How Agroforestry Helps rural people in their day to day life

3. …
A further 10 – 20% of grassland and forestland is
projected to be converted to cultivated uses by 2050.
Demand for food crops is projected to grow by 70 – 85%
by 2050.
Asia is the “continent of the current century”
 According to FAO (2003), there are about 800 million
people in the developing world who suffer from hunger.
 Most of this (60%) is in Asia with South Asia accounting
for about 36%.
 Asian food production is mostly done by the
smallholders-80%.

5. Source: U.N Report,2014

6. ….
Source: FAO, 2013

7. …….

8. Agriculture Forestry
Agroforestry
Animals Pastures

9.  Agroforestry – An old practice, but a new science.
 A Specialized way of farming crops and trees in various
combinations on the landscape.
Here, do this!
Use forestry!
Here, do this!
Use agriculture!

10.  ICRAF in 1996 defines Agroforestry as a dynamic , ecologically based
natural resource management system that, through the integration of
trees on farms and in the agricultural landscape , diversifies and sustains
production for increased social, economic and environmental benefits for
land-users at all levels.
 In Agroforestry systems, trees or shrubs and their products are
intentionally used within agricultural systems, livestock, or forests.

11.  Agroforestry means putting the right plant, in the right place, for the right
purpose.
Agroforestry provides:
• Clean water and air
• Safe and healthy food
• Abundant wildlife
• Beautiful places
• Clean renewable energy
• Sustainable family farms and ranches

12. Now let’s see what agroforestry practices can do for a farm or ranch.
With simple but well-placed applications, we can go from a horizontal
production farm to a multi-layered, vertical farm and open up a multitude of
opportunities for additional farm and ranch income, environmental services,
and while at the same time providing long term sustainability.

13. “The future of India lies in its villages”
 Rural areas are facing major challenges today which arise
mainly from globalisation, demographic change and the rural
migration of young, well-trained people.

14.  A livelihood comprises the capabilities, assets, and activities
required for a means of living.
 It is said to be sustainable when it can cope with and
recover from stresses and shocks and maintain or enhance
capabilities, assets, and activities, both now and in the
future, without undermining the natural resource base.

15. Five key elements of Livelihood are:
Creation of working days.
Poverty reduction.
Well-being and capabilities.
Livelihood adaptation, vulnerability and resilience.
Natural resource base sustainability.

16. Problem-1
Global Warming
Problem-3
Degraded Land in tropical
countries like India
Additional income in the form of
carbon revenues leading to
Improved Livelihoods
Land Based Project Activities
such as Agro/Farm forestry
activities
Problem-2
Poor Incomes in
Agriculture /Rural sectors
Inability
to adapt Inability
to Invest
Low
Income
Market based mechanisms
Such as Voluntary Markets

17. Source: Dhyani et al, 2014

19.  Would benefit the local small and marginal farmers in
getting higher rate of financial return from their lands.
 Will generate productive self employment to small farmers
and their family members.
 Will bring the degraded farm lands into appropriate land
use by adopting best agro-forestry practices.
 Will help in soil conservation and will check soil erosion.
 Sequestering atmospheric carbon and conserve soil
carbon.

20.  Carbon loss from the soil would be arrested and will
improve the productivity of the land.
 Local paper industry would be able to meet their wood
requirements and their dependence on natural forests
would be reduced.
 The capacity of the small and marginal farmers is
enhanced through training.
 Improve the health and nutrition of the peoples by
providing diverse, nutrient rich farm produce.
 Multiple outputs without the risk of total failure.
 Reduced dependence on natural forests will help in
conservation of biodiversity.

21.  Trees can provide a range of benefits in agricultural systems:
Fruit trees for nutrition and medicinal trees to combat disease.
Fodder trees that improve smallholder livestock production.
Timber and fuelwood trees for shelter and energy.

