1989) and with the aid of virtual herbaria. Herbarium specimen
for each of the plants collected were prepared and kept in the herbarium, Department of Forest Production and
Products, University of Agriculture Makurdi, Nigeria for future reference and study.
Results and Discussion
A total of 42 plants species in 27 families were identified and documented as wild edible plants utilized by the
local people and ruminants in Tiv communities of Benue State. The plants were eaten as vegetables/soup and
fruits. Some plants served as animal food for ruminants while others had multiple edible uses. In Guma LGA, 32
edible plant species in 21 families were identified; 17 eaten as vegetables/soup, Eighteen (18) plant species were
consumed as fruits and 4 species browsed by domestic and wild ruminants while six (6) plants were found to
have multiple edible uses (Table 1).
Table 1: list of wild plants eaten in Guma Local Government Area of Benue State, Nigeria
S/no Botanical name Family name Local name(Tiv) Use(s)
1 Vitex doniana Verbaenaceae Hulugh Tender leaves as vegetable,
ripe fruits eaten.
2 Piliostigma
thornningii
Caesalpinioideae Nyihar A solution of boiled leaves
used in fermenting palp.
3 Parinari curatellifolia Chrysobalanaceae Bua-ikuna Ripe fruits eaten, slender
branches as chewing stick
4 Cissus pulponea Vitaceae Ager Stem, tender leaves and
flowers for soup, ripe fruits
pounded and prepared as
draw soup, cut stems of
living plants provide water
for the thirsty.
5 Ficus sur Moraceae Tur Ripe fruits eaten, tender
leaves as vegetable.
6 Stereospermum
kunthianum
Bignoniaceae Umanatumba Slender branches as chewing
stick
7 Kigelia africana Bignoniaceae Tiembegh Flowers eaten as vegetable.
8 Borassus aethiopum Arecaceae Akuugh Ripe fruits can be planted
and resulting rhizome boiled
and eaten, stem apex tapped
as palm wine.
9 Pterocarpus
santalinoides
Fabaceae Sughun Tender leaves as vegetable.
10 Bombax costatum Bombacaceae Genger Flowers dried and cooked as
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soup
11 Acacia nilotica Mimosoideae Saa anula Seeds locally processed and
eaten as condiment, Young
leaves eaten by cattle, goats
and sheep.
12 Prosopis africana Mimosoideae Gbaaye Seeds locally processed as a
condiment for soup. The
caterpillar which feed on the
leaves is fried and eaten
13 Fluggea virosa Euphorbiaceae Yareghagum Tender leaves and fruits
eaten by goats, sheep and
cattle.
14 Saba comorensis
Apocynaceae
Ipungwa, Apungwa Ripe fruits eaten
15 Afzelia africana Caesalpinioidae Yiase Fruits processed as
condiment. Tender leaves as
vegetable. Leaves as food for
ruminants
16 Pachystela
pobeguiniana
Sapotaceae Akoondu, koondo Ripe fruits eaten
17 Elaeis guineensis Arecaceae Ikye, Ivile Tapped as palm wine, fruit
pulp eaten raw and processed
as cooking oil.
18 Sarcocephalus
latifolius
Rubiaceae Ikyura-ukase Ripe fruits eaten
19 Detarium
microcarpum
Caesalpinioideae Lienegh Ripe fruits eaten, seeds
grinded for soup.
20 Gardenia erubescens Rubiaceae Shoondugh,
Ishondou
Ripe fruits eaten
21 Irvingia gabonensis Irvingiaceae Iveh Seeds pounded for soup, fruit
mesocarp eaten
22 Strychnos spinosa Loganiaceae Maku Ripe fruits eaten
23 Grewia venusta Tiliaceae Hwerza,
Hueza
Peeled bark prepared as draw
soup.