22. Plantings of single or multiple rows of trees or shrubs that redirect
or modify the wind and are established for one or more
environmental purposes.
 A windbreak’s major function is to mitigate wind speed.
Species: Eucalyptus
Cassia,Prosopis,Leucaena,
Casuarina,Acacia,Dalbergia

23. Reduce energy costs
Screen unsightly areas
Reduce erosion and pesticide drift
Protect plants
Manage snow
Improve irrigation use
Increase crop yields
Shelter livestock
Mitigate odors and dust
Provide wildlife habitat
Enhance aesthetics

24.  Growing an annual or perennial crop simultaneously in the alley ways
between rows of a long term tree crop. The agricultural crop generates
annual income while the longer-term tree crop matures.
 Alley cropping systems provide a way to lower risk by diversifying
production.

25.  Diversify farm enterprise
 Reduce erosion
 Improve water quality
 Protect crops
 Improve utilization of nutrients
 Enhance wildlife habitat
 Improve aesthetics
 Store carbon

26.  Combines timber, livestock and forage production on the same
acreage. Trees provide longer-term returns, while livestock
generate an annual income.
Type:
 Protein bank
 Living Fence of Fodder Trees and Hedges
 Trees and Shrubs on Pastures

27.  Improved plant vigor
 Lower animal stress
 Reduced wildfire risk
 Improved wildlife habitat
 Annual income (e.g. grazing, hay,
pine straw, hunting)
 Long-term income (timber)

28.  The intentional manipulation, integration, and intensive management of
woodlands under a managed forest canopy to produce non-timber
products.
 Shade tolerant crops like mushrooms, and decorative ferns are being grown
and sold for medicinal, culinary, or ornamental uses. Other specialty crops
include coffee.

29.  Improve economic value of existing forests
 Diversify income
 Increase cash flow

30.  Medicine
 Handicrafts
 Decoratives
 Food Products

31.  This is a type of agroforestry practice where many
species of trees, bushes, vegetables and other
herbaceous plants are grown in dense and random
arrangements.
 Most home gardens also support a variety of animals
(cow, buffalo, bullock, goat, pigs, sheep) and birds
(chicken, duck).

32.  Fuelwood
 Building materials
 Fruit
 Vegetables
 Cash crops
 Spices
 Medicinal plants
 Ornamentals

33. .....
 Java, it was found that homegardens provided 15-20% of the total
fuelwood requirements of the local households.
 Javanese homegardens provided more than 40% of the whole
energy requirement of the local farming communities
Source: Nair (1979).

34. This is a type of agroforestry practice where energy
plants(fuel wood) are grown with agricultural crops for
fulfilling the energy (fuel) need.
Benefits:
 Reduce on farm energy costs
 Reduce reliance on fossil fuels
 Income source
 Improve soil health

35.  In this system various trees and shrubs preferred by fish are
planted on the boundary and around fish-ponds. Tree leaves are
used as forage for fish.
Benefits:
 Fish production.
 Bund stabilization
around fish ponds.
 Reducing evaporation.
 Augmenting microclimate.

36. Grass fallow
Improved
fallow
Improved yields
woodland
continuous cropping
Clearing
Agroforestry interventions
Fertilizer trees
Fruit tree systems
Fodder tree systems
Woodlots
Source:WorldAgroforestryCenter,2009

37. Fallow
intercropping (2-3 tons)
Improved Fallow (3-4 tons) Gliricidia/maize
intercropping (3-5 tons)
Waiting Period before benefit
1 year 2 years 3 years
Source: World Agroforestry Center, 2009

38. SMALL HOLDER SYSTEM WITH COCONUT
Growth phases-
A. Early phase, up to about 8 years:
B. Middle phase, about 8-25 years:
C. Later phase, after about 25 years:
Source: Nair (1979).

39. Benefit
 The net annual income on a one-hectare plot would be 50 %
greater than that of a sole crop stand of coconut.
 Elephant foot yam (local variety)-13.46 t/ha.
 Cassava (hybrid H. 165)-14.82 t/ha.
 Ginger-8.61 t/ha.
 Tumeric-10.94 t/ha.
 Hybrid Napier grass and Guinea grass- 50 to 60 t/ha.
 Fodder legumes stylo and cowpea- 30 t/ha.
 A farmer can rear four milk cows from one hectare of coconut
land.
Source: CPCRI (1979) , Nair (1979).

40.  The Haryana Forest Department introduced eucalyptus based
agroforestry models in the 1970s .
 After 2-3 year even the small and marginal farmers
have recognized agroforestry as a profitable venture.
 Today, the daily Production of wood
(grown in agroforests) is worth US $ 300,000.
 After value addition in the form of plywood production, becomes
worth US $ 1.2 million.
 Further, a increase in tree cover from 3.5% to 8% of geographical
area is achieved.
Source: P. P. Bhojvaid, 2006

41.  P.deltoides clones based Agroforestry was started in Punjab,
Haryana and Uttar Pradesh during 1984 to 1995.
 The spacing followed was 5 m x 4 m accommodating 500
trees per hectare.
 Cost of cultivation was around Rs. 0.1 million.
 Income was around 0.8 million.
 Agricultural income increased
to 10%.
Source: World Congress on Agroforestry, 2014

42.  Indigenous fruit contribute about 42% of the natural food
basket in Southern Africa.
 Indigenous fruits contributes 5.5 to 6.5% of the total
household income in the rural communities.
 Honey is also an important food supplement to the rural
communities.
 Species:Isoberlinia angolensis
Source: World Agroforestry center, 2010

43.  More than 80% of the rural communities in sub-Saharan
Africa depend on medicinal plants for most of their health
needs and also for income generation.
 Medicinal plants exported -5000-10000 tonnes/year.
 Consumed locally- 50,000-100,000 tonnes/year.
 Species: Albizia antunesiana
Source: World Agroforestry center, 2010

44. Income sources Average income/HH Income% Total income%
Fodder seed/slip sold 330.36* 2.36 1.43
Crop 2721.52 19.46 11.75
Livestock/milk 4027.38 28.79 17.39
Vegetable/fruit 6909.43 49.39 29.83
Sub total 13988.69 100.00 60.39
Farm income
Income sources Average income/HH Income% Total income%
Business/trade
714.29 7.79 3.08
Wage/labour
1845.24 20.11 7.97
Service/teaching
6614.29 72.10 28.56
Subtotal
9173.81 100.00 39.61
Total 23162.50
Off-farm income *NR330.36=US dollar 5.64
Source:BishwaNathRagmi,2003

45. Tree based systems provides several products
and meets diversified needs of communities
Product Contribution in percentage
Fuelwood 50
Green fodder 10
Small timber 66
Pulpwood 60
Plywood 70-80
Source of Medicines for tribal systems
(Dhyani et al., 2013)

46. Traditional agroforestry systems in semi arid regions
Location Prevalent Systems Preferred tree species
Hisar Scattered trees in the
farming systems
Prosopis cineraria, Acacia nilotica, Ailanthes excelsa
Zyzyphus, Psidium and Mangifera
Rahuri Silvipasture Acacia sps., Leucaena, A. indica, Prosopis
Mangifera, Punica granatum
Jhansi Agrisilviculture,
Agrihorticulture,
Silvipasture
A.indica, Albizia lebbeck, Madhuka latifolia,
Zyzyphus mauritiana, Emblica officinalis
Parbhani Silvipasture,
Agrisilviculture, Bund
plantation
Acacia nilotica, Azadirachta indica, Tectona grandis
Zyzyphus mauritiana, Annona squamosa, Mangifera
indica
Nagpur Agrisilviculture
Trees on farm bunds
Acacia nilotica, Leucaena, Eucalyptus, Leucaena,
Mangifera indica, Citrus sps., Psidium
Hyderabad Agrihorticulture Acacia sp., Leucaena, Tectona
Mangifera indica, Annona squamosa, Tamarindus
(Pathak et al, 2000)