24 Celosia argentea Amaranthaceae Igyar Whole plant eaten as
vegetable
25 Parkia biglobosa Mimosoideae Nune Seeds processed as
condiment. Pod pulp eaten by
licking,
26 Vitellaria paradoxa Sapotaceae Chamegh,
Ichamegh
Ripe fruit pulp eaten, seeds
processed as edible oil. The
caterpillar which feeds on the
leaves is edible.
27 Daniella oliveri Caesalpinioideae Chiha Tender leaves eaten as
vegetable.
28 Emilia coccinea Asteraceae Aninge Whole shoot eaten as
vegetable
29 Corchorus tridens Tiliaceae Ityever Leaves eaten as vegetable
30 Annona senegalensis Annonaceae Ahur, Hur Ripe fruits eaten
31 Imperata cylindrical Poaceae Ihila, Hila Matured roots eaten
32 Syzygium guineense Myrtaceae Mho Ripe fruits eaten
In Gboko LGA, 26 wild edible species in 19 families were noted; 17 eaten as vegetables/soup, 16 as fruits and 4
browsed by ruminants while 8 had multiple edible uses (Table 2).
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Table 2: list of wild plants eaten in Gboko Local Government Area of Benue State, Nigeria
S/No Botanical name Family name Local name
(Tiv)
Use(s)
1 Milicia excels Moraceae Leke Tender leaves for vegetable
soup
2 Bridelia ferruginea Euphorbiaceae Kpine Ripe fruits eaten
3 Vitex doniana Verbenaceae Hulugh Ripe fruits eaten, tender leaves
as fresh/dried leafy vegetable
4 Cissus pulponea Vitaceae Ager Tender leaves as vegetable,
pounded fruits as soup
thickener, pounded stem and
roots as draw soup
5 Gardenia erubescens Rubiaceae Ibohough,
shondugh
Ripe fruits eaten
6 Strychnos spinosa Loganiaceae Maku Ripe fruits eaten
7 Annona senegalensis Annonaceae Ahur Ripe fruits eaten
8 Afzelia africana Caesalpinioideae Yiase Tender leaves as vegetable,
grinded seeds used in soups.
leaves eaten by ruminants
9 Acacia nilotica Mimosoideae Saa anula Seeds processed as condiment
in soups.
10 Grewia venusta Tiliaceae Hwer-za Mature stems processed as
draw soup, processed bark
mixed with ground beans to fry
akara (beans cake) as it reduces
drying of frying oil. Ripe fruits
eaten.
11 Elaeis guineensis Arecaceae Ivile/Ikye Fruit mesocarp eaten raw and
processed into edible oil.
12 Parkia biglobosa Mimosoideae Nune Seeds locally processed as
condiment. Pod mesocarp
eaten raw (by licking the
yellowish mesocarp). Pods
eaten by cattle.
13 Pterocarpus
sanlinoides
Fabaceae Kilaka,
Sughun, Kereke
Tender leaves as vegetable.
Roasted ripe fruits eaten as like
groundnuts.
14 Syzygium guineense Myrtaceae Mho Ripe fruits eaten
15 Saba comorensis Apocynaceae Ipungwa,
Apungwa
Ripe fruits eaten
16 Daniellia oliveri Caesalpinioideae Chiha Tender leaves as vegetable.
17 Piliostigma
thornningii
Caesalpinioideae Nyihar Tender leaves as vegetable.
18 Maranthes polyandra Chrysobalanaceae Bua Fruits eaten, seeds cracked and
eaten.
19 Kigelia africana Bignoniaceae Tyembegh flowers eaten as vegetable
20 Emilia coccinea Asteraceae Aninge whole plant eaten as vegetable
21 Prosopis africana Mimosoideae Gbaaye Seeds prepared as condiment,
fruit pulp licked, leaves as feed
for cattle, sheep and goats
22 Sterculia setigera Sterculiaceae Kumendur Leaves eaten by cattle.
23 Bombax costatum Bombacaeae Genger Flowers prepared as soup.
24 Fluggea virosa Euphorbiaceae Azizo/
Yareghagum
leaves eaten by ruminants
25 Ficus sur Moraceae Tur Ripe fruits eaten,
Tender leaves mashed and
eaten as a vegetable.
26 Corchorus tridens Tiliaceae Atyever Leaves eaten as vegetable
Thirty edible plant species in 19 families were documented in Kwande LGA with 12 species eaten as
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vegetables/soup, 19 as fruits, 4 as browse plants while 7 had multiple edible uses (Table 3).
Table 3: List of wild plants eaten in Kwande Local Government Area of Benue State, Nigeria
S/No Botanical name Family name Local name(Tiv) Use(s)
1
2 Vitellaria paradoxa Sapotaceae Chamegh Ripe fruit pulp eaten
3 Afzelia africana Caesalpinioideae Yiase Ripe fruits eaten, tender
leaves as vegetable fried
seeds as soup thickener.
Leaves browsed by
ruminants.
4 Parkia biglobosa Mimosoideae Nune Seeds processed as a
condiment, fruit pulp eaten.
5 Daniellia oliveri Caesalpinioideae Chiha Tender leaves eaten by
ruminants
6 Isoberlinia doka Caesalpinioideae Akovor Tender leaves as vegetable
7 Cissus pulponea Vitaceae Ager Tender leaves, fruits and
stems prepared as soup
8 Prosopis africana Mimosoideae Gbaaye Seeds locally processed as
condiment, boiled seed
epicarp dried and cooked as
soup.
9 Sarcocephalus
latifolius
Rubiaceae Ikura-ukase Ripe fruits eaten
10 Vitellaria paradoxa Sapotaceae Hulugh Tender leaves as vegetable,
fruit pulp eaten.
11 Saba comorensis Apocynaceae Ipungwa, Ripe fruits eaten
12 Uvaria chamae Annonaceae Ikyo,
Ikyoh
Ripe fruit pulp edible.
13 Kigelia africana Bignoniaceae Tiembegh Flowers prepared as
vegetable soup
14 Raphia sudanica Arecaceae Ichoor,
choo
Ripe fruits eaten, stem tapped
as wine.
15 Maytenus
senegalensis
Celastraceae Alomade Ripe fruits edible.
16 Annona senegalensis Annonaceae Ahur Ripe fruits edible.
17 Detarium
microcarpum
Caesalpinioideae Agalien,
Agashidam,
Akomboadam
Lienegh
Ripe fruits eaten, tender
leaves eaten as vegetable,
Leaves and fruits browsed by
ruminants.
18 Strychnos spinosa Loganiaceae Amaku, Maku Ripe fruits eaten, tender
leaves eaten as vegetable.
19 Berlinia grandiflora Caesalpinioideae Ten Processed seeds eaten as
condiment.
20 Syzygium guineense Myrtaceae Mho Fruit pulp eaten raw
21 Piper guineense Piperaceae Yiye Fried fruits as an aromatic
spice in soups, leaves very
sweet.
22 Khaya senegalensis Meliaceae Haa Leaves eaten by ruminants.
23 Ficus sur Moraceae Tur Ripe fruits eaten, tender
leaves eaten as vegetable
24 Pachystela
pobeguiniana
Sapotaceae Akoondu, koondo Ripe fruits eaten
25 Emilia coccinea Asteraceae Aninge whole plant eaten as
vegetable
26 Strychnos spinosa Loganiaceae Maku Ripe fruits eaten
27 Borassus aethiopum Arecaceae Akuugh, kuugh Ripe fruits planted and
resulting rhizome boiled and
eaten
28 Zanthoxylum
zanthoxyloides
Rutaceae Ayegh dried bark(grinded) used as a
flavour in soup
29 Corchorus tridens Tiliaceae Atyever Leaves eaten as vegetable
30 Fluggea virosa Euphorbiaceae Azizo/
Yareghagum
leaves eaten by ruminants
Seventeen (17) species were common in the 3 LGAs while few such as Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides, Piper
guineense and Berlinia grandiflolia were noted only in Kwande LGA due to nearness to the rainforest ecosystem.