47. Agroforestry systems recommended for various Hill regions
Location Recommended AF systems
Hisar (Trans
gangetic plain zone)
Eucalyptus hybrid + Maize; Poplar+ Gram/wheat
Mango + maize; Emblica Officinalis + groundnut
Central plateau and
hills region
Azadirachta indica + groundnut, Acacia nilotica
+Sorghum/gram, Citrus + gram; Pomegranate +lentil,
Emblica+ redgram
Western plateau
and hills region
Acacia+ sorghum; Azadirachta + groundnut; Dalbergia +
gram;
Zizyphus + groundnut; Anona + sorghum; Emblica +
pigeonpea; Pomegranate + lentil/mustard
Southern plateau
and hills region
Tamarindus + chilli/tomato/curry leaf; Ailanthes +
cowpea/sesamum/sorghum/Pearlmillet
Albizia lebbeck + cowpea/sesamum/sorghum
Gujarat plains and
hills region
Azadirachta + groundnut; Acacia nilotica + cotton
Zizyphus mauritiana + groundnut; Emblica officinalis +
cotton; Punica granatum + pulses
Source: Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture, Hyderabad,2014

48. Amla + green gram
Agri-horti systems are profitable and provide stable income
Mango based agri-horti systems provide net
returns up to Rs. 46,250 with a benefit cost
ratio up to 6.3:1 by 10 nth year
Aonla based systems can provide net returns
to the tune of Rs.64632 with a benefit cost
ratio of 6.2:1 by 6 th year
Intercropping in horticulture systems
enhances the income substantially
particulalrly during the early years
Source: Central Research Institute for Dryland
Agriculture, Hyderabad,2014

49. Significant scope for yield improvement exists in horti
systems by adopting various practices
Crop Management practices Improvement
in fruit yields
References
Mango RDF + vermicompost + Azotobacter + PSB
+ Zn + Fe + paclobutrazol
66% Yadav et al.(2011)
Mango Drip irrigation at 75% pan evaporation
replenishment.
65% Kumar et al.(2008)
Guava Removal of 33% of current season’s shoot
growth
99% Prakash et al.
(2012)
Aonla FYM + NPK 86 % Singh et al.(2012)
Aonla Foliar application of 2% calcium nitrate +
2% urea
44 % Bisen et al
(2011)
Pome
granate
Application of Nitrogen and Potassium @
500g/plant
53 % Kashyap et al.
(2012)
Ber RDF + vermicompost + and foliar spray of
thiourea @ 0.5%
64 % Mishra et al.
(2011)
Ber Foliar spray of 0.3-0.6% borax and 0.2-
0.4% zinc sulphate
68 % Kumar and
Shukla (2010)

50. Wadi system in tribal regions
Wadi is a small orchard of one
or two acres with crops.
About 80,000 ha is under wadi
system and the area is
expanding.
Staggered income over long
term though plantation of forest
species on the boundaries.
Support for processing and
marketing of farm produce.
Forestry on the boundary of wadi
Established mango in wadi
Source: Central Research Institute for Dryland
Agriculture, Hyderabad,2014

51. Slope:<15%: Bunding Slope: >15%: Tree Platforms
Successful tree establishment
Emphasis should be to enhance the survival of tree
systems in rainfed systems
Source:CentralResearchInstituteforDryland
Agriculture,Hyderabad,2014

52. Teak (Tectona grandis) on bunds
Large number of farmers have planted teak ( Tectona grandis)
on field boundaries
In Andhra Pradesh alone about 5 crores of saplings were
planted during 2012-13

53. How can we increase income of the rural people
Enhancing productivity/ adding value to the tree based products.
Quality planting material plays an important role for productivity and
returns (eg: Mango).
Greater access to micro irrigation systems can play a key role for
enhancing the productivity.
Removal of restrictions on harvest and transport of farm grown wood
( eg: Teak and Bamboo).
Providing minimum support price to wood.
Providing institutional finance for pulpwood systems

54. Some of the agroforestry systems are highly profitable resulting in
large scale adoption.
There is further scope for enhancing the productivity by adoption
of recommended management practices.
The impact of tree systems can be further enhanced by scaling up
by linking with area based developmental programs.
Stable markets for trees/ tree products and removal of
restrictions on harvest and transport of farm grown wood is key for
the success of tree systems in the long run.
Policy makers need to draw their attention to understand first
households’ need and knowledge and their strategies in the
development of agroforestry policies for the sustenance of rural
livelihood.