Different categories of wild edible plants were noted in Tiv communities of Benue State (Table 4). In all the
LGAs, plants were mostly utilized as fruits (39.39%) and vegetables/soup (35.6%) while the least use category
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was plants eaten by domestic and wild ruminants (8.33%). The women agreed they utilized the edible
plants/plant parts in their meals almost on a daily basis especially during the rainy season when many of the
plants especially vegetables were available, in agreement with Loghurst (1986). The vegetables were collected
and prepared by women but eaten by every member of the household, as done in Ethiopia (Tilahun and Mirutse,
2010). The fruits were eaten raw and hunters acknowledged that they were quite helpful during hunting as they
could pick and eat without processing. None of the plants in the various use categories was domesticated or
cultivated by the community people but were noted to be utilized as substitutes to cultivated species during the
rainy season/time of abundance.
Table 4: Number of edible plant species in different use categories in the study area
Use category
/LGA
Vegetable/soup Fruits Animal food Plants with multiple uses
Guma
Gboko
Kwande
Total
%
18
17
12
47
35.6
18
15
19
52
39.39
4
3
4
11
8.33
7
8
7
22
16.66
Plants browsed by domestic and wild ruminants
Some plant species were noted as browse plants especially by wild and domestic ruminants. In Guma LGA,
Afzelia africana, Prosopis africana, Acacia nilotica and Fluggea virosa were utilized as feed for ruminants.
Sterculia setigera, Afzelia africana, Parkia biglobosa, Fluggea virosa and Prosopis africana were eaten by
ruminants in Gboko LGA while in Kwande LGA, Khaya senegalensis, Afzelia africana, Fluggea virosa,
Detarium microcarpum and Daniellia oliveri were eaten by ruminants. The plant parts eaten were tender leaves,
bark and pods/fruits and it was reported that nomads and other animal rearers often cut branches of Afzelia
africana and Fluggea virosa to feed their animals, especially during the dry season when pasture was scarce.
Conclusion
Edible wild plant categories in Tiv communities of Benue State were identified and documented as
vegetables/soups, fruits and browse plants while some plants had multiple uses. These plant species as utilized
by all ages can contribute to the nutrition of the rural communities especially during famine, crop failures and
food shortages. The plants can also contribute to food security if harnessed through effective conservation,
awareness and development. Development of these wild plants by investigating suitable propagation options,
determination of their nutritional profiles to obtain the nutritional values and wide dissemination of such
information can enhance their value and conservation in Tiv communities of the state and beyond. The
enactment and enforcement of appropriate laws and policies can be useful in forestalling the current
unsustainable exploitation of some of the plant species in the State.
Acknowledgements
This work would not have been possible without the permission and support of community heads, leaders of user
groups, field volunteers and other local participants, and their assistance is hereby highly acknowledged. The
technical staff of Department of Forest Production and Products of the University of Agriculture Makurdi,
Nigeria are also commended for their support in preparing herbarium specimen of wild edible plants/plant parts
collected.
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The IISTE is currently hosting more than 30 peer-reviewed academic journals and
collaborating with academic institutions around the world. There’s no deadline for
submission. Prospective authors of IISTE journals can find the submission
instruction on the following page: http://www.iiste.org/Journals/
The IISTE editorial team promises to the review and publish all the qualified
submissions in a fast manner. All the journals articles are available online to the
readers all over the world without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than
those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself. Printed version of the
journals is also available upon request of readers and authors.
IISTE Knowledge Sharing Partners
EBSCO, Index Copernicus, Ulrich's Periodicals Directory, JournalTOCS, PKP Open
Archives Harvester, Bielefeld Academic Search Engine, Elektronische
Zeitschriftenbibliothek EZB, Open J-Gate, OCLC WorldCat, Universe Digtial
Library , NewJour, Google Scholar